This document is an extension of the platform-independent SCGI instructions, which may suffice for your purposes if your needs are simple.
Here, we add more detailed information on nginx itself, plus details about running it on Debian type OSes. We focus on Debian 10 (Buster) and Ubuntu 18.04 here, which are common Tier 1 OS offerings for virtual private servers. This material may not work for older OSes. It is known in particular to not work as given for Debian 9 and older!
If you want to add TLS to this configuration, that is covered in a separate document which was written with the assumption that you’ve read this first.
Benefits
This scheme is considerably more complicated than the standalone HTTP server and CGI options. Even with the benefit of this guide and pre-built binary packages, it requires quite a bit of work to set it up. Why should you put up with this complexity? Because it gives many benefits that are difficult or impossible to get with the less complicated options:
Power — nginx is one of the most powerful web servers in the world. The chance that you will run into a web serving wall that you can’t scale with nginx is very low.
To give you some idea of the sort of thing you can readily accomplish with nginx, your author runs a single public web server that provides transparent name-based virtual hosting for four separate domains:
- One is entirely static, not involving any dynamic content or Fossil integration at all.
- Another is served almost entirely by Fossil, with a few select static content exceptions punched past Fossil, which are handled entirely via nginx.
- The other two domains are aliases for one another — e.g.
example.comandexample.net— with most of the content being static. This pair of domains has three different Fossil repo proxies attached to various sections of the URI hierarchy.
By using nginx, I was able to do all of the above with minimal repetition between the site configurations.
Integration — Because nginx is so popular, it integrates with many different technologies, and many other systems integrate with it in turn. This makes it great middleware, sitting between the outer web world and interior site services like Fossil. It allows Fossil to participate seamlessly as part of a larger web stack.
Availability — nginx is already in most operating system binary package repositories, so you don’t need to go out of your way to get it.
Fossil Service Modes
Fossil provides four major ways to access a repository it’s serving remotely, three of which are straightforward to use with nginx:
HTTP — Fossil has a built-in HTTP server:
fossil server. While this method is efficient and it’s possible to use nginx to proxy access to another HTTP server, we don’t see any particularly good reason to make nginx reinterpret Fossil’s own implementation of HTTP when we have a better option. (But see below.)CGI — This method is simple but inefficient, because it launches a separate Fossil instance on every HTTP hit.
Since Fossil is a relatively small self-contained program, and it’s designed to start up quickly, this method can work well in a surprisingly large number of cases.
Nevertheless, we will avoid this option in this document because we’re already buying into a certain amount of complexity here in order to gain power. There’s no sense in throwing away any of that hard-won performance on CGI overhead.
SCGI — The SCGI protocol provides the simplicity of CGI without its performance problems.
SSH — This method exists primarily to avoid the need for HTTPS, but we want HTTPS. (We’ll get to that in another document.) There is probably a way to get nginx to proxy Fossil to HTTPS via SSH, but it would be pointlessly complicated.
SCGI it is, then.
Installing the Dependencies
The first step is to install some non-default packages we’ll need. SSH into your server, then say:
$ sudo apt install fossil nginx
Running Fossil in SCGI Mode
For the following nginx configuration to work, it needs to contact a Fossil instance speaking the SCGI protocol. There are many ways to set that up. For Debian type systems, we primarily recommend following our systemd user service guide.
Another option would be to customize the fslsrv shell
script that ships with Fossil as an example of
launching multiple Fossil instances in the background to serve multiple
URLs.
However you do it, you need to match up the TCP port numbers between it and those in the nginx configuration below.
Configuration
On Debian and Ubuntu systems the primary user-level configuration file
for nginx is /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default. I recommend that this
file contain only a list of include statements, one for each site that
server hosts:
include local/example.com
include local/foo.net
Those files then each define one domain’s configuration. Here,
/etc/nginx/local/example.com contains the configuration for
*.example.com and its alias *.example.net; and local/foo.net
contains the configuration for *.foo.net.
The configuration for our example.com web site, stored in
/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/local/example.com is:
server {
server_name .example.com .example.net "";
include local/generic;
access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com-https-access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com-https-error.log;
# Bypass Fossil for the static documentation generated from
# our source code by Doxygen, so it merges into the embedded
# doc URL hierarchy at Fossil’s $ROOT/doc without requiring that
# these generated files actually be stored in the repo. This
# also lets us set aggressive caching on these docs, since
# they rarely change.
location /code/doc/html {
root /var/www/example.com/code/doc/html;
location ~* \.(html|ico|css|js|gif|jpg|png)$ {
expires 7d;
add_header Vary Accept-Encoding;
access_log off;
}
}
# Redirect everything else to the Fossil instance
location /code {
include scgi_params;
scgi_param SCRIPT_NAME "/code";
scgi_pass 127.0.0.1:12345;
}
}
As you can see, this is a pure extension of the basic nginx service configuration for SCGI, showing off a few ideas you might want to try on your own site, such as static asset proxying.
The local/generic file referenced above helps us reduce unnecessary
repetition among the multiple sites this configuration hosts:
root /var/www/$host;
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
charset utf-8;
There are some configuration directives that nginx refuses to substitute
variables into, citing performance considerations, so there is a limit
to how much repetition you can squeeze out this way. One such example is
the access_log and error_log directives, which follow an obvious
pattern from one host to the next. Sadly, you must tolerate some
repetition across server { } blocks when setting up multiple domains
on a single server.
The configuration for foo.net is similar.
See the nginx docs for more ideas.
Proxying HTTP Anyway
Above, we argued that proxying SCGI is a better option than making nginx reinterpret Fossil’s own implementation of HTTP. If you want Fossil to speak HTTP, just set Fossil up as a standalone server. And if you want nginx to provide TLS encryption for Fossil, proxying HTTP instead of SCGI provides no benefit.
However, it is still worth showing the proper method of proxying Fossil’s HTTP server through nginx if only to make reading nginx documentation on other sites easier:
location /code {
rewrite ^/code(/.*) $1 break;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:12345;
}
The most common thing people get wrong when hand-rolling a configuration like this is to get the slashes wrong. Fossil is senstitive to this. For instance, Fossil will not collapse double slashes down to a single slash, as some other HTTP servers will.