.TH binary n 8.0 Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands"
.so man.macros
.BS
'\" Note:  do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
.SH NAME
binary \- Insert and extract fields from binary strings
.SH SYNOPSIS

\fBbinary decode \fIformat\fR ?\fI\-option value ...\fR? \fIdata\fR
.br
\fBbinary encode \fIformat\fR ?\fI\-option value ...\fR? \fIdata\fR
.br

\fBbinary format \fIformatString \fR?\fIarg arg ...\fR?
.br
\fBbinary scan \fIstring formatString \fR?\fIvarName varName ...\fR?
.br
.VS "8.7, TIP 450"
\fBbinary set \fIvarName formatString \fR?\fIarg arg ...\fR?
.VE "8.7, TIP 450"
.BE
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
This command provides facilities for manipulating binary data.  The
subcommand \fBbinary format\fR creates a binary string from normal
Tcl values.  For example, given the values 16 and 22, on a 32-bit
architecture, it might produce an 8-byte binary string consisting of
two 4-byte integers, one for each of the numbers.  The subcommand
\fBbinary scan\fR, does the opposite: it extracts data
from a binary string and returns it as ordinary Tcl string values.
.VS "8.7, TIP 450"
The subcommand \fBbinary set\fR is similar to \fBbinary format\fR, except that
it updates an existing binary string in a variable.
.VE "8.7, TIP 450"
The \fBbinary encode\fR and \fBbinary decode\fR subcommands convert
binary data to or from string encodings such as base64 (used in MIME
messages for example).

.PP
Note that other operations on binary data, such as taking a subsequence of it,
getting its length, or reinterpreting it as a string in some encoding, are
done by other Tcl commands (respectively \fBstring range\fR,
\fBstring length\fR and \fBencoding convertfrom\fR in the example cases).  A
binary string in Tcl is merely one where all the characters it contains are in
the range \eu0000\-\eu00FF.
.SH "BINARY ENCODE AND DECODE"

.PP
When encoding binary data as a readable string, the starting binary data is
passed to the \fBbinary encode\fR command, together with the name of the
encoding to use and any encoding-specific options desired. Data which has been
encoded can be converted back to binary form using \fBbinary decode\fR. The
following formats and options are supported.
.TP

.
Instructs the decoder to throw an error if it encounters unexpected whitespace
characters. Otherwise it ignores them.
.PP
Note that neither the encoder nor the decoder handle the header and footer of
the uuencode format.
.RE

.SH "BINARY FORMAT AND BINARY SET"
.PP
The \fBbinary format\fR command generates a binary string whose layout
is specified by the \fIformatString\fR and whose contents come from
the additional arguments.  The resulting binary value is returned.
.PP
.VS "8.7, TIP 450"
The \fBbinary set\fR command reads an existing binary string stored in the
variable \fIvarName\fR, modifies it according to the \fIformatString\fR using
the contents from the additional arguments, and writes the result back. The
result of the command is the empty string.
.VE "8.7, TIP 450"
.PP
In both cases, \fIformatString\fR consists of a sequence of zero or more field
specifiers separated by zero or more spaces.  Each field specifier is
a single type character followed by an optional flag character followed
by an optional numeric \fIcount\fR.
Most field specifiers consume one argument to obtain the value to be
formatted.  The type character specifies how the value is to be
formatted.  The \fIcount\fR typically indicates how many items of the
specified type are taken from the value.  If present, the \fIcount\fR
is a non-negative decimal integer or
.QW \fB*\fR ,
which normally indicates
that all of the items in the value are to be used.  If the number of
arguments does not match the number of fields in the format string
that consume arguments, then an error is generated. The flag character
.QW \fBu\fR
is ignored for \fBbinary format\fR and \fBbinary set\fR.
.PP
Here is a small example to clarify the relation between the field
specifiers and the arguments:
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR d3d {1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0} 0.1
.CE
.PP
The first argument is a list of four numbers, but because of the count
of 3 for the associated field specifier, only the first three will be
used. The second argument is associated with the second field

the \fBencoding convertto\fR command should be used first to change
the string into an external representation
if this truncation is not desired (i.e. if the characters are
not part of the ISO 8859\-1 character set.)
If \fIarg\fR has fewer than \fIcount\fR bytes, then additional zero
bytes are used to pad out the field.  If \fIarg\fR is longer than the
specified length, the extra characters will be ignored.  If
\fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the bytes in \fIarg\fR will be
formatted.  If \fIcount\fR is omitted, then one character will be
formatted.  For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR a7a*a alpha bravo charlie
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fBalpha\e000\e000bravoc\fR,
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR a* [encoding convertto utf-8 \eu20ac]
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fB\e342\e202\e254\fR (which is the
UTF-8 byte sequence for a Euro-currency character) and
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR a* [encoding convertto iso8859-15 \eu20ac]
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fB\e244\fR (which is the ISO
8859\-15 byte sequence for a Euro-currency character). Contrast these
last two with:
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR a* \eu20ac
.CE
.PP
which returns a string equivalent to \fB\e254\fR (i.e. \fB\exac\fR) by
truncating the high-bits of the character, and which is probably not
what is desired.
.RE
.IP \fBA\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBa\fR except that spaces are used for
padding instead of nulls.  For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR A6A*A alpha bravo charlie
.CE
.PP
will return \fBalpha bravoc\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBb\fR 5
Stores a string of \fIcount\fR binary digits in low-to-high order
within each byte in the output string.  \fIArg\fR must contain a
sequence of \fB1\fR and \fB0\fR characters.  The resulting bytes are
emitted in first to last order with the bits being formatted in
low-to-high order within each byte.  If \fIarg\fR has fewer than
\fIcount\fR digits, then zeros will be used for the remaining bits.
If \fIarg\fR has more than the specified number of digits, the extra
digits will be ignored.  If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the
digits in \fIarg\fR will be formatted.  If \fIcount\fR is omitted,
then one digit will be formatted.  If the number of bits formatted
does not end at a byte boundary, the remaining bits of the last byte
will be zeros.  For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR b5b* 11100 111000011010
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fB\ex07\ex87\ex05\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBB\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBb\fR except that the bits are stored in
high-to-low order within each byte.  For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR B5B* 11100 111000011010
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fB\exe0\exe1\exa0\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBH\fR 5
Stores a string of \fIcount\fR hexadecimal digits in high-to-low
within each byte in the output string.  \fIArg\fR must contain a
sequence of characters in the set
.QW 0123456789abcdefABCDEF .
The resulting bytes are emitted in first to last order with the hex digits
being formatted in high-to-low order within each byte.  If \fIarg\fR
has fewer than \fIcount\fR digits, then zeros will be used for the
remaining digits.  If \fIarg\fR has more than the specified number of
digits, the extra digits will be ignored.  If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the digits in \fIarg\fR will be formatted.  If
\fIcount\fR is omitted, then one digit will be formatted.  If the
number of digits formatted does not end at a byte boundary, the
remaining bits of the last byte will be zeros.  For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR H3H*H2 ab DEF 987
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fB\exab\ex00\exde\exf0\ex98\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBh\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBH\fR except that the digits are stored in
low-to-high order within each byte. This is seldom required. For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR h3h*h2 AB def 987
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fB\exba\ex00\exed\ex0f\ex89\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBc\fR 5
Stores one or more 8-bit integer values in the output string.  If no
\fIcount\fR is specified, then \fIarg\fR must consist of an integer
value. If \fIcount\fR is specified, \fIarg\fR must consist of a list
containing at least that many integers. The low-order 8 bits of each integer
are stored as a one-byte value at the cursor position.  If \fIcount\fR
is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the integers in the list are formatted. If the
number of elements in the list is greater
than \fIcount\fR, then the extra elements are ignored.  For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR c3cc* {3 -3 128 1} 260 {2 5}
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to
\fB\ex03\exfd\ex80\ex04\ex02\ex05\fR, whereas
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR c {2 5}
.CE
.PP
will generate an error.
.RE
.IP \fBs\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBc\fR except that it stores one or more
16-bit integers in little-endian byte order in the output string.  The
low-order 16-bits of each integer are stored as a two-byte value at
the cursor position with the least significant byte stored first.  For
example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR s3 {3 -3 258 1}
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to
\fB\ex03\ex00\exfd\exff\ex02\ex01\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBS\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBs\fR except that it stores one or more
16-bit integers in big-endian byte order in the output string.  For
example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR S3 {3 -3 258 1}
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to
\fB\ex00\ex03\exff\exfd\ex01\ex02\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBt\fR 5
This form (mnemonically \fItiny\fR) is the same as \fBs\fR and \fBS\fR
except that it stores the 16-bit integers in the output string in the
native byte order of the machine where the Tcl script is running.
To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to
the \fBbyteOrder\fR element of the \fBtcl_platform\fR array.
.IP \fBi\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBc\fR except that it stores one or more
32-bit integers in little-endian byte order in the output string.  The
low-order 32-bits of each integer are stored as a four-byte value at
the cursor position with the least significant byte stored first.  For
example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR i3 {3 -3 65536 1}
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to
\fB\ex03\ex00\ex00\ex00\exfd\exff\exff\exff\ex00\ex00\ex01\ex00\fR
.RE
.IP \fBI\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBi\fR except that it stores one or more one
or more 32-bit integers in big-endian byte order in the output string.
For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR I3 {3 -3 65536 1}
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to
\fB\ex00\ex00\ex00\ex03\exff\exff\exff\exfd\ex00\ex01\ex00\ex00\fR
.RE
.IP \fBn\fR 5
This form (mnemonically \fInumber\fR or \fInormal\fR) is the same as
\fBi\fR and \fBI\fR except that it stores the 32-bit integers in the
output string in the native byte order of the machine where the Tcl
script is running.
To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to
the \fBbyteOrder\fR element of the \fBtcl_platform\fR array.
.IP \fBw\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBc\fR except that it stores one or more
64-bit integers in little-endian byte order in the output string.  The
low-order 64-bits of each integer are stored as an eight-byte value at
the cursor position with the least significant byte stored first.  For
example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR w 7810179016327718216
.CE
.PP
will return the string \fBHelloTcl\fR
.RE
.IP \fBW\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBw\fR except that it stores one or more one
or more 64-bit integers in big-endian byte order in the output string.
For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR Wc 4785469626960341345 110
.CE
.PP
will return the string \fBBigEndian\fR
.RE
.IP \fBm\fR 5
This form (mnemonically the mirror of \fBw\fR) is the same as \fBw\fR
and \fBW\fR except that it stores the 64-bit integers in the output
string in the native byte order of the machine where the Tcl script is
running.
To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to
the \fBbyteOrder\fR element of the \fBtcl_platform\fR array.
.IP \fBf\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBc\fR except that it stores one or more one
or more single-precision floating point numbers in the machine's native
representation in the output string.  This representation is not
portable across architectures, so it should not be used to communicate
floating point numbers across the network.  The size of a floating
point number may vary across architectures, so the number of bytes
that are generated may vary, but is 4 on common architectures that implement
IEEE floating point representation.  If the value overflows the
machine's native representation, then the value of FLT_MAX
as defined by the system will be used instead.  Because Tcl uses
double-precision floating point numbers internally, there may be some
loss of precision in the conversion to single-precision.  For example,
on a Windows system running on an Intel Pentium processor,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR f2 {1.6 3.4}
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to
\fB\excd\excc\excc\ex3f\ex9a\ex99\ex59\ex40\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBr\fR 5
This form (mnemonically \fIreal\fR) is the same as \fBf\fR except that
it stores the single-precision floating point numbers in little-endian
order.  This conversion only produces meaningful output when used on
machines which use the IEEE floating point representation (very
common, but not universal.)
.IP \fBR\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBr\fR except that it stores the
single-precision floating point numbers in big-endian order.
.IP \fBd\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBf\fR except that it stores one or more one
or more double-precision floating point numbers in the machine's native
representation in the output string (these are usually 8 bytes wide on
common architectures, i.e., those that use IEEE floating point representation).
For example, on a
Windows system running on an Intel Pentium processor,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR d1 {1.6}
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to
\fB\ex9a\ex99\ex99\ex99\ex99\ex99\exf9\ex3f\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBq\fR 5
This form (mnemonically the mirror of \fBd\fR) is the same as \fBd\fR
except that it stores the double-precision floating point numbers in
little-endian order.  This conversion only produces meaningful output
when used on machines which use the IEEE floating point representation
(very common, but not universal.)
.IP \fBQ\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBq\fR except that it stores the
double-precision floating point numbers in big-endian order.
.IP \fBx\fR 5
Stores \fIcount\fR null bytes in the output string.  If \fIcount\fR is
not specified, stores one null byte.  If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
this generates an error.  This type does not consume an argument.  For
example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR a3xa3x2a3 abc def ghi
.CE
.PP
will return a string equivalent to \fBabc\e000def\e000\e000ghi\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBX\fR 5
Moves the cursor back \fIcount\fR bytes in the output string.  If
\fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR
or is larger than the current cursor position,
then the cursor is positioned at location 0 so that the next byte
stored will be the first byte in the result string.  If \fIcount\fR is
omitted then the cursor is moved back one byte.  This type does not
consume an argument.  For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR a3X*a3X2a3 abc def ghi
.CE
.PP
will return \fBdghi\fR.
.RE
.IP \fB@\fR 5
Moves the cursor to the absolute location in the output string
specified by \fIcount\fR.  Position 0 refers to the first byte in the
output string.  If \fIcount\fR refers to a position beyond the last
byte stored so far, then null bytes will be placed in the uninitialized
locations and the cursor will be placed at the specified location.  If
\fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then the cursor is moved to the current end of
the output string.  If \fIcount\fR is omitted, then an error will be
generated.  This type does not consume an argument. For example,
.RS
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary format\fR a5@2a1@*a3@10a1 abcde f ghi j
.CE
.PP
will return \fBabfdeghi\e000\e000j\fR, and
.VS "8.7, TIP 450"
.PP
.CS
set x abc
\fBbinary set\fR x c@*c 65 68
.CE
.PP
will update the variable \fIx\fR to \fBAbcD\fR (extending it by one byte from
the value it was before).
.VE "8.7, TIP 450"
.RE
.SH "BINARY SCAN"
.PP
The \fBbinary scan\fR command parses fields from a binary string,
returning the number of conversions performed.  \fIString\fR gives the
input bytes to be parsed (one byte per character, and characters not
representable as a byte have their high bits chopped)

spaces.  Each field specifier is a single type character followed by
an optional flag character followed by an optional numeric \fIcount\fR.
Most field specifiers consume one
argument to obtain the variable into which the scanned values should
be placed.  The type character specifies how the binary data is to be
interpreted.  The \fIcount\fR typically indicates how many items of
the specified type are taken from the data.  If present, the
\fIcount\fR is a non-negative decimal integer or
.QW \fB*\fR ,
which
normally indicates that all of the remaining items in the data are to
be used.  If there are not enough bytes left after the current cursor
position to satisfy the current field specifier, then the
corresponding variable is left untouched and \fBbinary scan\fR returns
immediately with the number of variables that were set.  If there are
not enough arguments for all of the fields in the format string that
consume arguments, then an error is generated. The flag character
.QW \fBu\fR
may be given to cause some types to be read as unsigned values. The flag
is accepted for all field types but is ignored for non-integer fields.
.PP
A similar example as with \fBbinary format\fR should explain the
relation between field specifiers and arguments in case of the binary
scan subcommand:
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR $bytes s3s first second
.CE
.PP
This command (provided the binary string in the variable \fIbytes\fR
is long enough) assigns a list of three integers to the variable
\fIfirst\fR and assigns a single value to the variable \fIsecond\fR.
If \fIbytes\fR contains fewer than 8 bytes (i.e. four 2-byte
integers), no assignment to \fIsecond\fR will be made, and if
\fIbytes\fR contains fewer than 6 bytes (i.e. three 2-byte integers),
no assignment to \fIfirst\fR will be made.  Hence: 
.PP
.CS
puts [\fBbinary scan\fR abcdefg s3s first second]
puts $first
puts $second
.CE 
.PP
will print (assuming neither variable is set previously): 
.PP
.CS
1
25185 25699 26213
can't read "second": no such variable
.CE
.PP
It is \fIimportant\fR to note that the \fBc\fR, \fBs\fR, and \fBS\fR
(and \fBi\fR and \fBI\fR on 64bit systems) will be scanned into
long data size values.  In doing this, values that have their high
bit set (0x80 for chars, 0x8000 for shorts, 0x80000000 for ints),
will be sign extended.  Thus the following will occur: 
.PP
.CS
set signShort [\fBbinary format\fR s1 0x8000]
\fBbinary scan\fR $signShort s1 val; \fI# val == 0xFFFF8000\fR
.CE 
.PP
If you require unsigned values you can include the
.QW \fBu\fR
flag character following
the field type. For example, to read an \fIunsigned\fR short value: 
.PP
.CS
set signShort [\fBbinary format\fR s1 0x8000]
\fBbinary scan\fR $signShort su1 val; \fI# val == 0x00008000\fR
.CE
.PP
Each type-count pair moves an imaginary cursor through the binary data,
reading bytes from the current position.  The cursor is initially
at position 0 at the beginning of the data.  The type may be any one of
the following characters:
.IP \fBa\fR 5
The data is a byte string of length \fIcount\fR.  If \fIcount\fR
is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining bytes in \fIstring\fR will be
scanned into the variable.  If \fIcount\fR is omitted, then one
byte will be scanned.
All bytes scanned will be interpreted as being characters in the
range \eu0000-\eu00ff so the \fBencoding convertfrom\fR command will be
needed if the string is not a binary string or a string encoded in ISO
8859\-1.
For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR abcde\e000fghi a6a10 var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB1\fR with the string equivalent to \fBabcde\e000\fR
stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fIvar2\fR left unmodified, and 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \e342\e202\e254 a* var1
set var2 [encoding convertfrom utf-8 $var1]
.CE 
.PP
will store a Euro-currency character in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBA\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBa\fR, except trailing blanks and nulls are stripped from
the scanned value before it is stored in the variable.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR "abc efghi  \e000" A* var1
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB1\fR with \fBabc efghi\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBb\fR 5
The data is turned into a string of \fIcount\fR binary digits in
low-to-high order represented as a sequence of
.QW 1
and
.QW 0
characters.  The data bytes are scanned in first to last order with
the bits being taken in low-to-high order within each byte.  Any extra
bits in the last byte are ignored.  If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining bits in \fIstring\fR will be scanned.  If
\fIcount\fR is omitted, then one bit will be scanned.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex07\ex87\ex05 b5b* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB11100\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and
\fB1110000110100000\fR stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBB\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBb\fR, except the bits are taken in
high-to-low order within each byte.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex70\ex87\ex05 B5B* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB01110\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and
\fB1000011100000101\fR stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBH\fR 5
The data is turned into a string of \fIcount\fR hexadecimal digits in
high-to-low order represented as a sequence of characters in the set
.QW 0123456789abcdef .
The data bytes are scanned in first to last
order with the hex digits being taken in high-to-low order within each
byte. Any extra bits in the last byte are ignored. If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining hex digits in \fIstring\fR will be
scanned. If \fIcount\fR is omitted, then one hex digit will be
scanned. For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex07\exC6\ex05\ex1f\ex34 H3H* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB07c\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and
\fB051f34\fR stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBh\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBH\fR, except the digits are taken in
reverse (low-to-high) order within each byte. For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex07\ex86\ex05\ex12\ex34 h3h* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB706\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and
\fB502143\fR stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.PP
Note that most code that wishes to parse the hexadecimal digits from
multiple bytes in order should use the \fBH\fR format.
.RE
.IP \fBc\fR 5
The data is turned into \fIcount\fR 8-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBcu\fR is
used instead of \fBc\fR) integers and stored
in the corresponding variable as a list. If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining bytes in \fIstring\fR will be scanned.  If
\fIcount\fR is omitted, then one 8-bit integer will be scanned.  For
example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex07\ex86\ex05 c2c* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB7 -122\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB5\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.





.RE
.IP \fBs\fR 5
The data is interpreted as \fIcount\fR 16-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBsu\fR is
used instead of \fBs\fR) integers
represented in little-endian byte order.  The integers are stored in
the corresponding variable as a list.  If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining bytes in \fIstring\fR will be scanned.  If
\fIcount\fR is omitted, then one 16-bit integer will be scanned.  For
example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex05\ex00\ex07\ex00\exf0\exff s2s* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB5 7\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB\-16\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.





.RE
.IP \fBS\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBs\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR 16-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBSu\fR is
used instead of \fBS\fR) integers represented in big-endian byte
order.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex00\ex05\ex00\ex07\exff\exf0 S2S* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB5 7\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB\-16\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBt\fR 5
The data is interpreted as \fIcount\fR 16-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBtu\fR is
used instead of \fBt\fR) integers
represented in the native byte order of the machine running the Tcl
script.  It is otherwise identical to \fBs\fR and \fBS\fR.
To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to
the \fBbyteOrder\fR element of the \fBtcl_platform\fR array.
.IP \fBi\fR 5
The data is interpreted as \fIcount\fR 32-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBiu\fR is
used instead of \fBi\fR) integers
represented in little-endian byte order.  The integers are stored in
the corresponding variable as a list.  If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining bytes in \fIstring\fR will be scanned.  If
\fIcount\fR is omitted, then one 32-bit integer will be scanned.  For
example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
set str \ex05\ex00\ex00\ex00\ex07\ex00\ex00\ex00\exf0\exff\exff\exff
\fBbinary scan\fR $str i2i* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB5 7\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB\-16\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.





.RE
.IP \fBI\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBI\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR 32-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBIu\fR is
used instead of \fBI\fR) integers represented in big-endian byte
order.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
set str \ex00\ex00\ex00\ex05\ex00\ex00\ex00\ex07\exff\exff\exff\exf0
\fBbinary scan\fR $str I2I* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB5 7\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB\-16\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBn\fR 5
The data is interpreted as \fIcount\fR 32-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBnu\fR is
used instead of \fBn\fR) integers
represented in the native byte order of the machine running the Tcl
script.  It is otherwise identical to \fBi\fR and \fBI\fR.
To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to
the \fBbyteOrder\fR element of the \fBtcl_platform\fR array.
.IP \fBw\fR 5
The data is interpreted as \fIcount\fR 64-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBwu\fR is
used instead of \fBw\fR) integers
represented in little-endian byte order.  The integers are stored in
the corresponding variable as a list.  If \fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining bytes in \fIstring\fR will be scanned.  If
\fIcount\fR is omitted, then one 64-bit integer will be scanned.  For
example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
set str \ex05\ex00\ex00\ex00\ex07\ex00\ex00\ex00\exf0\exff\exff\exff
\fBbinary scan\fR $str wi* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB30064771077\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and
\fB\-16\fR stored in \fIvar2\fR.

.RE
.IP \fBW\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBw\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR 64-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBWu\fR is
used instead of \fBw\fR) integers represented in big-endian byte
order.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
set str \ex00\ex00\ex00\ex05\ex00\ex00\ex00\ex07\exff\exff\exff\exf0
\fBbinary scan\fR $str WI* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB21474836487\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB\-16\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBm\fR 5
The data is interpreted as \fIcount\fR 64-bit signed (or unsigned if \fBmu\fR is
used instead of \fBm\fR) integers
represented in the native byte order of the machine running the Tcl
script.  It is otherwise identical to \fBw\fR and \fBW\fR.
To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to
the \fBbyteOrder\fR element of the \fBtcl_platform\fR array.
.IP \fBf\fR 5
The data is interpreted as \fIcount\fR single-precision floating point
numbers in the machine's native representation.  The floating point
numbers are stored in the corresponding variable as a list.  If
\fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR ,
then all of the remaining bytes in
\fIstring\fR will be scanned.  If \fIcount\fR is omitted, then one
single-precision floating point number will be scanned.  The size of a
floating point number may vary across architectures, so the number of
bytes that are scanned may vary; on most common architectures (i.e., those
that use IEEE floating point representation) it is 4 bytes wide.  If the data does not represent a
valid floating point number, the resulting value is undefined and
compiler dependent.  For example, on a Windows system running on an
Intel Pentium processor,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex3f\excc\excc\excd f var1
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB1\fR with \fB1.6000000238418579\fR stored in
\fIvar1\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBr\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBf\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR single-precision floating point number in little-endian
order.  This conversion is not portable to the minority of systems not
using IEEE floating point representations.
.IP \fBR\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBf\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR single-precision floating point number in big-endian
order.  This conversion is not portable to the minority of systems not
using IEEE floating point representations.
.IP \fBd\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBf\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR double-precision floating point numbers in the
machine's native representation (which is 8 bytes wide when IEEE floating
point representation is used; this is the common case). For example, on a Windows system
running on an Intel Pentium processor,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex9a\ex99\ex99\ex99\ex99\ex99\exf9\ex3f d var1
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB1\fR with \fB1.6000000000000001\fR
stored in \fIvar1\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBq\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBd\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR double-precision floating point number in little-endian
order.  This conversion is not portable to the minority of systems not
using IEEE floating point representations.
.IP \fBQ\fR 5
This form is the same as \fBd\fR except that the data is interpreted
as \fIcount\fR double-precision floating point number in big-endian
order.  This conversion is not portable to the minority of systems not
using IEEE floating point representations.
.IP \fBx\fR 5
Moves the cursor forward \fIcount\fR bytes in \fIstring\fR.  If
\fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR
or is larger than the number of bytes after the
current cursor position, then the cursor is positioned after
the last byte in \fIstring\fR.  If \fIcount\fR is omitted, then the
cursor is moved forward one byte.  Note that this type does not
consume an argument.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex01\ex02\ex03\ex04 x2H* var1
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB1\fR with \fB0304\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR.
.RE
.IP \fBX\fR 5
Moves the cursor back \fIcount\fR bytes in \fIstring\fR.  If
\fIcount\fR is
.QW \fB*\fR
or is larger than the current cursor position,
then the cursor is positioned at location 0 so that the next byte
scanned will be the first byte in \fIstring\fR.  If \fIcount\fR
is omitted then the cursor is moved back one byte.  Note that this
type does not consume an argument.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex01\ex02\ex03\ex04 c2XH* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB1 2\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB020304\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.IP \fB@\fR 5
Moves the cursor to the absolute location in the data string specified
by \fIcount\fR.  Note that position 0 refers to the first byte in
\fIstring\fR.  If \fIcount\fR refers to a position beyond the end of
\fIstring\fR, then the cursor is positioned after the last byte.  If
\fIcount\fR is omitted, then an error will be generated.  For example,
.RS 
.PP
.CS
\fBbinary scan\fR \ex01\ex02\ex03\ex04 c2@1H* var1 var2
.CE 
.PP
will return \fB2\fR with \fB1 2\fR stored in \fIvar1\fR and \fB020304\fR
stored in \fIvar2\fR.
.RE
.SH "PORTABILITY ISSUES"
.PP
The \fBr\fR, \fBR\fR, \fBq\fR and \fBQ\fR conversions will only work
reliably for transferring data between computers which are all using

			    unsigned length, int type);
/* Binary ensemble commands */
static int		BinaryFormatCmd(ClientData clientData,
			    Tcl_Interp *interp,
			    int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[]);
static int		BinaryScanCmd(ClientData clientData,
			    Tcl_Interp *interp,
			    int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[]);
static int		BinarySetCmd(ClientData clientData,
			    Tcl_Interp *interp,
			    int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[]);
/* Binary encoding sub-ensemble commands */
static int		BinaryEncodeHex(ClientData clientData,
			    Tcl_Interp *interp,
			    int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[]);
static int		BinaryDecodeHex(ClientData clientData,
			    Tcl_Interp *interp,

/*
 * How to construct the ensembles.
 */

static const EnsembleImplMap binaryMap[] = {
    { "format", BinaryFormatCmd, TclCompileBasicMin1ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "scan",   BinaryScanCmd, TclCompileBasicMin2ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "set",	BinarySetCmd, TclCompileBasicMin2ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "encode", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "decode", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 }
};
static const EnsembleImplMap encodeMap[] = {
    { "hex",      BinaryEncodeHex, TclCompileBasic1ArgCmd, NULL, NULL, 0 },
    { "uuencode", BinaryEncodeUu,  NULL, NULL, NULL, 0 },

	    }
	    break;
	}
    }
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, resultPtr);
    return TCL_OK;

 badValue:
    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
	    "expected %s string but got \"%s\" instead",
	    errorString, errorValue));
    return TCL_ERROR;

 badCount:
    errorString = "missing count for \"@\" field specifier";
    goto error;

 badIndex:
    errorString = "not enough arguments for all format specifiers";
    goto error;

 badField:
    {
	Tcl_UniChar ch = 0;
	char buf[TCL_UTF_MAX + 1] = "";

	TclUtfToUniChar(errorString, &ch);
	buf[Tcl_UniCharToUtf(ch, buf)] = '\0';
	Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
		"bad field specifier \"%s\"", buf));
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

 error:
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(errorString, -1));
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/*
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * BinarySetCmd --
 *
 *	This procedure implements the "binary set" Tcl command.
 *
 * Results:
 *	A standard Tcl result.
 *
 * Side effects:
 *	See the user documentation.
 *
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static int
BinarySetCmd(
    ClientData ignored,		/* Not used. */
    Tcl_Interp *interp,		/* Current interpreter. */
    int objc,			/* Number of arguments. */
    Tcl_Obj *const objv[])	/* Argument objects. */
{
    int arg;			/* Index of next argument to consume. */
    int value = 0;		/* Current integer value to be packed.
				 * Initialized to avoid compiler warning. */
    char cmd;			/* Current format character. */
    int count;			/* Count associated with current format
				 * character. */
    int flags;			/* Format field flags */
    const char *format;		/* Pointer to current position in format
				 * string. */
    Tcl_Obj *valuePtr;		/* Object holding binary value buffer, which
				 * might be value read from variable, or might
				 * be duplicate or new. */
    int originalLength;		/* Length of the starting value read from the
				 * variable. */
    unsigned char *buffer;	/* Start of result buffer. */
    unsigned char *cursor;	/* Current position within result buffer. */
    unsigned char *maxPos;	/* Greatest position within result buffer that
				 * cursor has visited.*/
    const char *errorString;
    const char *errorValue, *str;
    int offset, size, length, i, argLength;
    const unsigned char *bytes;	/* Working buffer for testing arguments. */
    Tcl_Obj **listv;		/* Used for parsing list arguments. */
    int listc;			/* Used for parsing list arguments. */
    int isFloat;		/* What type of number parsing to use. */
    int type;			/* Used for parsing numbers. */
    ClientData data;		/* Used for parsing numbers. */
    Tcl_WideInt wide;		/* Used for parsing numbers. */
    double dummy;		/* Used for parsing numbers. */

    if (objc < 3) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "varName formatString ?arg ...?");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

    valuePtr = Tcl_ObjGetVar2(interp, objv[1], NULL, 0);
    if (valuePtr == NULL) {
	originalLength = 0;
    } else {
	(void) Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(valuePtr, &originalLength);
    }
    length = originalLength;

    /*
     * To avoid copying the data, we format the string in two passes. The
     * first pass computes the size of the output buffer and checks that the
     * supplied values are legal. The second pass places the formatted data
     * into the buffer.
     */

    format = TclGetString(objv[2]);
    arg = 3;
    offset = 0;
    while (*format != '\0') {
	str = format;
	flags = 0;
	if (!GetFormatSpec(&format, &cmd, &count, &flags)) {
	    break;
	}
	isFloat = 0;
	switch (cmd) {
	case 'b':
	case 'B':
	    /*
	     * For string-type specifiers, the count corresponds to the number
	     * of bytes in a single argument.
	     */

	    if (arg >= objc) {
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg], &count);
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    bytes = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg], &argLength);
	    if (count > argLength) {
		count = argLength;
	    }
	    for (i = 0 ; i < count; i++) {
		switch (bytes[i]) {
		case '0':
		case '1':
		    break;
		default:
		    errorString = "binary";
		    errorValue = Tcl_GetString(objv[arg]);
		    goto badValue;
		}
	    }
	    arg++;
	    offset += (count + 7) / 8;
	    break;
	case 'h':
	case 'H':
	    /*
	     * For string-type specifiers, the count corresponds to the number
	     * of bytes in a single argument.
	     */

	    if (arg >= objc) {
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg], &count);
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    bytes = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg], &argLength);
	    if (count > argLength) {
		count = argLength;
	    }
	    for (i = 0 ; i < count; i++) {
		if (!isxdigit(bytes[i])) {		/* INTL: digit */
		    errorString = "hexadecimal";
		    errorValue = Tcl_GetString(objv[arg]);
		    goto badValue;
		}
	    }
	    arg++;
	    offset += (count + 1) / 2;
	    break;
	case 'a':
	case 'A':
	    /*
	     * For string-type specifiers, the count corresponds to the number
	     * of bytes in a single argument.
	     */

	    if (arg >= objc) {
		goto badIndex;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg], &count);
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    arg++;
	    offset += count;
	    break;
	case 'c':
	    size = 1;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 't':
	case 's':
	case 'S':
	    size = 2;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'n':
	case 'i':
	case 'I':
	    size = 4;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'm':
	case 'w':
	case 'W':
	    size = 8;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'r':
	case 'R':
	case 'f':
	    size = sizeof(float);
	    isFloat = 1;
	    goto doNumbers;
	case 'q':
	case 'Q':
	case 'd':
	    size = sizeof(double);
	    isFloat = 1;

	doNumbers:
	    if (arg >= objc) {
		goto badIndex;
	    }

	    /*
	     * For number-type specifiers, the count corresponds to the number
	     * of elements in the list stored in a single argument. If no
	     * count is specified, then the argument is taken as a single
	     * non-list value.
	     */

	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		if (isFloat) {
		    if (TclGetNumberFromObj(NULL, objv[arg],
			    &data, &type) != TCL_OK) {
			return Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj(interp, objv[arg], &dummy);
		    }
		} else {
		    if (Tcl_GetWideIntFromObj(interp, objv[arg],
			    &wide) != TCL_OK) {
			return TCL_ERROR;
		    }
		}
		count = 1;
	    } else {
		/*
		 * The macro evals its args more than once: avoid arg++
		 */

		if (TclListObjGetElements(interp, objv[arg], &listc,
			&listv) != TCL_OK) {
		    return TCL_ERROR;
		}

		if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		    count = listc;
		} else if (count > listc) {
		    errorString =
			    "number of elements in list does not match count";
		    goto error;
		}
		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		    if (isFloat) {
			if (TclGetNumberFromObj(NULL, listv[i],
				&data, &type) != TCL_OK) {
			    return Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj(interp, listv[i],
				    &dummy);
			}
		    } else {
			if (Tcl_GetWideIntFromObj(interp, listv[i],
				&wide) != TCL_OK) {
			    return TCL_ERROR;
			}
		    }
		}
	    }
	    arg++;
	    offset += count * size;
	    break;

	case 'x':
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		errorString = "cannot use \"*\" in format string with \"x\"";
		goto error;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    offset += count;
	    break;
	case 'X':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if ((count > offset) || (count == BINARY_ALL)) {
		count = offset;
	    }
	    if (offset > length) {
		length = offset;
	    }
	    offset -= count;
	    break;
	case '@':
	    if (offset > length) {
		length = offset;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		offset = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		goto badCount;
	    } else {
		offset = count;
	    }
	    break;
	default:
	    errorString = str;
	    goto badField;
	}
    }
    if (offset > length) {
	length = offset;
    }

    /*
     * Prepare the result object by preallocating the caclulated number of
     * bytes and filling with nulls. Note that if we use an operation that can
     * fail part way through, we must duplicate here even if the object is
     * unshared because we mustn't mutate anything on failure. Bother.
     */

    if (valuePtr == NULL) {
	valuePtr = Tcl_NewObj();
    } else if (Tcl_IsShared(valuePtr)) {
	valuePtr = Tcl_DuplicateObj(valuePtr);
    }
    buffer = Tcl_SetByteArrayLength(valuePtr, length);
    if (length > originalLength) {
	memset(buffer + originalLength, 0, length - originalLength);
    }

    /*
     * Pack the data into the result object. Note that we can skip the error
     * checking during this pass, since we have already parsed the string
     * once.
     */

    arg = 3;
    format = TclGetString(objv[2]);
    cursor = buffer;
    maxPos = cursor + originalLength;
    while (*format != 0) {
	flags = 0;
	if (!GetFormatSpec(&format, &cmd, &count, &flags)) {
	    break;
	}
	if ((count == 0) && (cmd != '@')) {
	    if (cmd != 'x') {
		arg++;
	    }
	    continue;
	}
	switch (cmd) {
	case 'a':
	case 'A': {
	    char pad = (char) (cmd == 'a' ? '\0' : ' ');

	    bytes = Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(objv[arg++], &length);

	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if (length >= count) {
		memcpy(cursor, bytes, count);
	    } else {
		memcpy(cursor, bytes, length);
		memset(cursor + length, pad, count - length);
	    }
	    cursor += count;
	    break;
	}
	case 'b':
	case 'B': {
	    unsigned char *last;

	    str = TclGetStringFromObj(objv[arg], &length);
	    arg++;
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    last = cursor + ((count + 7) / 8);
	    if (count > length) {
		count = length;
	    }
	    value = 0;
	    if (cmd == 'B') {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value <<= 1;
		    if (str[offset] == '1') {
			value |= 1;
		    }
		    if (((offset + 1) % 8) == 0) {
			*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    } else {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value >>= 1;
		    if (str[offset] == '1') {
			value |= 128;
		    }
		    if (!((offset + 1) % 8)) {
			*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    if ((offset % 8) != 0) {
		if (cmd == 'B') {
		    value <<= 8 - (offset % 8);
		} else {
		    value >>= 8 - (offset % 8);
		}
		*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
	    }
	    while (cursor < last) {
		*cursor++ = '\0';
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case 'h':
	case 'H': {
	    unsigned char *last;
	    int c;

	    str = TclGetStringFromObj(objv[arg], &length);
	    arg++;
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		count = length;
	    } else if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    last = cursor + ((count + 1) / 2);
	    if (count > length) {
		count = length;
	    }
	    value = 0;
	    if (cmd == 'H') {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value <<= 4;
		    c = str[offset] - '0';
		    if (c > 9) {
			c += ('0' - 'A') + 10;
		    }
		    if (c > 16) {
			c += ('A' - 'a');
		    }
		    value |= (c & 0xf);
		    if (offset % 2) {
			*cursor++ = (char) value;
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    } else {
		for (offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) {
		    value >>= 4;
		    c = str[offset] - '0';
		    if (c > 9) {
			c += ('0' - 'A') + 10;
		    }
		    if (c > 16) {
			c += ('A' - 'a');
		    }
		    value |= ((c << 4) & 0xf0);
		    if (offset % 2) {
			*cursor++ = UCHAR(value & 0xff);
			value = 0;
		    }
		}
	    }
	    if (offset % 2) {
		if (cmd == 'H') {
		    value <<= 4;
		} else {
		    value >>= 4;
		}
		*cursor++ = UCHAR(value);
	    }

	    while (cursor < last) {
		*cursor++ = '\0';
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case 'c':
	case 't':
	case 's':
	case 'S':
	case 'n':
	case 'i':
	case 'I':
	case 'm':
	case 'w':
	case 'W':
	case 'r':
	case 'R':
	case 'd':
	case 'q':
	case 'Q':
	case 'f':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		/*
		 * Note that we are casting away the const-ness of objv, but
		 * this is safe since we aren't going to modify the array.
		 */

		listv = (Tcl_Obj **) (objv + arg);
		listc = 1;
		count = 1;
	    } else {
		TclListObjGetElements(interp, objv[arg], &listc, &listv);
		if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		    count = listc;
		}
	    }
	    arg++;
	    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		/*
		 * Already checked the error cases.
		 */

		(void) FormatNumber(interp, cmd, listv[i], &cursor);
	    }
	    break;
	case 'x':
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    memset(cursor, 0, count);
	    cursor += count;
	    break;
	case 'X':
	    if (cursor > maxPos) {
		maxPos = cursor;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_NOCOUNT) {
		count = 1;
	    }
	    if ((count == BINARY_ALL) || (count > cursor - buffer)) {
		cursor = buffer;
	    } else {
		cursor -= count;
	    }
	    break;
	case '@':
	    if (cursor > maxPos) {
		maxPos = cursor;
	    }
	    if (count == BINARY_ALL) {
		cursor = maxPos;
	    } else {
		cursor = buffer + count;
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }

    /*
     * Store the value back in the variable. This is vital if the value was
     * allocated in this function, which could be the case if either we
     * duplicated a shared value or we are assigning the variable anew.
     */

    Tcl_IncrRefCount(valuePtr);
    if (!Tcl_ObjSetVar2(interp, objv[1], NULL, valuePtr, TCL_LEAVE_ERR_MSG)) {
	/*
	 * Failure here with an in-place modification means there are traces
	 * applying shenanigans.
	 */

	TclDecrRefCount(valuePtr);
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    TclDecrRefCount(valuePtr);
    return TCL_OK;

 badValue:
    Tcl_ResetResult(interp);
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_ObjPrintf(
	    "expected %s string but got \"%s\" instead",
	    errorString, errorValue));
    return TCL_ERROR;

} abobarblat

test binary-18.1 {Tcl_BinaryObjCmd: format} -returnCodes error -body {
    binary format u0a3 abc abd
} -result {bad field specifier "u"}

test binary-19.1 {Tcl_BinaryObjCmd: errors} -returnCodes error -body {
    binary sc
} -result {wrong # args: should be "binary scan value formatString ?varName ...?"}
test binary-19.2 {Tcl_BinaryObjCmd: errors} -returnCodes error -body {
    binary scan foo
} -result {wrong # args: should be "binary scan value formatString ?varName ...?"}
test binary-19.3 {Tcl_BinaryObjCmd: scan} {
    binary scan {} {}
} 0

test binary-78.1 {unicode (out of BMP) to byte-array conversion, bug-[bd94500678]} -body {
    # just test for BO-segfault (high surrogate w/o advance source pointer for out of BMP char if TCL_UTF_MAX <= 4):
    binary encode hex \U0001f415
    binary scan \U0001f415 a* v; set v
    set str {}
} -result {}

test binary-79.1 {binary set} {
    list [set x abc] [binary set x @1c 66] [set x]
} {abc {} aBc}
test binary-79.2 {binary set} -returnCodes error -body {
    binary set
} -result {wrong # args: should be "binary set varName formatString ?arg ...?"}
test binary-79.3 {binary set} -returnCodes error -body {
    binary set x
} -result {wrong # args: should be "binary set varName formatString ?arg ...?"}
test binary-79.4 {binary set} -returnCodes error -body {
    binary set x c
} -result {not enough arguments for all format specifiers}
test binary-79.5 {binary set} -setup {
    unset -nocomplain ary
    array set ary {x y}
} -returnCodes error -body {
    binary set ary c 1
} -cleanup {
    unset -nocomplain ary
} -result {can't set "ary": variable is array}
test binary-79.6 {binary set: errors prevent mutation} -setup {
    unset -nocomplain x
    set foo foo
    set bar bar
} -body {
    # Make unshared string
    set x [format %s%s $foo $bar]
    list [catch {binary set x ci 70 gorp} msg] $msg $x
} -cleanup {
    unset -nocomplain x
} -result {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} foobar}
test binary-79.7 {binary set: errors prevent creation} -setup {
    unset -nocomplain nosuchvar
} -body {
    list [catch {binary set nosuchvar ci 70 gorp} msg] $msg \
	[info exist nosuchvar]
} -cleanup {
    unset -nocomplain nosuchvar
} -result {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} 0}
test binary-79.8 {binary set: create variable} -setup {
    unset -nocomplain nosuchvar
} -body {
    binary set nosuchvar "c3" {65 66 67}
    return $nosuchvar
} -cleanup {
    unset -nocomplain nosuchvar
} -result ABC

test binary-80.1 {binary set: a} {
    set x abc
    binary set x a A
    binary encode hex $x
} 416263
test binary-80.2 {binary set: a} {
    set x abc
    binary set x a* AB
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263
test binary-80.3 {binary set: a} {
    set x abc
    binary set x a1 AB
    binary encode hex $x
} 416263
test binary-80.4 {binary set: a} {
    set x abc
    binary set x a2 A
    binary encode hex $x
} 410063

test binary-81.1 {binary set: A} {
    set x abc
    binary set x A A
    binary encode hex $x
} 416263
test binary-81.2 {binary set: A} {
    set x abc
    binary set x A* AB
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263
test binary-81.3 {binary set: A} {
    set x abc
    binary set x A1 AB
    binary encode hex $x
} 416263
test binary-81.4 {binary set: A} {
    set x abc
    binary set x A2 A
    binary encode hex $x
} 412063

test binary-82.1 {binary set: b} {
    set x abc
    binary set x b 10101010
    binary encode hex $x
} 016263
test binary-82.2 {binary set: b} {
    set x abc
    binary set x b* 1010101011011010
    binary encode hex $x
} 555b63
test binary-82.3 {binary set: b} {
    set x abc
    binary set x b4 1010101010101010
    binary encode hex $x
} 056263
test binary-82.4 {binary set: b, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ab8 A 1010gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected binary string but got "1010gorp" instead} abcdef}

test binary-83.1 {binary set: B} {
    set x abc
    binary set x B 10101010
    binary encode hex $x
} 806263
test binary-83.2 {binary set: B} {
    set x abc
    binary set x B* 0101010101101101
    binary encode hex $x
} 556d63
test binary-83.3 {binary set: B} {
    set x abc
    binary set x B4 1010101010101010
    binary encode hex $x
} a06263
test binary-83.4 {binary set: B, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aB8 A 1010gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected binary string but got "1010gorp" instead} abcdef}

test binary-84.1 {binary set: c} {
    set x abc
    binary set x c 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 416263
test binary-84.2 {binary set: c} {
    set x abc
    binary set x c* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263
test binary-84.3 {binary set: c} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x c4 {65 66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 414243446566
test binary-83.4 {binary set: c, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ac A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-83.5 {binary set: c, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ac2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-85.1 {binary set: h} {
    set x abc
    binary set x h abcdef
    binary encode hex $x
} 0a6263
test binary-85.2 {binary set: h} {
    set x abc
    binary set x h* 1424
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263
test binary-85.3 {binary set: h} {
    set x abc
    binary set x h4 142434
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263
test binary-85.4 {binary set: h, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ah8 A 1010gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected hexadecimal string but got "1010gorp" instead} abcdef}

test binary-86.1 {binary set: H} {
    set x abc
    binary set x H abcdef
    binary encode hex $x
} a06263
test binary-86.2 {binary set: H} {
    set x abc
    binary set x H* 4142
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263
test binary-86.3 {binary set: H} {
    set x abc
    binary set x H4 414243
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263
test binary-86.4 {binary set: H, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aH8 A 1010gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected hexadecimal string but got "1010gorp" instead} abcdef}

test binary-87.1 {binary set: s} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x s 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 410063646566
test binary-87.2 {binary set: s} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x s* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 410042006566
test binary-87.3 {binary set: s} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x s2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100beff6566
test binary-87.4 {binary set: s, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x as A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-87.5 {binary set: s, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x as2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-88.1 {binary set: S} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x S 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 004163646566
test binary-88.2 {binary set: S} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x S* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 004100426566
test binary-88.3 {binary set: S} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x S2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 0041ffbe6566
test binary-83.4 {binary set: S, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aS A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-83.5 {binary set: S, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aS2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-89.1.BE {binary set: t} bigEndian {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x t 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 004163646566
test binary-89.2.BE {binary set: t} bigEndian {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x t* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 004100426566
test binary-89.3.BE {binary set: t} bigEndian {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x t2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 0041ffbe6566
test binary-89.1.LE {binary set: t} littleEndian {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x t 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 410063646566
test binary-89.2.LE {binary set: t} littleEndian {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x t* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 410042006566
test binary-89.3.LE {binary set: t} littleEndian {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x t2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100beff6566

test binary-90.1 {binary set: i} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x i 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000065666768696a
test binary-90.2 {binary set: i} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x i* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000042000000696a
test binary-90.3 {binary set: i} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x i2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 41000000beffffff696a
test binary-90.4 {binary set: i, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ai A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-90.5 {binary set: i, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ai2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-91.1 {binary set: I} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x I 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000004165666768696a
test binary-91.2 {binary set: I} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x I* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000004100000042696a
test binary-91.3 {binary set: I} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x I2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 00000041ffffffbe696a
test binary-91.4 {binary set: I, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aI A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-91.5 {binary set: I, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aI2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-92.1.BE {binary set: n} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x n 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000004165666768696a
test binary-92.2.BE {binary set: n} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x n* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000004100000042696a
test binary-92.3.BE {binary set: n} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x n2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 00000041ffffffbe696a
test binary-92.1.LE {binary set: n} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x n 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000065666768696a
test binary-92.2.LE {binary set: n} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x n* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000042000000696a
test binary-92.3.LE {binary set: n} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x n2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 41000000beffffff696a

test binary-93.1 {binary set: w} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x w 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000000000000696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-93.2 {binary set: w} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x w* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 410000000000000042000000000000007172
test binary-93.3 {binary set: w} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x w2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000000000000beffffffffffffff7172
test binary-93.4 {binary set: w, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aw A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-93.5 {binary set: w, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aw2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-94.1 {binary set: W} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x W 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000000000000041696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-94.2 {binary set: W} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x W* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 000000000000004100000000000000427172
test binary-94.3 {binary set: W} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x W2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000000000000041ffffffffffffffbe7172
test binary-94.4 {binary set: W, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aW A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-94.5 {binary set: W, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x aW2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected integer but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-95.1.BE {binary set: m} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x m 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000000000000041696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-95.2.BE {binary set: m} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x m* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 000000000000004100000000000000427172
test binary-95.3.BE {binary set: m} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x m2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 0000000000000041ffffffffffffffbe7172
test binary-95.1.LE {binary set: m} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x m 65
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000000000000696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-95.2.LE {binary set: m} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x m* {65 66}
    binary encode hex $x
} 410000000000000042000000000000007172
test binary-95.3.LE {binary set: m} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x m2 {65 -66 67 68 69}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4100000000000000beffffffffffffff7172

test binary-96.1 {binary set: r} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x r 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 9a99824265666768696a
test binary-96.2 {binary set: r} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x r* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 9a99824233338542696a
test binary-96.3 {binary set: r} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x r2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 9a998242333385c2696a

test binary-97.1 {binary set: R} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x R 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 4282999a65666768696a
test binary-97.2 {binary set: R} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x R* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4282999a42853333696a
test binary-97.3 {binary set: R} {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x R2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4282999ac2853333696a

test binary-98.1.BE {binary set: f} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x f 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 4282999a65666768696a
test binary-98.2.BE {binary set: f} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x f* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4282999a42853333696a
test binary-98.3.BE {binary set: f} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x f2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4282999ac2853333696a
test binary-98.1.LE {binary set: f} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x f 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 9a99824265666768696a
test binary-98.2.LE {binary set: f} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x f* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 9a99824233338542696a
test binary-98.3.LE {binary set: f} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghij
    binary set x f2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 9a998242333385c2696a
test binary-98.4 {binary set: f, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x af A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected floating-point number but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-98.5 {binary set: f, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x af2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected floating-point number but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-99.1 {binary set: q} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x q 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 3333333333535040696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-99.2 {binary set: q} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x q* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 33333333335350406666666666a650407172
test binary-99.3 {binary set: q} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x q2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 33333333335350406666666666a650c07172

test binary-100.1 {binary set: Q} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x Q 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 4050533333333333696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-100.2 {binary set: Q} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x Q* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 40505333333333334050a666666666667172
test binary-100.3 {binary set: Q} {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x Q2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4050533333333333c050a666666666667172

test binary-101.1.BE {binary set: d} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x d 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 4050533333333333696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-101.2.BE {binary set: d} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x d* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 40505333333333334050a666666666667172
test binary-101.3.BE {binary set: d} bigEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x d2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 4050533333333333c050a666666666667172
test binary-101.1.LE {binary set: d} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x d 65.3
    binary encode hex $x
} 3333333333535040696a6b6c6d6e6f707172
test binary-101.2.LE {binary set: d} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x d* {65.3 66.6}
    binary encode hex $x
} 33333333335350406666666666a650407172
test binary-101.3.LE {binary set: d} littleEndian {
    set x abcdefghijklmnopqr
    binary set x d2 {65.3 -66.6 67.1 68.8 69.2}
    binary encode hex $x
} 33333333335350406666666666a650c07172
test binary-101.4 {binary set: d, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ad A gorp} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected floating-point number but got "gorp"} abcdef}
test binary-101.5 {binary set: d, error case} {
    set x abc
    append x def
    list [catch {binary set x ad2 A {65 gorp}} msg] $msg $x
} {1 {expected floating-point number but got "gorp"} abcdef}

test binary-102.1 {binary set: x} {
    set x abc
    binary set x x
    binary encode hex $x
} 006263
test binary-102.2 {binary set: x} {
    set x abc
    binary set x x2
    binary encode hex $x
} 000063

test binary-103.1 {binary set: X} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x a2Xa AB Z
    binary encode hex $x
} 415a63646566
test binary-103.2 {binary set: X} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x a4X2a ABCD Z
    binary encode hex $x
} 41425a446566
test binary-103.3 {binary set: X} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x a2X4a ABCD Z
    binary encode hex $x
} 5a4263646566
test binary-103.4 {binary set: X} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x a2X*a ABCD Z
    binary encode hex $x
} 5a4263646566

test binary-104.1 {binary set: @} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x a4@2a ABCD Z
    binary encode hex $x
} 41425a446566
test binary-104.2 {binary set: @} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x a2@4a ABCD Z
    binary encode hex $x
} 414263645a66
test binary-104.3 {binary set: @} {
    set x abcdef
    binary set x a2@*a ABCD Z
    binary encode hex $x
} 4142636465665a

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# cleanup

::tcltest::cleanupTests
return

# Local Variables:
# mode: tcl
# End: