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          201/NMODE Manual (File Handling)                                      Page 15-1


          202/15.  File Handling

            201/The basic unit of stored data is the file.  Each program, each paper, lives
          usually in its own file.  To edit a program or paper, the editor must be told
          the name of the file that contains it.  This is called 202/visiting 201/the file.  To
          make your changes to the file permanent on disk, you must 202/save 201/the file.
          NMODE also has facilities for deleting files conveniently, and for listing your
          file directory.

          202/15.1  Visiting Files

                  201/C-X C-V   Visit a file.
                  C-X C-S   Save the visited file.
                  Meta-~     Tell NMODE to forget that the buffer has been changed.

            202/Visiting 201/a file means copying its contents into NMODE where you can edit
          them.  NMODE remembers the name of the file you visited.  Unless you use
          the multiple buffer or window features of NMODE, you can only be visiting
          one file at a time.  The name of the file you are visiting in the currently
          selected buffer is visible in the mode line.

            The changes you make with NMODE are made in a copy inside NMODE.  The
          file itself is not changed.  The changed text is not permanent until you 202/save
          201/it in a file.  The first time you change the text, a star appears at the end of
          the mode line; this indicates that the text contains fresh changes which will
          be lost unless you save them.

            To visit a file, use the command C-X C-V (203/visit-file-command201/).  Follow the
          command with the name of the file you wish to visit, terminated by a Return.
          After C-X C-V is entered, 203/visit-file-command 201/will display a prompt.  This
          prompt may contain a default filename, if so then any component of the
          filename which you don't specify is taken from it.  You can abort the
          command by typing C-G, or edit the filename with normal NMODE editing
          commands.  If you do type a Return to finish the command, the new file's
          text appears on the screen, and its name appears in the mode line.

            When you wish to save the file and make your changes permanent, type
          C-X C-S (203/save-file-command201/).  After the save is finished, C-X C-S prints
          "Written: <filename>" in the echo area at the bottom of the screen.  If there
          are no changes to save (no star at the end of the mode line), the file is not
          saved; it would be redundant to save a duplicate of the previous version.

            What if you want to create a file?  Just visit it.  NMODE prints "(New
          File)" but aside from that behaves as if you had visited an existing empty
          file.  If you make any changes and save them, the file is created.  If you
          visit a nonexistent file unintentionally (because you typed the wrong file
          name), go ahead and visit the file you meant.  If you don't save the
          unwanted file, it is not created.

            If you alter one file and then visit another in the same buffer, NMODE
          offers to save the old one.  If you answer YES, the old file is saved; if you
          answer NO, all the changes you have made to it since the last save are lost.
          201/Page 15-2                                      NMODE Manual (Visiting Files)


            Sometimes you will change a buffer by accident.  Even if you undo the
          change by hand, NMODE still knows that "the buffer has been changed".
          You can tell NMODE to believe that there have been no changes with the
          Meta-~ (203/buffer-not-modified-command201/) command.  This command simply clears
          the "modified" flag which says that the buffer contains changes which need to
          be saved.  Even if the buffer really 203/is 201/changed NMODE will still act as if it
          were not.  If we take "~" to mean "not", then Meta-~ is "not", metafied.

          202/15.2  How to Undo Drastic Changes to a File

            201/If you have made extensive changes to a file and then change your mind
          about them, you can get rid of them by reading in the previous version of
          the file.  To do this, use M-X Revert File (203/revert-file-command201/).

            M-X Revert File does not change point, so that if the file was only edited
          slightly, you will be at approximately the same piece of text after the Revert
          as before.  If you have made drastic changes, the same value of point in the
          old file may address a totally different piece of text.

          202/15.3  Listing a File Directory

            201/To look at a file directory, use the C-X D command (203/dired-command201/).  With
          no argument, it shows you the directory of the file you are visiting.  C-U
          C-X D reads a directory specification from the keyboard and shows you the
          files    related    to    that    directory    specification.     M-X    DIRED
          (203/edit-directory-command201/)  differs  in  that  it  prompts  for  a  directory
          specification even without an argument.

          202/15.4  DIRED, the Directory Editor Subsystem

            201/DIRED makes it easy to delete many of the files in a single directory at
          once.  It presents a copy of a listing of the directory, which you can move
          around in, marking files for deletion.  When you are satisfied, you can tell
          DIRED to go ahead and delete the marked files.

            Invoke DIRED with C-X D or M-X DIRED<CR><CR> to edit the current
          default directory, or M-X DIRED<CR><dir><CR> to edit directory <dir>.  You
          are then given a listing of the directory which you can move around in with
          all the normal NMODE motion commands.  Some NMODE commands are made
          undefined and others do special things, but it's still a recursive editing level
          which you can exit normally with Q.

          202/15.4.1  Basic DIRED Commands

            201/You can mark a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the file
          and typing D.  The deletion mark is visible as a D at the beginning of the
          line.  Point is moved to the beginning of the next line, so that several D's
          delete several files.  Alternatively, if you give D an argument it marks that
          many consecutive files.  Given a negative argument, it marks the preceding
          file (or several files) and puts point at the first (in the buffer) line marked.
          Most of the DIRED commands (D, U, E, Space) repeat this way with numeric
          arguments.
          201/NMODE Manual (Basic DIRED Commands)                            Page 15-3


            If you wish to remove a deletion mark, use the U (for Undelete) command,
          which is invoked like D: it removes the deletion mark from the current line
          (or next few lines, if given an argument).  The Rubout command removes the
          deletion mark from the previous line, moving up to that line.   Thus, a
          Rubout after a D precisely cancels the D.

            For extra convenience, Space is made a command similar to C-N.  Moving
          down a line is done so often in DIRED that it deserves to be easy to type.
          Rubout is often useful simply for moving up.

            If you are not sure whether you want to delete a file, you can examine it
          by typing E.  This enters a recursive editing mode on the file, which you
          can exit with C-M-L.  This also allows you to modify files.  When you exit
          the recursive editing level, you return to DIRED.

            When you have marked the files you wish to mark, you can exit DIRED with
          Q.   If any files were marked for deletion, DIRED lists them in a concise
          format, several per line.  You can type "YES" (Just "Y" won't do) to go
          ahead and delete them, "N" to return to editing the directory so you can
          change the marks, or "X" to give up and delete nothing.   No Return
          character is needed.  No other inputs are accepted at this point.

          202/15.4.2  Other DIRED Commands

            201/S sorts the files into a different order.  It reads another character to say
          which order: F for filename (the default), S for size, R for read date, or W
          for write date.

            R does the same sorting as S, but uses the reverse order (small files,
          older files or end of alphabet first).

            ? displays documentation on DIRED.

          202/15.4.3  Invoking DIRED

            201/There are some other ways to invoke DIRED.   The command C-X D
          (203/dired-command201/) puts you in DIRED on the directory containing the file you
          are currently editing.  With a numeric argument of 1 (C-U 1 C-X D), only
          the current file is displayed instead of the whole directory.  This is present
          for historical reasons.  On file systems which contain multiple versions of
          files, such as twenex, this allows one to see how much space old versions of
          a file are consuming.  With a numeric argument of 4 (C-U C-X D), it asks
          you for the directory name.  Type a directory name and/or a file name.  If
          you explicitly specify a file name only versions of that file are displayed,
          otherwise the whole directory is displayed.

          202/15.5  Miscellaneous File Operations

            201/NMODE has extended commands for performing many other operations on
          files.

            M-X Write File<CR><file><CR> (203/write-file-command201/) writes the contents of
          the buffer into the file <file>, and then visits that file.  It can be thought of
          201/Page 15-4                       NMODE Manual (Miscellaneous File Operations)


          as a way of "changing the name" of the file you are visiting.  Unlike C-X
          C-S, Write File saves even if the buffer has not been changed.  C-X C-W is
          another way of getting at this command.

            M-X Insert File<CR><file><CR> (203/insert-file-command201/) inserts the contents of
          <file> into the buffer at point, leaving point unchanged before the contents
          and mark after them.

            M-X Write Region<CR><file><CR> (203/write-region-command201/) writes the region
          (the text between point and mark) to the specified file.  It does not set the
          visited filename.  The buffer is not changed.

            M-X Append to File<CR><file><CR> (203/append-to-file-command201/) appends the
          region to <file>.  The text is added to the end of <file>.

            M-X Prepend to File<CR><file><CR> (203/prepend-to-file-command201/) adds the text
          to the beginning of <file> instead of the end.

            M-X  Set  Visited  Filename<CR><file><CR>  (203/set-visited-filename-command201/)
          changes the name of the file being visited without reading or writing the data
          in the buffer.  M-X Write File is approximately equivalent to this command
          followed by a C-X C-S.

            M-X Delete File<CR><file><CR> (203/delete-file-command201/) deletes the file.  In
          twenex this has the effect of putting the file in the directory of deleted files,
          from which it can be retrieved until the next expunge.  On the hp9836, this
          has the effect of irretrievably removing the file.

            M-X         Delete         and         Expunge         File<CR><file><CR>
          (203/delete-and-expunge-file-command201/) will, if possible, irretrievably delete a
          file.  If the operation fails, a bell will sound.

            M-X Undelete File<CR><file><CR> (203/undelete-file-command201/) will attempt to
          retrieve a deleted file.  This only works on Twenex.