Artifact 2bf2c7c160e31840ad47884becf54ef89f367c1ca941b750314ebb4a26f61d05:
- Executable file
r37/doc/util/r37.ps
— part of check-in
[f2fda60abd]
at
2011-09-02 18:13:33
on branch master
— Some historical releases purely for archival purposes
git-svn-id: https://svn.code.sf.net/p/reduce-algebra/code/trunk/historical@1375 2bfe0521-f11c-4a00-b80e-6202646ff360 (user: arthurcnorman@users.sourceforge.net, size: 2158170) [annotate] [blame] [check-ins using] [more...]
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b(commands)g(can)g(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)g(to)h(REDUCE)f(and)g (results)e(obtained)i(without)f(an)m(y)241 4319 y(user)29 b(in)m(teraction)i(during)d(the)i(computation.)241 4469 y(In)35 b(this)g(in)m(tro)s(duction,)h(w)m(e)g(shall)e(limit)g(ourselv) m(es)i(to)h(the)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(use)e(of)h(RE-)241 4568 y(DUCE,)28 b(since)g(this)f(illustrates)g(most)h(completely)g(the) h(capabilities)d(of)j(the)f(system.)241 4668 y(When)i(REDUCE)g(is)g (called,)f(it)h(b)s(egins)f(b)m(y)h(prin)m(ting)f(a)h(banner)g(message) h(lik)m(e:)459 4874 y FH(REDUCE)41 b(3.7,)h(15-Jan-99)e(...)1690 5187 y FQ(37)p eop %%Page: 38 38 38 37 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(38)793 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(1.)71 b(INTR)m(ODUCTOR)-8 b(Y)30 b(INF)m(ORMA)-8 b(TION)664 555 y FQ(where)25 b(the)g(v)m(ersion) f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(and)g(the)h(system)g(release)h(date)f(will)e(c)m (hange)j(from)e(time)664 655 y(to)31 b(time.)41 b(It)30 b(then)g(prompts)g(the)g(user)g(for)g(input)e(b)m(y:)882 861 y FH(1:)664 1067 y FQ(Y)-8 b(ou)43 b(can)f(no)m(w)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(a) h(REDUCE)f(statemen)m(t,)47 b(terminated)41 b(b)m(y)h(a)h(semicolon)e (to)664 1166 y(indicate)30 b(the)g(end)g(of)g(the)h(expression,)e(for)i (example:)882 1372 y FH(\(x+y+z\)^2;)664 1597 y FQ(This)23 b(expression)g(w)m(ould)g(normally)g(b)s(e)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f (another)g(c)m(haracter)i(\(a)p 3340 1508 314 4 v 3340 1621 4 113 v 54 w FG(Return)p 3650 1621 V 3340 1624 314 4 v 664 1696 a FQ(on)34 b(an)f(ASCI)s(I)f(k)m(eyb)s(oard\))h(to)i(\\w)m (ak)m(e)g(up")e(the)h(system,)g(whic)m(h)e(w)m(ould)h(then)g(input)664 1796 y(the)e(expression,)e(ev)-5 b(aluate)31 b(it,)f(and)g(return)f (the)i(result:)969 2002 y FH(2)872 b(2)522 b(2)926 2101 y(X)86 b(+)44 b(2*X*Y)d(+)i(2*X*Z)f(+)h(Y)87 b(+)43 b(2*Y*Z)e(+)j(Z)664 2320 y FQ(Let)30 b(us)e(review)g(this)g(simple)f(example)i(to)g(learn)f (a)i(little)d(more)j(ab)s(out)e(the)h(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)664 2433 y(REDUCE)37 b(w)m(orks.)61 b(First,)38 b(w)m(e)g(note)f(that)h (REDUCE)f(deals)f(with)g(v)-5 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(haracteristic)g(of)f(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(example)g(is)e(the)i(use)f (of)g(lo)m(w)m(er)h(case)h(on)e(input)664 3612 y(and)i(upp)s(er)f(case) i(on)f(output.)40 b(In)25 b(fact,)k(input)24 b(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)f(in)f (either)h(mo)s(de,)h(but)f(output)664 3725 y(is)33 b(usually)e(in)h(lo) m(w)m(er)h(case.)51 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(mak)m(e)h(the)e(di\013erence)g(b)s (et)m(w)m(een)h(input)d(and)i(output)664 3838 y(more)23 b(distinct)e(in)g(this)h(man)m(ual,)i(all)d(expressions)h(in)m(tended)f (for)i(input)d(will)g(b)s(e)j(sho)m(wn)664 3951 y(in)34 b(lo)m(w)m(er)i(case)g(and)e(output)h(in)f(upp)s(er)f(case.)57 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)38 b(for)d(st)m(ylistic)g(reasons,)h(w)m(e)664 4064 y(represen)m(t)31 b(all)e(single)g(iden)m(ti\014ers)f(in)h(the)i (text)g(in)e(upp)s(er)g(case.)664 4227 y(Finally)-8 b(,)29 b(the)i(n)m(umerical)e(prompt)g(can)i(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(reference)g (the)g(result)e(in)g(a)i(later)664 4340 y(computation.)664 4489 y(As)g(a)f(further)f(illustration)f(of)i(the)h(system)f(features,) h(the)g(user)f(should)e(try:)882 4695 y FH(for)42 b(i:=)h(1:40)f (product)e(i;)664 4901 y FQ(The)30 b(result)f(in)g(this)h(case)h(is)e (the)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(40!,)p eop %%Page: 39 39 39 38 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 2898 w FQ(39)459 555 y FH(815915283247897)o(734)o(34)o(561)o(12)o(695)o (96)o(11)o(589)o(42)o(720)o(00)o(00)o(000)o(0)241 761 y FQ(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(can)f(also)h(get)g(the)g(same)f(result)g(b)m(y)g (sa)m(ying)459 967 y FH(factorial)40 b(40;)241 1186 y FQ(Since)24 b(w)m(e)h(w)m(an)m(t)h(exact)g(results)e(in)f(algebraic)i (calculations,)g(it)f(is)g(essen)m(tial)h(that)g(in)m(te-)241 1299 y(ger)h(arithmetic)f(b)s(e)h(p)s(erformed)e(to)j(arbitrary)e (precision,)g(as)h(in)f(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(example.)241 1412 y(F)-8 b(urthermore,)28 b(the)f FJ(FOR)g FQ(statemen)m(t)i(in)c (the)j(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(is)f(illustrativ)m(e)e(of)i(a)h(whole)e(range) 241 1525 y(of)h(com)m(bining)e(forms)i(that)g(REDUCE)g(supp)s(orts)e (for)i(the)g(con)m(v)m(enience)i(of)e(the)g(user.)241 1688 y(Among)k(the)h(man)m(y)f(options)g(in)f(REDUCE)h(is)f(the)h(use)g (of)h(other)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(systems,)241 1801 y(suc)m(h)d(as)i(m)m (ultiple)c(precision)h(\015oating)i(p)s(oin)m(t)f(with)g(an)m(y)h(sp)s (eci\014ed)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)h(digits)241 1913 y(|)i(of)h(use)f (if)f(roundo\013)g(in,)h(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(the)g(100)1665 1880 y FF(th)1767 1913 y FQ(digit)e(is)g(all)h(that)h(can)f(b)s(e)g (tolerated.)241 2063 y(In)35 b(man)m(y)h(cases,)j(it)d(is)f(necessary)i (to)f(use)g(the)h(results)e(of)h(one)g(calculation)g(in)e(suc-)241 2163 y(ceeding)27 b(calculations.)38 b(One)27 b(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)f(do)g (this)f(is)g(via)h(an)g(assignmen)m(t)f(for)h(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable,)241 2262 y(suc)m(h)30 b(as)459 2468 y FH(u)43 b(:=)g(\(x+y+z\)^2;)241 2687 y FQ(If)29 b(w)m(e)h(no)m(w)g(use)f FJ(U)g FQ(in)g(later)g(calculations,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)f(the)h(righ)m(t-hand)f(side)f(of)i(the)241 2800 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(will)d(b)s(e)i(used.)241 2963 y(The)44 b(results)f(of)i(a)f(giv)m(en)h(calculation)f(are)g(also)h(sa)m(v)m(ed) g(in)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b FJ(WS)f FQ(\(for)241 3076 y(W)-8 b(orkSpace\),)30 b(so)f(this)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)f (the)i(next)g(calculation)f(for)g(further)g(pro)s(cess-)241 3189 y(ing.)241 3338 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)h(expression)459 3544 y FH(df\(ws,x\);)241 3750 y FQ(follo)m(wing)d(the)i(previous)e(ev) -5 b(aluation)29 b(will)e(calculate)i(the)h(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)29 b(of)h FJ(\(x+y+z\)^2)241 3850 y FQ(with)f(resp)s(ect)h (to)h FJ(X)p FQ(.)g(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)459 4055 y FH(int\(ws,y\);)241 4275 y FQ(w)m(ould)29 b(calculate)i(the)f(in)m (tegral)g(of)h(the)f(same)h(expression)e(with)g(resp)s(ect)i(to)g(y)-8 b(.)241 4424 y(REDUCE)30 b(is)f(also)i(capable)f(of)h(handling)c(sym)m (b)s(olic)i(matrices.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)459 4630 y FH(matrix)41 b(m\(2,2\);)241 4836 y FQ(declares)30 b(m)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(b)m(y)g(t)m(w)m(o)g(matrix,)f(and)p eop %%Page: 40 40 40 39 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(40)793 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(1.)71 b(INTR)m(ODUCTOR)-8 b(Y)30 b(INF)m(ORMA)-8 b(TION)882 555 y FH(m)43 b(:=)g (mat\(\(a,b\),\(c,d\)\))o(;)664 774 y FQ(giv)m(es)d(its)f(elemen)m(ts)h (v)-5 b(alues.)67 b(Expressions)38 b(that)i(include)e FJ(M)h FQ(and)g(mak)m(e)h(algebraic)664 887 y(sense)32 b(ma)m(y)g(no)m(w)g(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated,)33 b(suc)m(h)e(as)h FJ(1/m)f FQ(to)i(giv)m(e)f(the)g(in)m(v)m(erse,)g FJ(2*m)47 b(-)g(u*m^2)664 1000 y FQ(to)31 b(giv)m(e)g(us)f(another)g(matrix)g (and)g FJ(det\(m\))f FQ(to)i(giv)m(e)g(us)e(the)i(determinan)m(t)f(of)g FJ(M)p FQ(.)664 1150 y(REDUCE)i(has)f(a)h(wide)f(range)h(of)f (substitution)f(capabilities.)42 b(The)31 b(system)h(kno)m(ws)664 1249 y(ab)s(out)22 b(elemen)m(tary)h(functions,)g(but)f(do)s(es)g(not)g (automatically)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)g(man)m(y)f(of)h(their)664 1349 y(w)m(ell-kno)m(wn)33 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(ti\014ers)f(to)s(o,)241 4057 y(ev)m(en)37 b(as)g(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m (haracter,)k(but)c(eac)m(h)h(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)e(preceded)i(b)m(y)f(an)g (exclamation)241 4156 y(mark)30 b(in)f(input.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 4362 y FH(light!-years)170 b(d!*!*n)390 b(good!)41 b(morning)589 4462 y(!$sign)434 b(!5goldrings)241 4681 y FD(CA)n(UTION:)38 b FQ(Man)m(y)i(system)g(iden)m(ti\014ers)e(ha) m(v)m(e)j(suc)m(h)e(sp)s(ecial)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(their)241 4794 y(names)32 b(\(esp)s(ecially)g(*)h(and)f(=\).)47 b(If)33 b(the)f(user)g(acciden)m(tally)h(pic)m(ks)f(the)h(name)f(of)h (one)241 4907 y(of)d(them)f(for)h(his)e(o)m(wn)i(purp)s(oses)e(it)h(ma) m(y)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(catastrophic)f(consequences)g(for)g(his)p eop %%Page: 46 46 46 45 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(46)964 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(2.)71 b(STR)m(UCTURE)29 b(OF)i(PR)m(OGRAMS) 664 555 y FQ(REDUCE)f(run.)40 b(Users)30 b(are)h(therefore)f(advised)g (to)h(a)m(v)m(oid)g(suc)m(h)f(names.)664 718 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FQ(do)p eop %%Page: 47 47 47 46 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(2.5.)72 b(STRINGS)2279 b FQ(47)713 555 y(prop)s(er)36 b(arithmetic)g(on)g FP(1)p FQ(.)59 b(F)-8 b(or)38 b(example,)g FJ(infinity)45 b(+)j(infinity)713 668 y FQ(is)30 b FJ(2*infinity)p FQ(.)241 843 y FJ(NIL)328 b FQ(In)24 b(REDUCE)g(\(algebraic)g(mo)s(de)f (only\))h(tak)m(en)h(as)f(a)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)f(zero.)713 956 y(Therefore)31 b FJ(NIL)e FQ(cannot)i(b)s(e)f(used)f(as)i(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)241 1132 y FJ(PI)376 b FQ(In)m(tended)30 b(to)g(represen)m (t)g(the)g(circular)58 b(constan)m(t.)42 b(With)29 b FJ(ROUNDED)f FQ(on,)713 1245 y(it)i(is)g(replaced)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h FL(\031)i FQ(to)e(the)g(curren)m(t)f(degree)h(of)g (\015oating)713 1358 y(p)s(oin)m(t)f(precision.)241 1533 y FJ(T)424 b FQ(Should)32 b(not)i(b)s(e)f(used)f(as)i(a)g(formal)67 b(parameter)34 b(or)f(lo)s(cal)g(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(in)713 1646 y(pro)s(cedures,)22 b(since)e(con\015ict)h(arises)f(with)f(the)i 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b(in)m(tended.)50 b(A)33 b(list)g(of)h(these)g(is)f(giv)m (en)g(in)g(the)h(section)f(\\Reserv)m(ed)i(Iden)m(ti\014ers".)241 3150 y(There)d(are,)i(of)f(course,)g(an)g(imp)s(ossibly)28 b(large)33 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(suc)m(h)g(names)f(to)h(k)m(eep)h (in)241 3263 y(mind.)59 b(The)36 b(reader)h(ma)m(y)h(therefore)f(w)m (an)m(t)h(to)g(mak)m(e)g(himself)d(a)i(cop)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(list,)241 3376 y(deleting)29 b(the)i(names)f(he)g(do)s(esn't)g(think)f(he)i(is)e (lik)m(ely)g(to)i(use)f(b)m(y)g(mistak)m(e.)241 3525 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(2.5)135 b(Strings)241 3946 y FQ(Strings)32 b(are)j(used)e(in)g FJ(WRITE)f FQ(statemen)m(ts,)37 b(in)c(other)h(output)g(statemen)m(ts)h (\(suc)m(h)f(as)241 4045 y(error)44 b(messages\),)49 b(and)44 b(to)h(name)g(\014les.)82 b(A)44 b(string)g(consists)g(of)g (an)m(y)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)241 4145 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(enclosed)e(in)f(double)g(quotes.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)807 4351 y FH("A)43 b(String".)241 4570 y FQ(Lo)m(w)m(er)31 b(case)g(c)m(haracters)h(within)c(a)j(string)e(are)i (not)g(con)m(v)m(erted)g(to)g(upp)s(er)e(case.)241 4733 y(The)e(string)f FJ("")h FQ(represen)m(ts)g(the)h(empt)m(y)f(string.)39 b(A)28 b(double)d(quote)k(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)g(included)241 4846 y(in)37 b(a)h(string)g(b)m(y)g(preceding)f(it)h(b)m(y)g(another)h (double)e(quote.)65 b(Th)m(us)37 b FJ("a""b")g FQ(is)g(the)241 4959 y(string)29 b FJ(a"b)p FQ(,)h(and)g FJ("""")f FQ(is)g(the)i (string)e FJ(")p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 48 48 48 47 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(48)964 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(2.)71 b(STR)m(UCTURE)29 b(OF)i(PR)m(OGRAMS) 664 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(2.6)136 b(Commen)l(ts)664 808 y FQ(T)-8 b(ext)27 b(can)f(b)s(e)f (included)e(in)h(program)h(listings)f(for)h(the)h(con)m(v)m(enience)h (of)f(h)m(uman)f(read-)664 921 y(ers,)39 b(in)d(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m (y)h(that)g(REDUCE)f(pa)m(ys)h(no)f(atten)m(tion)h(to)g(it.)60 b(There)37 b(are)h(t)m(w)m(o)664 1034 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4886 y(in)m(ternally)h(as)j(pro)s (cedures.)p eop %%Page: 50 50 50 49 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(50)964 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(2.)71 b(STR)m(UCTURE)29 b(OF)i(PR)m(OGRAMS) 664 555 y FH(<infix)41 b(operator>::=)e(where|:=|or|and|)o(me)o(mbe)o (r|)o(mem)o(q|)o(=|)o(neq)o(|e)o(q|)1536 655 y(>=|>|<=|<|+|-|*|)o(/|)o (^|*)o(*|)o(.)664 861 y FQ(These)30 b(op)s(erators)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f (further)f(divided)e(in)m(to)k(the)f(follo)m(wing)f(sub)s(classes:)795 1067 y FH(<assignment)39 b(operator>)127 b(::=)42 b(:=)795 1166 y(<logical)e(operator>)258 b(::=)42 b(or|and|member|mem)o(q)795 1266 y(<relational)d(operator>)127 b(::=)42 b(=|neq|eq|>=|>|<=|)o(<)795 1365 y(<substitution)c(operator>)i(::=)i(where)795 1465 y(<arithmetic)d(operator>)127 b(::=)42 b(+|-|*|/|^|**)795 1565 y(<construction)c(operator>)i(::=)i(.)664 1784 y FJ(MEMQ)e FQ(and)h FJ(EQ)g FQ(are)h(not)f(used)g(in)f(the)i(algebraic)f (mo)s(de)g(of)g(REDUCE.)h(They)f(are)664 1897 y(explained)23 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(e\016cien)m(t)i(arithmetic)d(are)i(describ)s(ed)d(elsewhere.)664 3677 y(If)39 b(an)g(illegal)f(action)h(o)s(ccurs)g(during)e(ev)-5 b(aluation)39 b(\(suc)m(h)g(as)h(division)c(b)m(y)j(zero\))i(or)664 3790 y(functions)d(are)i(called)e(with)h(the)g(wrong)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er) f(of)i(argumen)m(ts,)i(and)d(so)g(on,)j(an)664 3903 y(appropriate)30 b(error)g(message)h(is)e(generated.)664 4056 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(3.2)136 b(In)l(teger)46 b(Expressions)664 4490 y FQ(These)d(are)g(expressions)e(whic)m(h,)k(b)s (ecause)d(of)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)42 b(of)h(the)g(constan)m(ts)h(and) 664 4603 y(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(in)g(them,)i(ev)-5 b(aluate)31 b(to)g(whole)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)664 4753 y FD(Examples:)1013 4959 y FH(2,)261 b(37)42 b(*)h(999,)304 b(\(x)43 b(+)g(3\)^2)f(-)h(x^2) f(-)h(6*x)p eop %%Page: 55 55 55 54 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(3.3.)72 b(BOOLEAN)30 b(EXPRESSIONS)1549 b FQ(55)241 555 y(are)31 b(ob)m(viously)e(in)m(teger)h(expressions.)589 761 y FH(j)44 b(+)f(k)g(-)g(2)g(*)g(j^2)241 967 y FQ(is)25 b(an)i(in)m(teger)g(expression)e(when)h FJ(J)g FQ(and)h FJ(K)f FQ(ha)m(v)m(e)i(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(that)h(are)g(in)m(tegers,)h (or)f(if)e(not)241 1067 y(in)m(tegers)30 b(are)h(suc)m(h)f(that)h (\\the)g(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(and)h(fractions)g(cancel)h(out",)g(as)g (in)589 1273 y FH(k)44 b(-)f(7/3)f(-)h(j)g(+)h(2/3)e(+)h(2*j^2.)241 1428 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(3.3)135 b(Bo)t(olean)46 b(Expressions)241 1848 y FQ(A)34 b(b)s(o)s(olean)f (expression)g(returns)g(a)i(truth)f(v)-5 b(alue.)51 b(In)34 b(the)g(algebraic)g(mo)s(de)g(of)g(RE-)241 1948 y(DUCE,)c(b)s(o)s (olean)g(expressions)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(syn)m(tactical)g(form:)589 2154 y FH(<expression>)39 b(<relational)g(operator>)h(<expression>)241 2360 y FQ(or)589 2566 y FH(<boolean)h(operator>)f(\(<arguments>\))241 2771 y FQ(or)589 2977 y FH(<boolean)h(expression>)e(<logical)h (operator>)589 3077 y(<boolean)h(expression>.)241 3296 y FQ(P)m(aren)m(theses)31 b(can)g(also)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(to)h(con)m (trol)f(the)h(precedence)g(of)f(expressions.)241 3459 y(In)39 b(addition)f(to)j(the)f(logical)f(and)h(relational)f(op)s (erators)h(de\014ned)e(earlier)h(as)h(in\014x)241 3572 y(op)s(erators,)31 b(the)f(follo)m(wing)f(b)s(o)s(olean)g(op)s(erators) i(are)g(also)f(de\014ned:)p eop %%Page: 56 56 56 55 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(56)1625 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(3.)71 b(EXPRESSIONS)805 622 y FJ(EVENP\(U\))241 b FQ(determines)29 b(if)g(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)e FJ(U)h FQ(is)f(ev)m(en)i(or)g(not;)805 848 y FJ(FIXP\(U\))289 b FQ(determines)29 b(if)g(the)i(expression)e FJ(U)h FQ(is)f(in)m(teger) i(or)f(not;)805 1074 y FJ(FREEOF\(U,V\))97 b FQ(determines)38 b(if)g(the)h(expression)f FJ(U)h FQ(do)s(es)f(not)i(con)m(tain)f(the) 1430 1186 y(k)m(ernel)29 b FJ(V)h FQ(an)m(ywhere)h(in)e(its)h (structure;)805 1412 y FJ(NUMBERP\(U\))145 b FQ(determines)29 b(if)g FJ(U)h FQ(is)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)i(not;)805 1638 y FJ(ORDP\(U,V\))193 b FQ(determines)29 b(if)g FJ(U)g FQ(is)h(ordered)f(ahead)h(of)h FJ(V)e FQ(b)m(y)h(some)h(canon-)1430 1751 y(ical)i(ordering)g(\(based)i(on)f(the)h(expression)e(structure)h (and)1430 1864 y(an)c(in)m(ternal)f(ordering)g(of)i(iden)m (ti\014ers\);)805 2090 y FJ(PRIMEP\(U\))193 b FQ(true)30 b(if)f FJ(U)h FQ(is)f(a)i(prime)e(ob)5 b(ject.)664 2279 y FD(Examples:)1013 2485 y FH(j<1)1013 2584 y(x>0)86 b(or)g(x=-2)1013 2684 y(numberp)41 b(x)1013 2784 y(fixp)h(x)h(and)f (evenp)g(x)1013 2883 y(numberp)f(x)i(and)f(x)h(neq)g(0)664 3102 y FQ(Bo)s(olean)d(expressions)f(can)h(only)f(app)s(ear)g(directly) f(within)f FJ(IF)p FQ(,)j FJ(FOR)p FQ(,)f FJ(WHILE)p FQ(,)g(and)664 3215 y FJ(UNTIL)33 b FQ(statemen)m(ts,)k(as)d(describ)s (ed)f(in)f(other)j(sections.)52 b(Suc)m(h)33 b(expressions)g(cannot)664 3328 y(b)s(e)28 b(used)f(in)f(place)i(of)g(ordinary)f(algebraic)g (expressions,)h(or)g(assigned)f(to)i(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)664 3491 y(NB:)36 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(those)g(familiar)d(with)i(sym)m(b)s (olic)f(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(meaning)f(of)h(some)g(of)f(these)664 3604 y(op)s(erators)g(is)f(di\013eren)m(t)h(in)f(that)h(mo)s(de.)51 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(example,)g FJ(NUMBERP)d FQ(is)h(true)h(only)f(for)664 3717 y(in)m(tegers)e(and)f(reals)f(in)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(mo)s(de.)664 3866 y(When)40 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(or)f(more)f(b)s(o)s(olean)g(expressions)f (are)h(com)m(bined)g(with)f FJ(AND)p FQ(,)h(they)h(are)664 3966 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)41 b(one)g(b)m(y)f(one)h(un)m(til)d(a)j FD(false)48 b FQ(expression)39 b(is)h(found.)69 b(The)40 b(rest)h(are)g(not)664 4065 y(ev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(Th)m(us)1013 4271 y FH(numberp)g(x)i(and)f(numberp)f(y)i(and)f(x>y)664 4490 y FQ(do)s(es)i(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(mak)m(e)g(the)f FJ(x>y)f FQ(comparison)g(unless)g FJ(X)g FQ(and)h FJ(Y)f FQ(are)i(b)s(oth)664 4603 y(v)m(eri\014ed)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)e(n)m(um)m(b) s(ers.)664 4766 y(Similarly)-8 b(,)31 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)33 b(of)g(a)h(sequence)g(of)f(b)s(o)s(olean)f(expressions)g(connected)i(b) m(y)g FJ(OR)664 4879 y FQ(stops)d(as)f(so)s(on)g(as)h(a)g FD(true)37 b FQ(expression)29 b(is)g(found.)p eop %%Page: 57 57 57 56 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(3.4.)72 b(EQUA)-8 b(TIONS)2136 b FQ(57)241 555 y(NB:)42 b(In)e(a)i(b)s(o)s(olean)e(expression,)j(and)e(in)f(a)i(place)f(where)g (a)g(b)s(o)s(olean)g(expression)241 668 y(is)i(exp)s(ected,)48 b(the)c(algebraic)f(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(0)i(is)e(in)m(terpreted)g(as)h FD(false)p FQ(,)k(while)42 b(all)g(other)241 781 y(algebraic)c(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(are)h(con)m(v)m(erted)h(to)f FD(true)p FQ(.)65 b(So)38 b(in)g(algebraic)g(mo)s(de)g(a)h(pro)s(cedure)241 894 y(can)31 b(b)s(e)e(written)h(for)g(direct)g(usage)i(in)d(b)s(o)s (olean)g(expressions,)h(returning)e(sa)m(y)k(1)f(or)f(0)241 1007 y(as)g(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(in)589 1238 y FH(procedure)40 b(polynomialp\(u,x\);)720 1337 y(if)j(den\(u\)=1)d(and) j(deg\(u,x\)>=1)c(then)j(1)h(else)f(0;)241 1568 y FQ(One)30 b(can)g(then)g(use)g(this)g(in)f(a)i(b)s(o)s(olean)e(construct,)i(suc)m (h)f(as)589 1774 y FH(if)43 b(polynomialp\(q,z\))37 b(and)43 b(not)f(polynomialp\(q,y\))37 b(then)42 b(...)241 1993 y FQ(In)36 b(addition,)h(an)m(y)g(pro)s(cedure)e(that)j(do)s(es)e(not)h (ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(de\014ned)f(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(\(for)241 2106 y(example,)f(a)f(blo)s(c)m(k)g(without)f(a)h FJ(RETURN)e FQ(statemen)m(t)k(in)d(it\))h(has)g(the)g(b)s(o)s(olean)f (v)-5 b(alue)241 2219 y FD(false)p FQ(.)241 2374 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(3.4)135 b(Equations)241 2808 y FQ(Equations)29 b(are)i(a)g(particular)e(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)h (expression)e(with)g(the)h(syn)m(tax)589 3039 y FH(<expression>)39 b(=)k(<expression>.)241 3283 y FQ(In)37 b(addition)e(to)k(their)d(role) i(as)f(b)s(o)s(olean)g(expressions,)h(they)g(can)g(also)f(b)s(e)g(used) g(as)241 3396 y(argumen)m(ts)27 b(to)h(sev)m(eral)f(op)s(erators)g (\(e.g.,)j FJ(SOLVE)p FQ(\),)c(and)g(can)i(b)s(e)e(returned)g(as)h(v)-5 b(alues.)241 3558 y(Under)19 b(normal)h(circumstances,)i(the)f(righ)m (t-hand-side)d(of)j(the)g(equation)f(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)241 3671 y(but)33 b(not)h(the)g(left-hand-side.)49 b(This)32 b(also)h(applies)f(to)j(an)m(y)f(substitutions)d(made)j(b)m(y)241 3784 y(the)c FJ(SUB)g FQ(op)s(erator.)41 b(If)30 b(b)s(oth)f(sides)h (are)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated,)31 b(the)f(switc)m(h)g FJ(EVALLHSEQP)241 3897 y FQ(should)e(b)s(e)i(turned)f(on.)241 4047 y(T)-8 b(o)34 b(facilitate)g(the)f(handling)e(of)j(equations,)h(t) m(w)m(o)g(selectors,)g FJ(LHS)67 b FQ(and)33 b FJ(RHS)p FQ(,)g(whic)m(h)241 4146 y(return)23 b(the)i(left-)g(and)f(righ)m (t-hand)f(sides)h(of)g(a)h(equation)g(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)26 b(are)f(pro)m(vided.)241 4246 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)589 4452 y FH(lhs\(a+b=c\))40 b(->)j(a+b)241 4551 y(and)589 4651 y(rhs\(a+b=c\))d(->)j(c.)241 4795 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 58 58 58 57 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(58)1625 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(3.)71 b(EXPRESSIONS)664 555 y FE(3.5)136 b(Prop)t(er)44 b(Statemen)l(ts)j(as)e(Expressions)664 795 y FQ(Sev)m(eral)33 b(kinds)f(of)h(prop)s(er)e(statemen)m(ts)k (deliv)m(er)d(an)h(algebraic)g(or)g(n)m(umerical)f(result)664 894 y(of)42 b(some)h(kind,)g(whic)m(h)e(can)h(in)f(turn)g(b)s(e)g(used) g(as)h(an)g(expression)f(or)h(part)g(of)g(an)664 994 y(expression.)c(F)-8 b(or)25 b(example,)h(an)f(assignmen)m(t)g (statemen)m(t)h(itself)e(has)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)26 b(namely)664 1094 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(assigned.)40 b(So)1013 1299 y FH(2)j(*)g(\(x)g(:=)g(a+b\))664 1505 y FQ(is)24 b(equal)h(to)h FJ(2*\(a+b\))p FQ(,)e(as)h(w)m(ell)f(as)i(ha)m(ving)e (the)i(\\side-e\013ect")g(of)g(assigning)d(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)664 1605 y FJ(a+b)30 b FQ(to)h FJ(X)p FQ(.)f(In)g(con)m(text,) 1013 1811 y FH(y)43 b(:=)g(2)g(*)g(\(x)g(:=)g(a+b\);)664 2030 y FQ(sets)31 b FJ(X)f FQ(to)h FJ(a+b)f FQ(and)f FJ(Y)h FQ(to)h FJ(2*\(a+b\))p FQ(.)664 2193 y(The)g(sections)f(on)h (the)g(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(prop)s(er)f(statemen)m(t)k(t)m(yp)s(es)e (indicate)f(whic)m(h)f(of)i(these)664 2306 y(statemen)m(ts)h(are)f (also)f(useful)f(as)i(expressions.)p eop %%Page: 59 59 59 58 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(4)241 1693 y FT(Lists)241 2174 y FQ(A)33 b(list)e(is)h(an)g(ob)5 b(ject)34 b(consisting)d(of)i(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(other)g(ob)5 b(jects)33 b(\(including)d(lists)241 2274 y(themselv)m(es\),)i (separated)f(b)m(y)g(commas)h(and)f(surrounded)d(b)m(y)j(braces.)43 b(Examples)30 b(of)241 2373 y(lists)f(are:)589 2579 y FH({a,b,c})589 2779 y({1,a-b,c=d})589 2978 y({{a},{{b,c},d},e})o(.)241 3184 y FQ(The)h(empt)m(y)g(list)f(is)h(represen)m(ted)g(as)589 3390 y FH({}.)241 3533 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 193 x FE(4.1)135 b(Op)t(erations)46 b(on)f(Lists)241 3979 y FQ(Sev)m(eral)31 b(op)s(erators)h(in)f(the)h(system)f(return)g (their)g(results)f(as)i(lists,)f(and)g(a)h(user)f(can)241 4091 y(create)38 b(new)e(lists)f(using)h(braces)g(and)g(commas.)61 b(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)38 b(one)f(can)g(use)f(the)241 4204 y(op)s(erator)30 b(LIST)e(to)i(construct)g(a)g(list.)39 b(An)29 b(imp)s(ortan)m(t)g(class)g(of)h(op)s(erations)f(on)g(lists)241 4317 y(are)h(MAP)g(and)e(SELECT)g(op)s(erations.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(details,)f(please)h(refer)f(to)h(the)g(c)m(hapters)241 4430 y(on)e(MAP)-8 b(,)30 b(SELECT)d(and)h(the)h(F)m(OR)g(command.)40 b(See)29 b(also)g(the)g(do)s(cumen)m(tation)g(on)241 4543 y(the)h(ASSIST)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)241 4706 y(T)d(o)40 b(facilitate)f(the)g(use)g(of)h(lists,)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(op) s(erators)h(are)g(also)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39 b(for)241 4819 y(manipulating)34 b(them.)61 b FJ(PART\(<list>,n\))33 b FQ(for)k(example)g(will)d(return)i(the)h FL(n)2986 4786 y FF(th)3093 4819 y FQ(ele-)241 4932 y(men)m(t)30 b(of)f(a)h(list.)39 b FJ(LENGTH)28 b FQ(will)e(return)j(the)g(length)g (of)g(a)h(list.)39 b(Sev)m(eral)30 b(op)s(erators)f(are)1690 5187 y(59)p eop %%Page: 60 60 60 59 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(60)2013 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)72 b(LISTS)664 555 y FQ(also)26 b(de\014ned)f(uniquely)e(for)j(lists.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(those)h(familiar)d(with)g(them,)j(these)g(op)s(erators)664 668 y(in)33 b(fact)h(mirror)e(the)i(op)s(erations)f(de\014ned)g(for)g (Lisp)g(lists.)49 b(These)34 b(op)s(erators)f(are)i(as)664 781 y(follo)m(ws:)664 908 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(4.1.1)113 b(LIST)664 1282 y FQ(The)36 b(op)s(erator)g(LIST)f(is)g(an)h(alternativ)m(e)g(to)h(the)f(usage)h (of)f(curly)f(brac)m(k)m(ets.)59 b(LIST)664 1382 y(accepts)42 b(an)f(arbitrary)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)i(argumen)m(ts)g(and)f(returns) g(a)h(list)e(of)i(its)f(argu-)664 1482 y(men)m(ts.)54 b(This)33 b(op)s(erator)h(is)g(useful)f(in)g(cases)j(where)e(op)s (erators)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(to)f(b)s(e)f(passed)664 1581 y(as)d(argumen)m(ts.)41 b(E.g.,)664 1787 y FH(list\(a,list\(list\()o (b,)o(c\))o(,d\))o(,e)o(\);)299 b(->)86 b({{a},{{b,c},d},e)o(})664 1926 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 154 x FR(4.1.2)113 b(FIRST)664 2302 y FQ(This)41 b(op)s(erator)h(returns)f(the)i(\014rst)e (mem)m(b)s(er)h(of)g(a)h(list.)75 b(An)42 b(error)g(o)s(ccurs)f(if)h (the)664 2415 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)e(not)i(a)g(list,)e(or)h(the)h (list)e(is)g(empt)m(y)-8 b(.)664 2560 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(4.1.3)113 b(SECOND)664 2929 y FJ(SECOND)23 b FQ(returns)g(the)h(second)g(mem)m(b)s(er)g(of)g (a)g(list.)38 b(An)23 b(error)h(o)s(ccurs)g(if)f(the)h(argumen)m(t)664 3042 y(is)30 b(not)g(a)h(list)e(or)h(has)g(no)h(second)f(elemen)m(t.) 664 3170 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(4.1.4)113 b(THIRD)664 3557 y FQ(This)38 b(op)s(erator)i(returns)e (the)i(third)e(mem)m(b)s(er)h(of)g(a)h(list.)67 b(An)40 b(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(if)g(the)664 3670 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)e(not)i(a)g(list)e(or)h(has)g(no)h(third)d(elemen)m(t.)664 3815 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(4.1.5)113 b(REST)664 4185 y FJ(REST)30 b FQ(returns)h(its)f(argumen)m(t)i(with)e (the)i(\014rst)f(elemen)m(t)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)45 b(An)31 b(error)g(o)s(ccurs)664 4298 y(if)f(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)e(not)i(a)g (list,)e(or)h(is)g(empt)m(y)-8 b(.)664 4442 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(4.1.6)113 b FC(:)37 b FR(\(Cons\))g(Op)s(erator)664 4799 y FQ(This)44 b(op)s(erator)h(adds) g(\(\\conses"\))i(an)e(expression)f(to)i(the)f(fron)m(t)g(of)h(a)f (list.)84 b(F)-8 b(or)664 4899 y(example:)p eop %%Page: 61 61 61 60 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(4.1.)72 b(OPERA)-8 b(TIONS)29 b(ON)h(LISTS)1619 b FQ(61)589 555 y FH(a)44 b(.)f({b,c})216 b(->)130 b({a,b,c}.)241 690 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 154 x FR(4.1.7)112 b(APPEND)241 1053 y FQ(This)34 b(op)s(erator)i(app)s(ends)e(its)h (\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)h(its)e(second)g(to)i(form)e(a)h(new)g (list.)241 1152 y FD(Examples:)589 1358 y FH(append\({a,b},{c,d)o(}\)) 212 b(->)217 b({a,b,c,d})589 1458 y(append\({{a,b}},{c)o(,d})o(\))125 b(->)217 b({{a,b},c,d}.)241 1599 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(4.1.8)112 b(REVERSE)241 1955 y FQ(The)25 b(op)s(erator)h FJ(REVERSE)e FQ(returns)h(its)h(argumen)m(t)g(with)f (the)h(elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h(rev)m(erse)241 2055 y(order.)39 b(It)29 b(only)e(applies)g(to)i(the)f(top)h(lev)m(el)f(list,)f(not)i (an)m(y)g(lo)m(w)m(er)f(lev)m(el)g(lists)f(that)i(ma)m(y)241 2154 y(o)s(ccur.)40 b(Examples)30 b(are:)589 2360 y FH (reverse\({a,b,c}\))343 b(->)217 b({c,b,a})589 2460 y (reverse\({{a,b,c},)o(d}\))168 b(->)217 b({d,{a,b,c}}.)241 2594 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 155 x FR(4.1.9)112 b(List)37 b(Argumen)m(ts)f(of)i(Other)f(Op)s(erators)241 2970 y FQ(If)29 b(an)g(op)s(erator)h(other)g(than)f(those)i(sp)s (eci\014cally)c(de\014ned)h(for)i(lists)e(is)g(giv)m(en)i(a)g(single) 241 3083 y(argumen)m(t)23 b(that)g(is)f(a)h(list,)g(then)f(the)h (result)e(of)i(this)e(op)s(eration)h(will)e(b)s(e)i(a)h(list)e(in)h (whic)m(h)241 3196 y(that)30 b(op)s(erator)g(is)f(applied)f(to)i(eac)m (h)h(elemen)m(t)f(of)g(the)g(list.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)g(result)241 3309 y(of)g(ev)-5 b(aluating)30 b FJ(log)p FP(f)p FJ(a,b,c)p FP(g)f FQ(is)h(the)g(expression)f FP(f)p FJ(LOG\(A\),LOG\(B\),LOG\(C\))p FP(g)p FQ(.)241 3472 y(There)f(are)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(a)m(ys)g(to)f(inhibit)d(this)h(op) s(erator)i(distribution.)37 b(Firstly)-8 b(,)28 b(the)h(switc)m(h)241 3585 y FJ(LISTARGS)p FQ(,)34 b(if)h(on,)j(will)33 b(globally)i(inhibit) e(suc)m(h)j(distribution.)54 b(Secondly)-8 b(,)38 b(one)e(can)241 3698 y(inhibit)23 b(this)j(distribution)d(for)k(a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)f(op) s(erator)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(declaration)f FJ(LISTARGP)p FQ(.)241 3810 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)h(with)e(the)h(declaration)f FJ(listargp)46 b(log)p FQ(,)34 b FJ(log)p FP(f)p FJ(a,b,c)p FP(g)f FQ(w)m(ould)f(ev)-5 b(al-)241 3923 y(uate)31 b(to)g FJ(LOG\()p FP(f)p FJ(A,B,C)p FP(g)p FJ(\))p FQ(.)241 4086 y(If)f(an)g(op)s(erator)h(has)f(more)g(than)g(one)h(argumen)m(t,)g (no)f(suc)m(h)g(distribution)d(o)s(ccurs.)241 4227 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(4.1.10)112 b(Ca)m(v)m(eats)38 b(and)h(Examples)241 4597 y FQ(Some)c(of)g(the)g (natural)f(list)g(op)s(erations)g(suc)m(h)h(as)h FD(memb)-5 b(er)35 b FQ(or)g FD(delete)h FQ(are)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)241 4710 y(only)29 b(after)i(loading)e(the)i(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b FD(ASSIST)p FQ(.)241 4859 y(Please)j(note)g(that)g(a)g(non-list)e(as) i(second)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)h(CONS)d(\(a)j("dotted)f(pair")241 4959 y(in)29 b(LISP)g(terms\))i(is)e(not)i(allo)m(w)m(ed)f(and)g (causes)h(an)f("in)m(v)-5 b(alid)28 b(as)j(list")e(error.)p eop %%Page: 62 62 62 61 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(62)2013 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)72 b(LISTS)708 555 y FH(a)43 b(:=)g(17)f(.)i(4;)664 754 y(*****)e(17)g(4)i(invalid)c(as)j (list)664 960 y FQ(Also,)29 b(the)f(initialization)d(of)k(a)f(scalar)g (v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(is)h(not)g(the)h(empt)m(y)f(list)f({)i(one)f(has)g (to)664 1060 y(set)j(list)e(t)m(yp)s(e)i(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(explicitly)-8 b(,)28 b(as)j(in)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)d(example:)708 1266 y FH(load_package)38 b(assist;)708 1465 y(procedure)i(lotto)h (\(n,m\);)751 1565 y(begin)h(scalar)f(list_1_n,)f(luckies,)g(hit;)882 1664 y(list_1_n)g(:=)j({};)882 1764 y(luckies)e(:=)i({};)882 1864 y(for)f(k:=1:n)g(do)g(list_1_n)f(:=)h(k)i(.)f(list_1_n;)882 1963 y(for)f(k:=1:m)g(do)969 2063 y(<<)h(hit)f(:=)h(part\(list_1_n,ran) o(do)o(m\()o(n-k)o(+1)o(\))38 b(+)43 b(1\);)1100 2163 y(list_1_n)d(:=)j(delete\(hit,list_)o(1_n)o(\);)1100 2262 y(luckies)e(:=)h(hit)h(.)g(luckies)e(>>;)882 2362 y(return)g(luckies;)751 2461 y(end;)1263 b(\045)43 b(In)g(Germany,)d (try)i(lotto)g(\(49,6\);)664 2681 y FD(A)n(nother)i(example:)64 b FQ(Find)41 b(all)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)j(of)f(a)g(m)m(ultiv)-5 b(ariate)41 b(p)s(olynomial)e(with)664 2793 y(resp)s(ect)31 b(to)g(a)f(list)f(of)i(v)-5 b(ariables:)664 3024 y FH(procedure)40 b(allcoeffs\(q,lis\))o(;)e(\045)43 b(q)g(:)g(polynomial,)c(lis:)j(list) g(of)h(vars)795 3124 y(allcoeffs1)c(\(list)j(q,lis\);)664 3323 y(procedure)e(allcoeffs1\(q,lis)o(\);)751 3423 y(if)j(lis={})e (then)h(q)h(else)839 3522 y(allcoeffs1\(fore)o(ac)o(h)38 b(qq)k(in)h(q)g(join)f(coeff\(qq,first)c(lis\),rest)i(lis\);)p eop %%Page: 63 63 63 62 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(5)241 1693 y FT(Statemen)-6 b(ts)241 2174 y FQ(A)29 b(statemen)m(t)h(is)e(an)m(y)i(com)m(bination)e(of)h(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m (ords)f(and)g(expressions,)g(and)h(has)241 2274 y(the)h(syn)m(tax)589 2480 y FH(<statement>)39 b(::=)k(<expression>|<pr)o(op)o(er)37 b(statement>)241 2686 y FQ(A)26 b(REDUCE)g(program)f(consists)h(of)g(a) g(series)f(of)h(commands)g(whic)m(h)e(are)j(statemen)m(ts)241 2785 y(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)g(a)h(terminator:)589 2991 y FH(<terminator>)39 b(::=)j(;|$)241 3210 y FQ(The)22 b(division)d(of)k(the)g(program)f(in)m(to)h(lines)e(is)g(arbitrary)-8 b(.)37 b(Sev)m(eral)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(can)f(b)s(e)241 3323 y(on)30 b(one)h(line,)d(or)j(one)f(statemen)m(t)i(can)f(b)s(e)f (freely)f(brok)m(en)h(on)m(to)i(sev)m(eral)f(lines.)38 b(If)30 b(the)241 3436 y(program)24 b(is)g(run)g(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)26 b(statemen)m(ts)h(ending)c(with)h(;)j(or)d($)i(are)f(not)g(pro)s (cessed)241 3549 y(un)m(til)k(an)j(end-of-line)d(c)m(haracter)k(is)e (encoun)m(tered.)44 b(This)29 b(c)m(haracter)k(can)f(v)-5 b(ary)31 b(from)241 3662 y(system)j(to)i(system,)g(but)e(is)f(normally) g(the)p 1807 3574 314 4 v 1807 3687 4 113 v 63 w FG(Return)p 2117 3687 V 1807 3690 314 4 v 63 w FQ(k)m(ey)i(on)f(an)h(ASCI)s(I)e (terminal.)241 3775 y(Sp)s(eci\014c)c(systems)h(ma)m(y)h(also)f(use)g (additional)f(k)m(eys)i(as)f(statemen)m(t)i(terminators.)241 3938 y(If)e(a)g(statemen)m(t)j(is)c(a)i(prop)s(er)e(statemen)m(t,)j (the)f(appropriate)e(action)i(tak)m(es)h(place.)241 4100 y(Dep)s(ending)i(on)i(the)g(nature)f(of)h(the)g(prop)s(er)e(statemen)m (t)k(some)e(result)f(or)g(resp)s(onse)241 4213 y(ma)m(y)f(or)f(ma)m(y)h (not)g(b)s(e)e(prin)m(ted)g(out,)j(and)d(the)i(resp)s(onse)e(ma)m(y)i (or)g(ma)m(y)g(not)f(dep)s(end)241 4326 y(on)d(the)h(terminator)f (used.)241 4489 y(If)h(a)h(statemen)m(t)h(is)d(an)i(expression,)e(it)h (is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)44 b(If)31 b(the)h(terminator)f(is)f(a)i(semi-) 241 4602 y(colon,)j(the)f(result)g(is)f(prin)m(ted.)50 b(If)34 b(the)g(terminator)g(is)f(a)i(dollar)e(sign,)h(the)g(result)f (is)241 4715 y(not)26 b(prin)m(ted.)38 b(Because)28 b(it)e(is)f(not)h (usually)e(p)s(ossible)g(to)j(kno)m(w)f(in)f(adv)-5 b(ance)27 b(ho)m(w)f(large)241 4828 y(an)k(expression)f(will)f(b)s(e,)i(no)g (explicit)f(format)i(statemen)m(ts)h(are)f(o\013ered)f(to)h(the)g (user.)241 4940 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)39 b(a)c(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)36 b(of)f(output)g(declarations)g(are)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)35 b(so)h(that)f(the)h(output)1690 5187 y(63)p eop %%Page: 64 64 64 63 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(64)1643 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(5.)72 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)664 555 y FQ(can)26 b(b)s(e)f(pro)s(duced)f(in)g(di\013eren)m(t)h(forms.)39 b(These)25 b(output)h(declarations)f(are)h(explained)664 668 y(in)j(Section)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(8.3.3)r(.) 664 831 y(The)35 b(follo)m(wing)e(sub-sections)h(describ)s(e)f(the)i(t) m(yp)s(es)g(of)g(prop)s(er)f(statemen)m(ts)i(in)e(RE-)664 944 y(DUCE.)664 1075 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 200 x FE(5.1)136 b(Assignmen)l(t)45 b(Statemen)l(ts)664 1514 y FQ(These)30 b(statemen)m(ts)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)f(syn)m(tax)839 1720 y FH(<assignment)39 b(statement>)g(::=)j(<expression>)d(:=)k (<expression>)664 1939 y FQ(The)35 b FJ(<expression>)c FQ(on)k(the)g(left)g(side)f(is)g(normally)f(the)i(name)g(of)g(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b(an)664 2052 y(op)s(erator)e(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(with)f(its)h (list)f(of)i(argumen)m(ts)g(\014lled)e(in,)h(or)h(an)f(arra)m(y)h(name) g(with)664 2165 y(the)c(prop)s(er)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)h(in)m(teger)g (subscript)e(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(within)e(the)j(arra)m(y)g(b)s(ounds.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)664 2278 y(example:)891 2488 y FJ(a1)48 b(:=)f(b)g(+)h(c) 891 2600 y(h\(l,m\))f(:=)g(x-2*y)659 b FQ(\(where)30 b FJ(h)g FQ(is)g(an)g(op)s(erator\))891 2713 y FJ(k\(3,5\))47 b(:=)g(x-2*y)659 b FQ(\(where)30 b FJ(k)g FQ(is)g(a)g(2-dim.)40 b(arra)m(y\))664 2923 y(More)32 b(general)g(assignmen)m(ts)f(suc)m(h)g (as)h FJ(a+b)47 b(:=)g(c)31 b FQ(are)h(also)g(allo)m(w)m(ed.)44 b(The)31 b(e\013ect)i(of)664 3036 y(these)e(is)e(explained)g(in)g (Section)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(10.2.5)s(.)664 3199 y(An)c(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(t)i(causes)f(the)f(expression)f (on)i(the)f(righ)m(t-hand-side)f(to)i(b)s(e)664 3312 y(ev)-5 b(aluated.)63 b(If)38 b(the)g(left-hand-side)e(is)h(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)39 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)h(the)g(righ)m(t-hand-)664 3424 y(side)k(is)f(assigned)h(to)i(that)f(unev)-5 b(aluated)42 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)76 b(If)42 b(the)h(left-hand-side)e(is)h(an)664 3537 y(op)s(erator)37 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FQ(",)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m (y)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g(the)h(expression)e(on)664 4603 y(the)g(righ)m(t.)664 4753 y(It)g(is)e(also)h(p)s(ossible)e(to)j (write)f(a)h(m)m(ultiple)d(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t:)839 4959 y FH(<expression>)38 b(:=)43 b(...)f(:=)h(<expression>)c(:=)j (<expression>)p eop %%Page: 65 65 65 64 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(5.2.)72 b(GR)m(OUP)31 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)1692 b FQ(65)241 555 y(In)43 b(this)f(form,)47 b(eac)m(h)e FJ(<expression>)40 b FQ(but)j(the)h(last)f(is)g(set)h(to)h(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)h(the)241 668 y(last)31 b FJ(<expression>)p FQ(.)42 b(If)31 b(a)h(semicolon)f(is)g(used)g(as)h(a)g(terminator,)g(eac)m(h)h (expression)241 781 y(except)k(the)f(last)f(is)g(prin)m(ted)g(follo)m (w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)h(a)g(\\)p FJ(:=)p FQ(")g(ending)e(with)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)h(the)241 894 y(last)30 b(expression.)241 1039 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(5.1.1)112 b(Set)38 b(Statemen)m(t)241 1409 y FQ(In)e(some)i(cases,)i(it)d(is)g (desirable)e(to)j(p)s(erform)e(an)h(assignmen)m(t)h(in)e(whic)m(h)g FD(b)-5 b(oth)45 b FQ(the)241 1522 y(left-)32 b(and)g(righ)m(t-hand)g (sides)f(of)i(an)f(assignmen)m(t)g(are)h(ev)-5 b(aluated.)48 b(In)31 b(this)h(case,)i(the)241 1634 y FJ(SET)29 b FQ(statemen)m(t)j (can)f(b)s(e)f(used)f(with)h(the)g(syn)m(tax:)589 1865 y FH(SET\(<expression>,)o(<ex)o(pr)o(ess)o(io)o(n>)o(\);)241 2096 y FQ(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)h(statemen)m(ts)589 2302 y FH(j)44 b(:=)e(23;)589 2402 y(set\(mkid\(a,j\),x\);)241 2621 y FQ(assigns)29 b(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 b FJ(X)g FQ(to)h FJ(A23)p FQ(.)241 2775 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(5.2)135 b(Group)44 b(Statemen)l(ts)241 3210 y FQ(The)33 b(group)g(statemen)m(t)j(is)d(a)h(construct)g(used)f (where)h(REDUCE)f(exp)s(ects)i(a)f(single)241 3323 y(statemen)m(t,)40 b(but)c(a)i(series)e(of)h(actions)g(needs)f(to)i(b)s(e)e(p)s(erformed.) 59 b(It)36 b(is)g(formed)h(b)m(y)241 3436 y(enclosing)g(one)i(or)g 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b(an)g(extra)h (terminator)f(causes)h(the)f(group)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(NIL)241 4551 y(or)e(zero.)241 4688 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 66 66 66 65 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(66)1643 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(5.)72 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)664 555 y FE(5.3)136 b(Conditional)46 b(Statemen)l(ts)664 808 y FQ(The)30 b(conditional)f(statemen)m(t)j(has)e(the)h(follo)m (wing)d(syn)m(tax:)708 1039 y FH(<conditional)38 b(statement>)i(::=)839 1138 y(IF)i(<boolean)f(expression>)e(THEN)j(<statement>)d([ELSE)i (<statement>])664 1382 y FQ(The)34 b(b)s(o)s(olean)f(expression)g(is)g (ev)-5 b(aluated.)52 b(If)33 b(this)g(is)g FD(true)p FQ(,)i(the)g(\014rst)e FJ(<statement>)664 1495 y FQ(is)d(executed.)41 b(If)30 b(it)g(is)f FD(false)p FQ(,)j(the)e(second)h(is.)664 1645 y FD(Examples:)1013 1851 y FH(if)43 b(x=5)f(then)g(a:=b+c)f(else)h (d:=e+f)1013 2050 y(if)h(x=5)f(and)g(numberp)f(y)1144 2150 y(then)h(<<ff:=q1;)d(a:=b+c>>)1144 2249 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(olean)e(expression)g({)i(for)f(example,)h(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(is)g(written)241 1512 y(there)k({)g(the)h FD(true)41 b FQ(alternativ)m(e)34 b(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(unless)e(the)i (expression)f(has)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)241 1625 y(0.)241 1755 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(5.4)135 b(F)l(OR)45 b(Statemen)l(ts)241 2193 y FQ(The)30 b FJ(FOR)f FQ(statemen)m(t)k(is)c(used)h(to)h(de\014ne)f(a)g(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)31 b(of)g(program)f(lo)s(ops.)40 b(Its)30 b(general)241 2293 y(syn)m(tax)h(is)e(as)i(follo)m(ws:)241 2596 y FH(FOR)385 2376 y FB(8)385 2451 y(>)385 2476 y(>)385 2501 y(<)385 2650 y(>)385 2675 y(>)385 2700 y(:)459 2485 y FA(h)p Fz(var)9 b FA(i)45 b FH(:=)e FA(h)p Fz(numb)l(er)9 b FA(i)1220 2368 y FB(\032)1282 2435 y FH(STEP)42 b FA(h)p Fz(numb)l(er)9 b FA(i)43 b FH(UNTIL)1670 2534 y(:)2101 2368 y FB(\033)2177 2485 y FA(h)p Fz(numb)l(er)9 b FA(i)1066 2707 y FH(EACH)42 b FA(h)p Fz(var)9 b FA(i)1516 2590 y FB(\032)1579 2656 y FH(IN)1579 2756 y(ON)1666 2590 y FB(\033)1772 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FQ(,)f(then)h(nothing)f(else)h (happ)s(ens.)39 b(In)28 b(other)p eop %%Page: 68 68 68 67 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(68)1643 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(5.)72 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)664 555 y FQ(cases,)30 b FJ(<action>)c FQ(is)h(a)h(binary)f(op)s(erator)h (that)h(causes)g(a)f(result)f(to)i(b)s(e)e(built)f(up)i(and)664 668 y(returned)i(b)m(y)h FJ(FOR)p FQ(.)g(In)g(those)g(cases,)i(the)e (lo)s(op)g(is)f(initialized)e(to)k(a)g(default)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(\()p FJ(0)664 781 y FQ(for)j FJ(SUM)p FQ(,)g FJ(1)g FQ(for)g FJ(PRODUCT)p FQ(,)f(and)h(an)g(empt)m(y)h(list)e(for)h (the)h(other)g(actions\).)53 b(The)34 b(test)664 894 y(for)i(the)h(end)e(condition)g(is)h(made)g(b)s(efore)g(an)m(y)g (action)h(is)e(tak)m(en.)60 b(As)36 b(in)f(P)m(ascal,)k(if)664 1007 y(the)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(is)g(out)i(of)g(range)f(in)g(the)g (assignmen)m(t)g(case,)i(or)f(the)f FJ(<list>)f FQ(is)g(empt)m(y)664 1120 y(in)f(the)i FJ(FOR)47 b(EACH)29 b FQ(case,)j FJ(<exprn>)c FQ(is)h(not)i(ev)-5 b(aluated)31 b(at)g(all.)664 1282 y FD(Examples:)664 1387 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1507 a FQ(1.)46 b(If)26 b FJ(A)p FQ(,)g FJ(B)g FQ(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s (een)e(declared)h(to)h(b)s(e)e(arra)m(ys,)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)d (stores)j(5)3274 1474 y FO(2)3340 1507 y FQ(through)891 1606 y(10)981 1573 y FO(2)1053 1606 y FQ(in)j FJ(A\(5\))h FQ(through)g FJ(A\(10\))p FQ(,)f(and)h(at)h(the)g(same)g(time)f(stores) h(the)g(cub)s(es)e(in)891 1706 y(the)h FJ(B)f FQ(arra)m(y:)1022 1918 y FH(for)43 b(i)g(:=)f(5)i(step)e(1)h(until)e(10)i(do)g (<<a\(i\):=i^2;)38 b(b\(i\):=i^3>>)664 2011 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2129 a FQ(2.)46 b(As)31 b(a)g(con)m(v)m (enience,)g(the)g(common)f(construction)1240 2341 y FH(STEP)42 b(1)h(UNTIL)891 2553 y FQ(ma)m(y)35 b(b)s(e)e(abbreviated)h(to)g(a)h (colon.)51 b(Th)m(us,)34 b(instead)f(of)h(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(w)m(e) g(could)891 2652 y(write:)1240 2864 y FH(for)42 b(i)i(:=)e(5:10)g(do)h (<<a\(i\):=i^2;)c(b\(i\):=i^3>>)664 2950 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 3076 a FQ(3.)46 b(The)35 b(follo)m(wing)f(sets)h FJ(C)g FQ(to)h(the)g(sum)e(of)h(the)h(squares)e (of)i(1,3,5,7,9;)41 b(and)34 b FJ(D)h FQ(to)891 3175 y(the)c(expression)e FJ(x*\(x+1\)*\(x+2\)*\(x+3\)*\(x+4\))o(:)1240 3387 y FH(c)43 b(:=)g(for)f(j:=1)g(step)g(2)h(until)f(9)h(sum)f(j^2;) 1240 3487 y(d)h(:=)g(for)f(k:=0)g(step)g(1)h(until)f(4)h(product)e (\(x+k\);)664 3580 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 3698 a FQ(4.)46 b(The)39 b(follo)m(wing)f(forms)h(a)h(list)e(of)h (the)h(squares)e(of)i(the)g(elemen)m(ts)f(of)h(the)f(list)891 3798 y FP(f)p FJ(a,b,c)p FP(g)p FJ(:)1240 4010 y FH(for)j(each)g(x)i (in)e({a,b,c})f(collect)g(x^2;)664 4096 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 4221 a FQ(5.)46 b(The)32 b(follo)m(wing)f(forms)h(a)h(list)e(of)h(the)h(listed)e(squares)g(of)i (the)g(elemen)m(ts)f(of)h(the)891 4321 y(list)c FP(f)p FJ(a,b,c)p FP(g)h FQ(\(i.e.,)h FP(ff)p FJ(A^2)p FP(g)p FJ(,)p FP(f)p FJ(B^2)p FP(g)p FJ(,)p FP(f)p FJ(C^2)p FP(gg)p FJ(\):)1240 4533 y FH(for)42 b(each)g(x)i(in)e({a,b,c})f (collect)g({x^2};)664 4619 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 4744 a FQ(6.)46 b(The)37 b(follo)m(wing)e(also)i(forms) g(a)g(list)f(of)h(the)g(squares)g(of)g(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(of)f(the)891 4844 y(list)e FP(f)p FJ(a,b,c)p FP(g)p FJ(,)h FQ(since)f(the)h FJ(JOIN)e FQ(op)s(eration)h(joins)g(the)h(individual)31 b(lists)j(in)m(to)891 4944 y(one)d(list:)p eop %%Page: 69 69 69 68 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(5.5.)72 b(WHILE)30 b(.)16 b(.)f(.)h(DO)2081 b FQ(69)817 555 y FH(for)42 b(each)g(x)h(in)g({a,b,c})e(join)h({x^2};)241 779 y FQ(The)34 b(con)m(trol)h(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(used)g(in)f(the)i FJ(FOR)f FQ(statemen)m(t)j(is)d(actually)g(a)h(new)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)241 879 y(not)30 b(related)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(of)g(the)h(same)f(name)h(outside)f(the)g FJ(FOR)g FQ(statemen)m(t.)42 b(In)241 979 y(other)27 b(w)m(ords,)g(executing)g(a)h(statemen)m(t)g FJ(for)47 b(i:=)26 b FQ(.)16 b(.)f(.)g(do)s(esn't)27 b(c)m(hange)h(the)f (system's)241 1078 y(assumption)i(that)i FL(i)950 1045 y FO(2)1015 1078 y FQ(=)26 b FP(\000)p FQ(1.)41 b(F)-8 b(urthermore,)31 b(in)e(algebraic)h(mo)s(de,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)241 1178 y(con)m(trol)f(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(substituted)f(in)h FJ(<exprn>)f FQ(only)h(if)g(it)g(o)s(ccurs)h (explicitly)d(in)i(that)241 1277 y(expression.)50 b(It)34 b(will)d(not)k(replace)e(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(of)h(the)g(same)g (name)g(in)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)241 1377 y(that)e(expression.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 1583 y FH(b)44 b(:=)e(a;)h(for)f(a)i(:=)e (1:2)h(do)g(write)e(b;)241 1802 y FQ(prin)m(ts)29 b FJ(A)h FQ(t)m(wice,)h(not)f(1)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)g(2.)241 1957 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(5.5)135 b(WHILE)45 b(.)23 b(.)g(.)g(DO)241 2378 y FQ(The)28 b FJ(FOR)47 b(...DO)27 b FQ(feature)i(allo)m(ws)f(easy)i(co)s(ding)d(of)i (a)g(rep)s(eated)g(op)s(eration)f(in)g(whic)m(h)241 2478 y(the)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(rep)s(etitions)f(is)g(kno)m(wn)h(in)e (adv)-5 b(ance.)40 b(If)25 b(the)g(criterion)f(for)h(rep)s(etition)241 2577 y(is)k(more)i(complicated,)f FJ(WHILE)46 b(...DO)29 b FQ(can)i(often)g(b)s(e)f(used.)39 b(Its)31 b(syn)m(tax)g(is:)589 2783 y FH(WHILE)42 b(<boolean)e(expression>)f(DO)k(<statement>)241 3002 y FQ(The)22 b FJ(WHILE)47 b(...DO)21 b FQ(con)m(trols)i(the)h (single)d(statemen)m(t)k(follo)m(wing)c FJ(DO)p FQ(.)i(If)f(sev)m(eral) i(state-)241 3115 y(men)m(ts)f(are)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(rep)s(eated,)i(as)e (is)g(almost)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(the)f(case,)j(they)e(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g (group)s(ed)241 3228 y(using)29 b(the)h FL(<<)g FQ(.)15 b(.)h(.)f FL(>>)30 b FQ(or)g FJ(BEGIN)47 b(...END)28 b FQ(as)j(in)e(the)h(example)h(b)s(elo)m(w.)241 3391 y(The)25 b FJ(WHILE)f FQ(condition)h(is)g(tested)h(eac)m(h)h(time)f FD(b)-5 b(efor)g(e)33 b FQ(the)26 b(action)g(follo)m(wing)e(the)i FJ(DO)f FQ(is)241 3504 y(attempted.)39 b(If)21 b(the)h(condition)e(is)h (false)h(to)g(b)s(egin)f(with,)h(the)g(action)g(is)f(not)h(p)s (erformed)241 3617 y(at)j(all.)38 b(Mak)m(e)26 b(sure)e(that)h(what)g (is)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(tested)i(has)e(an)h(appropriate)e(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(initially)-8 b(.)241 3779 y FD(Example:)241 3929 y FQ(Supp)s(ose)24 b(w)m(e)j(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(add)e(up)g(a)i (series)e(of)h(terms,)i(generated)f(one)f(b)m(y)g(one,)i(un)m(til)c(w)m (e)241 4028 y(reac)m(h)j(a)h(term)f(whic)m(h)e(is)h(less)g(than)h (1/1000)j(in)25 b(v)-5 b(alue.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(our)e(simple)f (example,)j(let)241 4128 y(us)33 b(supp)s(ose)f(the)i(\014rst)f(term)g (equals)g(1)h(and)f(eac)m(h)i(term)f(is)e(obtained)h(from)g(the)h(one) 241 4228 y(b)s(efore)c(b)m(y)i(taking)f(one)g(third)e(of)j(it)e(and)h (adding)e(one)j(third)d(its)i(square.)42 b(W)-8 b(e)33 b(w)m(ould)241 4327 y(write:)589 4533 y FH(ex:=0;)42 b(term:=1;)589 4633 y(while)g(num\(term)e(-)j(1/1000\))e(>=)i(0)87 b(do)938 4732 y(<<ex)42 b(:=)h(ex+term;)d(term:=\(term)f(+)k (term^2\)/3>>;)589 4832 y(ex;)p eop %%Page: 70 70 70 69 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(70)1643 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(5.)72 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)664 555 y FQ(As)32 b(long)e(as)i FJ(TERM)e FQ(is)h(greater)h(than)f(or)h (equal)f(to)h(\()p FJ(>=)p FQ(\))f(1/1000)j(it)d(will)e(b)s(e)h(added)h (to)664 668 y FJ(EX)26 b FQ(and)f(the)i(next)f FJ(TERM)f FQ(calculated.)39 b(As)26 b(so)s(on)g(as)h FJ(TERM)d FQ(b)s(ecomes)j(less)e(than)h(1/1000)664 781 y(the)31 b FJ(WHILE)e FQ(test)i(fails)e(and)h(the)g FJ(TERM)f FQ(will)f(not)j(b)s(e)e(added.)664 918 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(5.6)136 b(REPEA)-11 b(T)44 b(.)23 b(.)g(.)f(UNTIL)664 1357 y FJ(REPEAT)46 b(...UNTIL)28 b FQ(is)i(v)m(ery)h(similar)c(in)i(purp)s(ose)g(to)i FJ(WHILE)46 b(...DO)p FQ(.)30 b(Its)g(syn)m(tax)h(is:)1013 1563 y FH(REPEAT)41 b(<statement>)e(UNTIL)j(<boolean)e(expression>)664 1782 y FQ(\(P)-8 b(ASCAL)31 b(users)f(note:)42 b(Only)29 b(a)j(single)d(statemen)m(t)k({)e(usually)e(a)i(group)f(statemen)m(t) 664 1895 y({)h(is)e(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)f FJ(REPEAT)f FQ(and)h(the)g FJ(UNTIL.\))664 2057 y FQ(There)g(are)h(t)m (w)m(o)h(essen)m(tial)e(di\013erences:)664 2145 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2295 a(1.)46 b(The)23 b(test)g(is)f(p)s (erformed)f FD(after)33 b FQ(the)23 b(con)m(trolled)f(statemen)m(t)i (\(or)f(group)f(of)h(state-)891 2408 y(men)m(ts\))33 b(is)e(executed,)i(so)g(the)f(con)m(trolled)f(statemen)m(t)j(is)d(alw)m (a)m(ys)h(executed)h(at)891 2521 y(least)e(once.)664 2558 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2708 a(2.)46 b(The)35 b(test)h(is)d(a)j(test)f(for)g(when)f(to)h(stop)g (rather)g(than)g(when)f(to)h(con)m(tin)m(ue,)i(so)891 2821 y(its)30 b(\\p)s(olarit)m(y")g(is)g(the)g(opp)s(osite)g(of)g(that) h(in)e FJ(WHILE)47 b(...DO.)664 3045 y FQ(As)31 b(an)f(example,)g(w)m (e)h(rewrite)f(the)g(example)g(from)g(the)h FJ(WHILE)46 b(...DO)29 b FQ(section:)1013 3251 y FH(ex:=0;)41 b(term:=1;)1013 3351 y(repeat)g(<<ex)h(:=)h(ex+term;)d(term)i(:=)h(\(term)e(+)i (term^2\)/3>>)1144 3451 y(until)e(num\(term)f(-)k(1/1000\))c(<)j(0;) 1013 3550 y(ex;)664 3769 y FQ(In)31 b(this)g(case,)i(the)f(answ)m(er)g (will)d(b)s(e)i(the)h(same)g(as)g(b)s(efore,)g(b)s(ecause)g(in)e (neither)h(case)664 3882 y(is)f(a)g(term)h(added)e(to)j FJ(EX)d FQ(whic)m(h)g(is)h(less)g(than)g(1/1000.)664 4042 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 177 x FE(5.7)136 b(Comp)t(ound)44 b(Statemen)l(ts)664 4471 y FQ(Often)g(the)g(desired)f (pro)s(cess)g(can)i(b)s(est)e(\(or)i(only\))e(b)s(e)h(describ)s(ed)e (as)i(a)g(series)g(of)664 4584 y(steps)f(to)g(b)s(e)f(carried)f(out)i (one)g(after)g(the)g(other.)77 b(In)42 b(man)m(y)h(cases,)j(this)c(can) h(b)s(e)664 4697 y(ac)m(hiev)m(ed)33 b(b)m(y)e(use)g(of)h(the)g(group)f (statemen)m(t.)46 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)34 b(eac)m(h)f(step)f(often)g (pro)m(vides)664 4810 y(some)i(in)m(termediate)f(result,)g(un)m(til)f (at)i(the)g(end)e(w)m(e)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(\014nal)e(result)g(w)m(an) m(ted.)664 4923 y(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)33 b(iterations)f(on)g(the)g (steps)g(are)h(needed)f(that)g(are)h(not)f(p)s(ossible)e(with)p eop %%Page: 71 71 71 70 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(5.7.)72 b(COMPOUND)30 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)1471 b FQ(71)241 555 y(constructs)41 b(suc)m(h)h(as)f FJ(WHILE)f FQ(or)i FJ(REPEAT)e FQ(statemen)m(ts.)76 b(In)40 b(suc)m(h)h(cases)i (the)f(steps)241 668 y(of)31 b(the)h(pro)s(cess)e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g (enclosed)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f(w)m(ords)g FJ(BEGIN)f FQ(and)g FJ(END)h FQ(forming)241 781 y(what)25 b(is)e(tec)m(hnically)i (called)f(a)h FD(blo)-5 b(ck)35 b FQ(or)25 b FD(c)-5 b(omp)g(ound)37 b FQ(statemen)m(t.)j(Suc)m(h)25 b(a)g(comp)s(ound)241 894 y(statemen)m(t)41 b(can)e(in)f(fact)i(b)s(e)f(used)f(wherev)m(er)h (a)h(group)f(statemen)m(t)i(app)s(ears.)66 b(The)241 1007 y(con)m(v)m(erse)38 b(is)f(not)g(true:)54 b FJ(BEGIN)46 b(...END)36 b FQ(can)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(w)m(a)m(ys)i(that)f FL(<<)g FQ(.)15 b(.)h(.)f FL(>>)241 1120 y FQ(cannot.)241 1269 y(If)31 b(in)m(termediate)g(results)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(formed,)i (lo)s(cal)e(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(pro)m(vided)f(in)241 1369 y(whic)m(h)j(to)h(store)h(them.)52 b FD(L)-5 b(o)g(c)g(al)45 b FQ(means)34 b(that)h(their)e(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(are)h(deleted)g(as)g (so)s(on)g(as)241 1468 y(the)f(blo)s(c)m(k's)f(op)s(erations)h(are)g (complete,)h(and)f(there)g(is)f(no)g(con\015ict)h(with)f(v)-5 b(ariables)241 1568 y(outside)32 b(the)h(blo)s(c)m(k)f(that)h(happ)s (en)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(same)g(name.)48 b(Lo)s(cal)33 b(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(are)241 1668 y(created)g(b)m(y)f(a)h FJ(SCALAR)e FQ(declaration)h(immediately)f(after)h(the)h FJ(BEGIN)p FQ(:)459 1874 y FH(scalar)41 b(a,b,c,z;)241 2079 y FQ(If)33 b(more)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t,)i(sev)m(eral)e FJ(SCALAR)e FQ(declarations)i(can)g(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)h(one)g(after)g (an-)241 2179 y(other:)459 2385 y FH(scalar)41 b(a,b,c;)459 2485 y(scalar)g(z;)241 2704 y FQ(In)36 b(place)g(of)h FJ(SCALAR)e FQ(one)i(can)g(also)g(use)f(the)h(declarations)f FJ(INTEGER)f FQ(or)h FJ(REAL)p FQ(.)g(In)241 2817 y(the)j(presen)m(t)g (v)m(ersion)g(of)g(REDUCE)g(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(declared)g FJ(INTEGER)g FQ(are)h(exp)s(ected)241 2930 y(to)34 b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(only) e(in)m(teger)h(v)-5 b(alues,)34 b(and)f(are)i(initialized)30 b(to)35 b(0.)51 b FJ(REAL)32 b FQ(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(on)g(the)241 3043 y(other)d(hand)g(are)g(curren)m(tly)g(treated)h(as) g(algebraic)f(mo)s(de)g FJ(SCALAR)p FQ(s.)241 3205 y FD(CA)n(UTION:)h FJ(INTEGER)p FQ(,)g FJ(REAL)h FQ(and)g FJ(SCALAR)g FQ(declarations)g(can)i(only)e(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)h(im-)241 3318 y(mediately)39 b(after)h(a)g FJ(BEGIN)p FQ(.)e(An)i(error)f(will)e (result)i(if)f(they)i(are)g(used)f(after)h(other)241 3431 y(statemen)m(ts)e(in)e(a)h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(\(including)d FJ(ARRAY)h FQ(and)i FJ(OPERATOR)d FQ(declarations,)39 b(whic)m(h)241 3544 y(are)23 b(global)e(in)h(scop)s(e\),)i(or)f (outside)f(the)g(top-most)i(blo)s(c)m(k)e(\(e.g.,)k(at)d(the)g(top)g (lev)m(el\).)38 b(All)241 3657 y(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(declared)h FJ(SCALAR)f FQ(are)i(automatically)f(initialized)e(to)j(zero)g(in)f (algebraic)241 3770 y(mo)s(de)d(\()p FJ(NIL)g FQ(in)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)f (mo)s(de\).)241 3933 y(An)m(y)21 b(sym)m(b)s(ols)f(not)i(declared)f(as) g(lo)s(cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)20 b(in)g(a)i(blo)s(c)m(k)f(refer)g(to)h (the)f(v)-5 b(ariables)20 b(of)241 4045 y(the)28 b(same)g(name)f(in)f (the)i(curren)m(t)g(calling)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)39 b(In)27 b(particular,)g(if)f(they)i(are)241 4158 y(not)21 b(so)g(declared)f(at) h(a)g(higher)f(lev)m(el)g(\(e.g.,)25 b(in)19 b(a)i(surrounding)c(blo)s (c)m(k)k(or)f(as)h(parameters)241 4271 y(in)29 b(a)i(calling)d(pro)s (cedure\),)i(their)g(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(can)i(b)s(e)f(p)s(ermanen)m(tly) f(c)m(hanged.)241 4434 y(F)-8 b(ollo)m(wing)29 b(the)h FJ(SCALAR)e FQ(declaration\(s\),)i(if)e(an)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(write)e(the)h(statemen)m(ts)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(exe-)241 4547 y(cuted,)j(one)g(after)g(the)g(other,)g(separated)g(b)m(y)f (delimiters)f(\(e.g.,)j FJ(;)f FQ(or)g FJ($)p FQ(\))f(\(it)h(do)s (esn't)241 4660 y(matter)f(whic)m(h\).)40 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)32 b(from)e(a)h(st)m(ylistic)e(p)s(oin)m(t)h(of)g(view,)g FJ(;)g FQ(is)g(preferred.)241 4823 y(The)d(last)g(statemen)m(t)i(in)d (the)i(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(,)27 b(just)g(b)s(efore)g FJ(END)p FQ(,)g(need)g(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)f(terminator)241 4935 y(\(since)33 b(the)i FJ(BEGIN)46 b(...END)32 b FQ(are)i(in)f(a)h(sense) g(brac)m(k)m(ets)i(con\014ning)c(the)i(blo)s(c)m(k)g(state-)p eop %%Page: 72 72 72 71 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(72)1643 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(5.)72 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)664 555 y FQ(men)m(ts\).)43 b(The)30 b(last)h(statemen)m(t)h(m)m(ust)f (also)g(b)s(e)f(the)h(command)f FJ(RETURN)g FQ(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y) 664 668 y(the)38 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(or)h(expression)f(whose)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(returned)g(b)m(y)h (the)664 781 y(pro)s(cedure.)57 b(If)36 b(the)g FJ(RETURN)f FQ(is)g(omitted)h(\(or)h(nothing)e(is)g(written)g(after)i(the)f(w)m (ord)664 894 y FJ(RETURN)p FQ(\))e(the)i(pro)s(cedure)e(will)f(ha)m(v)m (e)k(no)e(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(or)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(zero,)j(dep)s(ending)33 b(on)664 1007 y(ho)m(w)d(it)f(is)g(used)g (\(and)g FJ(NIL)g FQ(in)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(mo)s(de\).)41 b(Remem)m(b)s(er)29 b(to)h(put)f(a)h(terminator)664 1120 y(after)h(the)g FJ(END)p FQ(.)664 1282 y FD(Example:)664 1432 y FQ(Giv)m(en)45 b(a)f(previously)f(assigned)g(in)m(teger)i(v)-5 b(alue)44 b(for)g FJ(N)p FQ(,)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)e(blo)s(c)m(k)h (will)664 1532 y(compute)31 b(the)f(Legendre)h(p)s(olynomial)d(of)i (degree)h FJ(N)f FQ(in)f(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b FJ(X)p FQ(:)1013 1737 y FH(begin)41 b(scalar)g(seed,deriv,top,fa)o(ct;)1144 1837 y(seed:=1/\(y^2)d(-)43 b(2*x*y)f(+1\)^\(1/2\);)1144 1937 y(deriv:=df\(seed,)o(y,n)o(\);)1144 2036 y(top:=sub\(y=0,de)o(riv) o(\);)1144 2136 y(fact:=for)d(i:=1:n)j(product)e(i;)1144 2236 y(return)h(top/fact)1013 2335 y(end;)664 2474 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 154 x FR(5.7.1)113 b(Comp)s(ound)38 b(Statemen)m(ts)f(with)f(GO)h(TO)664 2850 y FQ(It)30 b(is)e(p)s(ossible)f(to)j(ha)m(v)m(e)h(more)f (complicated)f(structures)f(inside)g(the)h FJ(BEGIN)47 b(...END)664 2963 y FQ(brac)m(k)m(ets)34 b(than)e(indicated)f(in)f(the) j(previous)e(example.)46 b(That)32 b(the)g(individual)c(lines)664 3076 y(of)41 b(the)h(program)e(need)h(not)g(b)s(e)g(assignmen)m(t)f (statemen)m(ts,)46 b(but)40 b(could)g(b)s(e)h(almost)664 3189 y(an)m(y)30 b(other)g(kind)e(of)i(statemen)m(t)i(or)d(command,)h (needs)f(no)h(explanation.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(exam-)664 3302 y(ple,)h(conditional)e(statemen)m(ts,)k(and)e FJ(WHILE)e FQ(and)i FJ(REPEAT)60 b FQ(constructions,)31 b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(an)664 3414 y(ob)m(vious)e(role)g(in)f(de\014ning)f(more)j(in)m(tricate)f(blo) s(c)m(ks.)664 3577 y(If)35 b(these)h(structured)e(constructs)h(don't)g (su\016ce,)i(it)d(is)h(p)s(ossible)d(to)k(use)f(lab)s(els)f(and)664 3690 y FJ(GO)40 b(TO)p FQ(s)g(within)e(a)j(comp)s(ound)e(statemen)m(t,) 45 b(and)40 b(also)h(to)g(use)f FJ(RETURN)80 b FQ(in)39 b(places)664 3803 y(within)31 b(the)j(blo)s(c)m(k)f(other)h(than)f (just)g(b)s(efore)g(the)h FJ(END)p FQ(.)f(The)g(follo)m(wing)f (subsections)664 3916 y(discuss)38 b(these)h(matters)h(in)e(detail.)67 b(F)-8 b(or)40 b(man)m(y)g(readers)f(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(example,)664 4029 y(presen)m(ting)29 b(one)h(p)s(ossible)c(de\014nition)i(of)h(a)h (pro)s(cess)f(to)h(calculate)g(the)f(factorial)h(of)f FJ(N)664 4142 y FQ(for)h(preassigned)f FJ(N)h FQ(will)e(su\016ce:)664 4291 y FD(Example:)1013 4497 y FH(begin)41 b(scalar)g(m;)1187 4597 y(m:=1;)1056 4696 y(l:)i(if)g(n=0)f(then)g(return)f(m;)1187 4796 y(m:=m*n;)1187 4896 y(n:=n-1;)p eop %%Page: 73 73 73 72 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(5.7.)72 b(COMPOUND)30 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)1471 b FQ(73)764 555 y FH(go)43 b(to)f(l)589 655 y(end;)241 794 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 154 x FR(5.7.2)112 b(Lab)s(els)38 b(and)h(GO)e(TO)h(Statemen)m(ts)241 1170 y FQ(Within)c(a)j FJ(BEGIN)46 b(...END)34 b FQ(comp)s(ound)h(statemen)m (t)j(it)e(is)f(p)s(ossible)f(to)i(lab)s(el)f(state-)241 1282 y(men)m(ts,)e(and)e(transfer)g(to)i(them)f(out)g(of)g(sequence)g (using)f FJ(GO)g(TO)g FQ(statemen)m(ts.)47 b(Only)241 1395 y(statemen)m(ts)28 b(on)f(the)h(top)f(lev)m(el)f(inside)f(comp)s (ound)h(statemen)m(ts)i(can)g(b)s(e)e(lab)s(eled,)g(not)241 1508 y(ones)k(inside)e(subsidiary)f(constructions)i(lik)m(e)h FL(<<)f FQ(.)16 b(.)f(.)h FL(>>)p FQ(,)30 b FJ(IF)f FQ(.)15 b(.)h(.)f FJ(THEN)29 b FQ(.)16 b(.)f(.)h(,)30 b FJ(WHILE)241 1621 y FQ(.)15 b(.)h(.)f FJ(DO)30 b FQ(.)15 b(.)h(.)f(,)31 b(etc.)241 1771 y(Lab)s(els)e(and)h FJ(GO)47 b(TO)30 b FQ(statemen)m(ts)i(ha)m(v)m(e)f(the)g(syn)m(tax:)589 1976 y FH(<go)43 b(to)g(statement>)c(::=)j(GO)h(TO)g(<label>)e(|)i (GOTO)f(<label>)589 2076 y(<label>)f(::=)h(<identifier>)589 2176 y(<labeled)f(statement>)e(::=)k(<label>:<statem)o(en)o(t>)241 2395 y FQ(Note)31 b(that)g(statemen)m(t)i(names)d(cannot)h(b)s(e)f (used)f(as)i(lab)s(els.)241 2544 y(While)23 b FJ(GO)47 b(TO)25 b FQ(is)e(an)i(unconditional)d(transfer,)k(it)e(is)g(frequen)m (tly)g(used)g(in)f(conditional)241 2644 y(statemen)m(ts)32 b(suc)m(h)e(as)589 2850 y FH(if)43 b(x>5)g(then)e(go)i(to)g(abcd;)241 3069 y FQ(giving)29 b(the)i(e\013ect)g(of)g(a)g(conditional)d (transfer.)241 3232 y(T)-8 b(ransfers)41 b(using)g FJ(GO)47 b(TO)p FQ(s)41 b(can)i(only)e(o)s(ccur)h(within)e(the)i(blo)s(c)m(k)g (in)f(whic)m(h)g(the)h FJ(GO)241 3345 y(TO)33 b FQ(is)h(used.)52 b(In)33 b(other)i(w)m(ords,)g(y)m(ou)f(cannot)h(transfer)f(from)g(an)g (inner)f(blo)s(c)m(k)h(to)h(an)241 3458 y(outer)h(blo)s(c)m(k)f(using)f (a)i FJ(GO)47 b(TO)p FQ(.)35 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)k(if)c(a)g(group)g (statemen)m(t)j(o)s(ccurs)d(within)e(a)241 3571 y(comp)s(ound)c (statemen)m(t,)k(it)e(is)f(p)s(ossible)e(to)k(jump)d(out)i(of)g(that)h (group)e(statemen)m(t)j(to)241 3683 y(a)e(p)s(oin)m(t)e(within)f(the)i (comp)s(ound)f(statemen)m(t)j(using)d(a)i FJ(GO)47 b(TO)p FQ(.)241 3828 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(5.7.3)112 b(RETURN)36 b(Statemen)m(ts)241 4198 y FQ(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(corresp)s(onding)e(to)i(a)h FJ(BEGIN)46 b(...END)27 b FQ(comp)s(ound)h(statemen)m(t,)61 b(suc)m(h)28 b(as)241 4311 y(a)37 b(pro)s(cedure)f(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(,)37 b(is)f(normally)f(0)j(\()p FJ(NIL)e FQ(in)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(mo) s(de\).)60 b(By)37 b(executing)g(a)241 4424 y FJ(RETURN)d FQ(statemen)m(t)j(in)d(the)i(comp)s(ound)e(statemen)m(t)j(a)f (di\013eren)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(re-)241 4537 y(turned.)j(After)28 b(a)g FJ(RETURN)d FQ(statemen)m(t)k(is)e (executed,)i(no)e(further)f(statemen)m(ts)j(within)241 4650 y(the)h(comp)s(ound)f(statemen)m(t)j(are)f(executed.)241 4799 y FJ(Examples:)p eop %%Page: 74 74 74 73 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(74)1643 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(5.)72 b(ST)-8 b(A)g(TEMENTS)1013 555 y FH(return)41 b(x+y;)1013 655 y(return)g(m;)1013 754 y(return;)664 974 y FQ(Note)36 b(that)f(paren)m(theses)g(are)f(not) h(required)d(around)i(the)g FJ(x+y)p FQ(,)h(although)f(they)h(are)664 1087 y(p)s(ermitted.)82 b(The)44 b(last)g(example)h(is)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)44 b(to)i FJ(return)g(0)e FQ(or)g FJ(return)j(nil)p FQ(,)664 1199 y(dep)s(ending)28 b(on)i(whether)g(the)h(blo)s(c)m(k)f (is)f(used)h(as)g(part)g(of)h(an)f(expression)f(or)i(not.)664 1362 y(Since)h FJ(RETURN)f FQ(actually)i(mo)m(v)m(es)h(up)e(only)g(one) h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(lev)m(el,)g(in)f(a)h(sense)g(the)g(casual)664 1475 y(user)i(is)f(not)h(exp)s(ected)h(to)g(understand,)e(w)m(e)i (tabulate)f(some)h(cautions)e(concerning)664 1588 y(its)c(use.)664 1675 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1825 a(1.)46 b FJ(RETURN)31 b FQ(can)i(b)s(e)e(used)h(on)g(the)h(top)f(lev)m (el)g(inside)e(the)j(comp)s(ound)e(statemen)m(t,)891 1938 y(i.e.)40 b(as)29 b(one)g(of)f(the)h(statemen)m(ts)h(brac)m(k)m (eted)g(together)g(b)m(y)f(the)f FJ(BEGIN)47 b(...END)664 1993 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2126 a FQ(2.)f FJ(RETURN)27 b FQ(can)i(b)s(e)f(used)g(within)e(a)k(top)f (lev)m(el)f FL(<<)g FQ(.)15 b(.)h(.)f FL(>>)28 b FQ(construction)g (within)891 2239 y(the)38 b(comp)s(ound)d(statemen)m(t.)63 b(In)36 b(this)g(case,)k(the)e FJ(RETURN)d FQ(transfers)h(con)m(trol) 891 2352 y(out)31 b(of)g(b)s(oth)e(the)i(group)f(statemen)m(t)i(and)e (the)g(comp)s(ound)f(statemen)m(t.)664 2407 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2539 a(3.)46 b FJ(RETURN)28 b FQ(can)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(within)f(an)i FJ(IF)f FQ(.)15 b(.)h(.)f FJ(THEN)28 b FQ(.)16 b(.)f(.)g FJ(ELSE)28 b FQ(.)16 b(.)f(.)h(on)29 b(the)g(top)g(lev)m(el)891 2652 y(within)f(the)j(comp)s(ound)e(statemen)m(t.)664 2876 y(NOTE:)h(A)m(t)h(presen)m(t,)g(there)f(is)g(no)g(construct)h(pro)m (vided)e(to)i(p)s(ermit)d(early)i(termina-)664 2976 y(tion)f(of)g(a)g FJ(FOR)p FQ(,)f FJ(WHILE)p FQ(,)g(or)h FJ(REPEAT)e FQ(statemen)m(t.)42 b(In)28 b(particular,)g(the)h(use)g(of)g FJ(RETURN)664 3076 y FQ(in)g(suc)m(h)h(cases)i(results)d(in)g(a)i(syn)m(tax)f(error.) 41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)1013 3282 y FH(begin)41 b(scalar)g(y;)1144 3381 y(y)i(:=)g(for)f(i:=0:99)f(do)h(if)h(a\(i\)=x)e (then)h(return)f(b\(i\);)1144 3481 y(...)664 3700 y FQ(will)28 b(lead)i(to)h(an)f(error.)p eop %%Page: 75 75 75 74 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(6)241 1693 y FT(Commands)76 b(and)i(Declarations)241 2174 y FQ(A)36 b(command)g(is)f(an)h(order)g(to)h(the)f(system)h(to)g (do)f(something.)58 b(Some)36 b(commands)241 2274 y(cause)k(visible)c (results)i(\(suc)m(h)i(as)f(calling)f(for)h(input)f(or)h(output\);)44 b(others,)e(usually)241 2373 y(called)27 b(declarations,)i(set)g (options,)f(de\014ne)g(prop)s(erties)f(of)i(v)-5 b(ariables,)27 b(or)i(de\014ne)f(pro-)241 2473 y(cedures.)46 b(Commands)31 b(are)i(formally)e(de\014ned)g(as)i(a)g(statemen)m(t)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)e (b)m(y)g(a)h(ter-)241 2573 y(minator)589 2779 y FH(<command>)40 b(::=)j(<statement>)c(<terminator>)589 2878 y(<terminator>)g(::=)j(;|$) 241 3097 y FQ(Some)32 b(REDUCE)h(commands)f(and)g(declarations)g(are)h (describ)s(ed)d(in)h(the)i(follo)m(wing)241 3210 y(sub-sections.)241 3344 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 200 x FE(6.1)135 b(Arra)l(y)45 b(Declarations)241 3783 y FQ(Arra)m(y)29 b(declarations)g(in)g(REDUCE)g(are)h(similar)d(to)j(F)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)30 b(dimension)d(state-)241 3883 y(men)m(ts.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 4089 y FH(array)42 b(a\(10\),b\(2,3,4\);) 241 4308 y FQ(Arra)m(y)37 b(indices)f(eac)m(h)j(range)e(from)g(0)h(to)g (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(declared.)61 b(An)37 b(elemen)m(t)h(of)g(an)241 4421 y(arra)m(y)31 b(is)e(referred)h(to)h(in)e(standard)g(F)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)32 b(notation,)e(e.g.)42 b FJ(A\(2\))p FQ(.)241 4583 y(W)-8 b(e)40 b(can)g(also)f(use)g(an)g(expression)f(for)h (de\014ning)f(an)h(arra)m(y)h(b)s(ound,)f(pro)m(vided)f(the)241 4696 y(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(the)h(expression)e(is)g(a)i(p)s(ositiv)m 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b(parameters)i(and)f(their)241 3705 y(t)m(yp)s(e)30 b(classes)h(are)f(enclosed)h(in)e(angle)h(brac)m (k)m(ets.)241 3860 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(7.1)135 b(Numerical)46 b(Op)t(erators)241 4294 y FQ(REDUCE)27 b(includes)f(a)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(functions)f (that)h(are)g(analogs)g(of)g(those)g(found)f(in)241 4407 y(most)32 b(n)m(umerical)e(systems.)44 b(With)31 b(n)m(umerical)f (argumen)m(ts,)i(suc)m(h)g(functions)e(return)241 4520 y(the)j(exp)s(ected)h(result.)49 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)37 b(they)c(ma)m(y)h(also)g(b)s(e)e(called)h(with)f(non-n)m(umerical)241 4633 y(argumen)m(ts.)86 b(In)45 b(suc)m(h)g(cases,)51 b(except)46 b(where)f(noted,)50 b(the)c(system)f(attempts)i(to)241 4746 y(simplify)27 b(the)j(expression)f(as)i(far)f(as)h(it)f(can.)41 b(In)29 b(suc)m(h)h(cases,)i(a)f(residual)d(expression)241 4859 y(in)m(v)m(olving)44 b(the)h(original)e(op)s(erator)j(usually)d (remains.)84 b(These)45 b(op)s(erators)h(are)f(as)1690 5187 y(79)p eop %%Page: 80 80 80 79 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(80)870 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)664 555 y FQ(follo)m(ws:)664 682 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(7.1.1)113 b(ABS)664 1057 y FJ(ABS)31 b FQ(returns)f(the)i(absolute)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(its)f(single)f(argumen)m(t,)j(if)e(that)h(argumen)m(t) g(has)664 1156 y(a)39 b(n)m(umerical)e(v)-5 b(alue.)66 b(A)38 b(non-n)m(umerical)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(returned)g(as)h(an)f (absolute)664 1256 y(v)-5 b(alue,)29 b(with)e(an)i(o)m(v)m(erall)f(n)m (umerical)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)j(tak)m(en)g(outside)d(the)i(absolute)f (v)-5 b(alue)664 1355 y(op)s(erator.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)1013 1561 y FH(abs\(-3/4\))214 b(->)86 b(3/4)1013 1661 y(abs\(2a\))302 b(->)86 b(2*ABS\(A\))1013 1761 y(abs\(i\))346 b(->)86 b(1)1013 1860 y(abs\(-x\))302 b(->)86 b(ABS\(X\))664 1994 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 160 x FR(7.1.2)113 b(CEILING)664 2375 y FQ(This)20 b(op)s(erator)i(returns)f(the)h (ceiling)e(\(i.e.,)25 b(the)d(least)g(in)m(teger)g(greater)h(than)f (the)g(giv)m(en)664 2488 y(argumen)m(t\))39 b(if)e(its)g(single)f (argumen)m(t)j(has)e(a)i(n)m(umerical)d(v)-5 b(alue.)63 b(A)38 b(non-n)m(umerical)664 2601 y(argumen)m(t)25 b(is)e(returned)h (as)g(an)g(expression)g(in)f(the)h(original)f(op)s(erator.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)25 b(example:)1013 2832 y FH(ceiling\(-5/4\))38 b(->)86 b(-1)1013 2931 y(ceiling\(-a\))126 b(->)86 b(CEILING\(-A\))664 3077 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 147 x FR(7.1.3)113 b(CONJ)664 3433 y FQ(This)31 b(returns)h(the)i(complex)e(conjugate)j (of)e(an)g(expression,)g(if)f(that)i(argumen)m(t)f(has)664 3532 y(an)27 b(n)m(umerical)f(v)-5 b(alue.)39 b(A)27 b(non-n)m(umerical)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(returned)f(as)h(an)g (expression)664 3632 y(in)i(the)i(op)s(erators)f FJ(REPART)f FQ(and)h FJ(IMPART)p FQ(.)f(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)1013 3838 y FH(conj\(1+i\))214 b(->)43 b(1-I)1013 3937 y(conj\(a+i*b\))126 b(->)43 b(REPART\(A\))d(-)j(REPART\(B\)*I)c(-)k(IMPART\(A\)*I)1754 4037 y(-)g(IMPART\(B\))664 4171 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(7.1.4)113 b(F)-12 b(A)m(CTORIAL)664 4538 y FQ(If)41 b(the)g(single)f(argumen)m(t)i(of)f FJ(FACTORIAL)e FQ(ev)-5 b(aluates)42 b(to)f(a)h(non-negativ)m(e)g(in)m(teger,)664 4638 y(its)e(factorial)f(is)g(returned.)69 b(Otherwise)38 b(an)i(expression)f(in)m(v)m(olving)f FJ(FACTORIAL)g FQ(is)664 4738 y(returned.)i(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)1013 4944 y FH(factorial\(5\))82 b(->)k(120)p eop %%Page: 81 81 81 80 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.1.)72 b(NUMERICAL)30 b(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)1507 b FQ(81)589 555 y FH(factorial\(a\))83 b(->)j(FACTORIAL\(A\))241 689 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(7.1.5)112 b(FIX)241 1070 y FQ(This)41 b(op)s(erator)j(returns)e(the)i(\014xed)f (v)-5 b(alue)43 b(\(i.e.,)k(the)d(in)m(teger)g(part)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m (en)241 1183 y(argumen)m(t\))38 b(if)f(its)g(single)g(argumen)m(t)h (has)g(a)g(n)m(umerical)f(v)-5 b(alue.)62 b(A)38 b(non-n)m(umerical)241 1296 y(argumen)m(t)25 b(is)e(returned)g(as)i(an)f(expression)f(in)g (the)i(original)d(op)s(erator.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(example:)589 1527 y FH(fix\(-5/4\))127 b(->)87 b(-1)589 1626 y(fix\(a\))259 b(->)87 b(FIX\(A\))241 1760 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(7.1.6)112 b(FLOOR)241 2141 y FQ(This)27 b(op)s(erator)i(returns)f(the)h(\015o)s(or)f(\(i.e.,)i(the)f(greatest)h (in)m(teger)g(less)e(than)g(the)h(giv)m(en)241 2254 y(argumen)m(t\))38 b(if)f(its)g(single)g(argumen)m(t)h(has)g(a)g(n)m(umerical)f(v)-5 b(alue.)62 b(A)38 b(non-n)m(umerical)241 2367 y(argumen)m(t)25 b(is)e(returned)g(as)i(an)f(expression)f(in)g(the)i(original)d(op)s (erator.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(example:)589 2597 y FH(floor\(-5/4\))127 b(->)86 b(-2)589 2697 y(floor\(a\))259 b(->)86 b(FLOOR\(A\))241 2831 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(7.1.7)112 b(IMP)-9 b(AR)g(T)241 3198 y FQ(This)41 b(op)s(erator)i(returns)e(the)i (imaginary)e(part)i(of)g(an)f(expression,)j(if)d(that)h(argu-)241 3298 y(men)m(t)32 b(has)f(an)h(n)m(umerical)e(v)-5 b(alue.)44 b(A)32 b(non-n)m(umerical)e(argumen)m(t)i(is)e(returned)h(as)h(an)241 3398 y(expression)d(in)g(the)i(op)s(erators)f FJ(REPART)f FQ(and)g FJ(IMPART)p FQ(.)g(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example:)589 3604 y FH(impart\(1+i\))127 b(->)42 b(1)589 3703 y(impart\(a+i*b\))d (->)j(REPART\(B\))e(+)j(IMPART\(A\))241 3849 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(7.1.8)112 b(MAX/MIN)241 4205 y FJ(MAX)22 b FQ(and)g FJ(MIN)h FQ(can)g(tak)m(e)i(an)e(arbitrary) f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)j(expressions)d(as)j(their)e(argumen)m(ts.)241 4304 y(If)28 b(all)f(argumen)m(ts)h(ev)-5 b(aluate)29 b(to)g(n)m(umerical)e(v)-5 b(alues,)28 b(the)h(maxim)m(um)e(or)h(minim) m(um)d(of)241 4404 y(the)j(argumen)m(t)g(list)e(is)h(returned.)39 b(If)27 b(an)m(y)h(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(non-n)m(umeric,)g(an)g(appropri-) 241 4504 y(ately)k(reduced)e(expression)g(is)h(returned.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 4709 y FH(max\(2,-3,4,5\))39 b(->)86 b(5)589 4809 y(min\(2,-2\))215 b(->)86 b(-2.)589 4909 y(max\(a,2,3\))171 b(->)86 b(MAX\(A,3\))p eop %%Page: 82 82 82 81 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(82)870 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)1013 555 y FH(min\(x\))346 b(->)86 b(X)664 774 y FJ(MAX)30 b FQ(or)g FJ(MIN)g FQ(of)g(an)g(empt)m (y)h(list)e(returns)g(0.)664 919 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(7.1.9)113 b(NEXTPRIME)664 1276 y FJ(NEXTPRIME)29 b FQ(returns)h(the)h(next)g(prime)f(greater)i(than)f (its)g(in)m(teger)g(argumen)m(t,)h(using)664 1375 y(a)h(probabilistic) 28 b(algorithm.)45 b(A)32 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(error)e(o)s(ccurs)h(if)f(the)h (v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g(the)g(argumen)m(t)664 1475 y(is)e(not)g(an)g(in) m(teger.)42 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)1013 1681 y FH(nextprime\(5\))256 b(->)87 b(7)1013 1781 y(nextprime\(-2\))212 b(->)87 b(2)1013 1880 y(nextprime\(-7\))212 b(->)43 b(-5)1013 1980 y(nextprime)d (1000000)g(->)j(1000003)664 2199 y FQ(whereas)30 b FJ(nextprime\(a\))d FQ(giv)m(es)k(a)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(error.)664 2346 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 146 x FR(7.1.10)113 b(RANDOM)664 2700 y FJ(random\()p FD(n)7 b FJ(\))22 b FQ(returns)i(a)g(random)g(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)f FL(r)k FQ(in)c(the)i(range)g(0)g FP(\024)g FL(r)j(<)d(n)p FQ(.)38 b(A)25 b(t)m(yp)s(e)f(error)664 2800 y(o)s(ccurs)d(if)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)g(the)g(argumen)m(t)h (is)e(not)h(a)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)e(in)m(teger)h(in)f(algebraic)h(mo)s (de,)664 2900 y(or)31 b(p)s(ositiv)m(e)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(in)g(sym)m (b)s(olic)g(mo)s(de.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)1013 3106 y FH(random\(5\))388 b(->)174 b(3)1013 3205 y(random\(1000\))256 b(->)87 b(191)664 3424 y FQ(whereas)30 b FJ(random\(a\))e FQ(giv)m(es)j(a)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(error.)664 3569 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(7.1.11)113 b(RANDOM)p 1603 3718 34 4 v 39 w(NEW)p 1920 3718 V 40 w(SEED)664 3939 y FJ(random)p 958 3939 29 4 v 33 w(new)p 1135 3939 V 33 w(seed\()p FD(n)7 b FJ(\))35 b FQ(reseeds)h(the)h(random)e(n)m(um) m(b)s(er)g(generator)j(to)f(a)g(sequence)664 4052 y(determined)j(b)m(y) i(the)g(in)m(teger)g(argumen)m(t)g FL(n)p FQ(.)74 b(It)42 b(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(ensure)f(that)i(a)664 4165 y(rep)s(eatable)30 b(pseudo-random)g(sequence)g(will)e(b)s(e)i(deliv)m (ered)f(regardless)h(of)g(an)m(y)h(pre-)664 4278 y(vious)22 b(use)h(of)g FJ(RANDOM)p FQ(,)f(or)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(called)g(early)h(in) f(a)h(run)f(with)f(an)i(argumen)m(t)h(deriv)m(ed)664 4391 y(from)31 b(something)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(\(suc)m(h)h(as)g(the)g (time)f(of)h(da)m(y\))h(to)g(arrange)f(that)g(di\013eren)m(t)664 4504 y(runs)h(of)h(a)h(REDUCE)f(program)g(will)e(use)i(di\013eren)m(t)g (random)g(sequences.)49 b(When)34 b(a)664 4616 y(fresh)h(cop)m(y)h(of)f (REDUCE)g(is)g(\014rst)f(created)j(it)d(is)h(as)g(if)g FJ(random)p 2948 4616 V 32 w(new)p 3124 4616 V 34 w(seed\(1\))e FQ(has)664 4729 y(b)s(een)d(ob)s(ey)m(ed.)664 4892 y(A)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f (error)g(o)s(ccurs)g(if)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h(the)f(argumen)m (t)h(is)e(not)i(a)g(p)s(ositiv)m(e)e(in)m(teger.)p eop %%Page: 83 83 83 82 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.2.)72 b(MA)-8 b(THEMA)g(TICAL)31 b(FUNCTIONS)1333 b FQ(83)241 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FR(7.1.12)112 b(REP)-9 b(AR)g(T)241 763 y FQ(This)27 b(returns)h(the)i(real)f(part)g(of)h(an)f(expression,)g(if)f(that)i (argumen)m(t)g(has)f(an)g(n)m(umer-)241 863 y(ical)36 b(v)-5 b(alue.)59 b(A)37 b(non-n)m(umerical)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)f (returned)f(as)i(an)g(expression)f(in)f(the)241 963 y(op)s(erators)30 b FJ(REPART)f FQ(and)h FJ(IMPART)p FQ(.)f(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 1168 y FH(repart\(1+i\))127 b(->)42 b(1)589 1268 y(repart\(a+i*b\))d(->)j(REPART\(A\))e(-)j(IMPART\(B\))241 1414 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 147 x FR(7.1.13)112 b(R)m(OUND)241 1770 y FQ(This)21 b(op)s(erator)i(returns)f(the)h (rounded)f(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(\(i.e,)h(the)g(nearest)f(in)m(teger\))h(of) f(its)g(single)241 1869 y(argumen)m(t)28 b(if)e(that)i(argumen)m(t)g (has)f(a)h(n)m(umerical)d(v)-5 b(alue.)40 b(A)27 b(non-n)m(umeric)f (argumen)m(t)241 1969 y(is)j(returned)g(as)i(an)f(expression)f(in)g (the)i(original)e(op)s(erator.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 2175 y FH(round\(-5/4\))127 b(->)86 b(-1)589 2274 y(round\(a\))259 b(->)86 b(ROUND\(A\))241 2408 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 160 x FR(7.1.14)112 b(SIGN)241 2776 y FJ(SIGN)42 b FQ(tries)g(to)i(ev)-5 b(aluate)43 b(the)g(sign)f(of)h(its)g(argumen)m (t.)79 b(If)42 b(this)g(is)g(p)s(ossible)f FJ(SIGN)241 2875 y FQ(returns)d(one)i(of)g(1,)i(0)e(or)g(-1.)69 b(Otherwise,)41 b(the)f(result)e(is)h(the)h(original)d(form)j(or)f(a)241 2975 y(simpli\014ed)26 b(v)-5 b(arian)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 3181 y FH(sign\(-5\))259 b(->)86 b(-1)589 3280 y(sign\(-a^2*b\))d(->)j(-SIGN\(B\))241 3500 y FQ(Note)27 b(that)f(ev)m(en)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(ers)g(of)g(formal)f (expressions)f(are)i(assumed)f(to)i(b)s(e)e(p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(only)241 3613 y(as)30 b(long)g(as)h(the)g(switc)m(h)e FJ(COMPLEX)g FQ(is)g(o\013.)241 3767 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(7.2)135 b(Mathematical)47 b(F)-11 b(unctions)241 4188 y FQ(REDUCE)34 b(kno)m(ws)g(that)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)e(represen)m (t)h(mathematical)h(functions)e(that)241 4288 y(can)d(tak)m(e)i (arbitrary)e(scalar)g(expressions)f(as)h(their)g(single)f(argumen)m(t:) 546 4494 y FH(ACOS)42 b(ACOSH)f(ACOT)h(ACOTH)g(ACSC)g(ACSCH)f(ASEC)h (ASECH)g(ASIN)g(ASINH)546 4593 y(ATAN)g(ATANH)f(ATAN2)h(COS)g(COSH)g (COT)g(COTH)g(CSC)h(CSCH)f(DILOG)f(EI)i(EXP)546 4693 y(HYPOT)e(LN)i(LOG)f(LOGB)g(LOG10)g(SEC)g(SECH)g(SIN)h(SINH)e(SQRT)h (TAN)h(TANH)p eop %%Page: 84 84 84 83 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(84)870 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)664 555 y FQ(where)25 b FJ(LOG)f FQ(is)f(the)j(natural)e(logarithm)f(\(and)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)24 b(to)i FJ(LN)p FQ(\),)f(and)f FJ(LOGB)g FQ(has)h(t)m(w)m(o)664 668 y(argumen)m(ts)31 b(of)f(whic)m(h)f(the)i (second)f(is)g(the)g(logarithmic)g(base.)664 831 y(The)g(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)30 b(of)g(all)g(these)g(functions)f(are)i(also)f(kno)m(wn)g (to)h(the)g(system.)664 980 y(REDUCE)d(kno)m(ws)h(v)-5 b(arious)27 b(elemen)m(tary)i(iden)m(tities)e(and)h(prop)s(erties)f(of) i(these)f(func-)664 1080 y(tions.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)926 1286 y FH(cos\(-x\))40 b(=)k(cos\(x\))607 b(sin\(-x\))41 b(=)i(-)g(sin)g(\(x\))926 1385 y(cos\(n*pi\))d(=)j(\(-1\)^n)520 b(sin\(n*pi\))40 b(=)j(0)926 1485 y(log\(e\))84 b(=)44 b(1)827 b(e^\(i*pi/2\))40 b(=)j(i)926 1585 y(log\(1\))84 b(=)44 b(0)827 b(e^\(i*pi\))41 b(=)i(-1)926 1684 y(log\(e^x\))d(=)j(x) 784 b(e^\(3*i*pi/2\))39 b(=)k(-i)664 1903 y FQ(Beside)26 b(these)g(iden)m(tities,)g(there)g(are)g(a)g(lot)g(of)g (simpli\014cations)c(for)k(elemen)m(tary)g(func-)664 2016 y(tions)35 b(de\014ned)g(in)g(the)h(REDUCE)g(system)g(as)g (rulelists.)55 b(In)35 b(order)g(to)i(view)e(these,)664 2129 y(the)c(SHO)m(WR)m(ULES)f(op)s(erator)h(can)f(b)s(e)g(used,)g (e.g.)926 2360 y FH(SHOWRULES)40 b(tan;)664 2559 y({tan\(~n*arbint\(~i) o(\)*)o(pi)d(+)43 b(~\(~)g(x\)\))f(=>)h(tan\(x\))e(when)h(fixp\(n\),) 708 2759 y(tan\(~x\))751 2958 y(=>)h(trigquot\(sin\(x\),)o(cos)o(\(x)o (\)\))37 b(when)42 b(knowledge_about\()o(sin)o(,x)o(,ta)o(n\))708 3157 y(,)926 3356 y(~x)g(+)i(~\(~)e(k\)*pi)708 3456 y (tan\(------------)o(--)o(--)o(\))1187 3556 y(~d)1231 3755 y(x)1263 b(k)174 b(1)751 3854 y(=>)87 b(-)43 b(cot\(---\))d(when)i (x)h(freeof)e(pi)i(and)f(abs\(---\)=---,)1231 3954 y(d)1263 b(d)174 b(2)926 4153 y(~\(~)42 b(w\))h(+)g(~\(~)f(k\)*pi)478 b(w)43 b(+)g(remainder\(k,d\)*p)o(i)708 4253 y(tan\(------------)o(--)o (--)o(---)o(-\))37 b(=>)43 b(tan\(------------)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o (--\))1187 4353 y(~\(~)g(d\))1176 b(d)2015 4552 y(k)708 4652 y(when)42 b(w)h(freeof)e(pi)i(and)f(ratnump\(---\))d(and)j (fixp\(k\))2015 4751 y(d)1144 4950 y(k)p eop %%Page: 85 85 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y(sion)589 4837 y FH(x^\(1/3\)*x^\(1/6\);)p eop %%Page: 86 86 86 85 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(86)870 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)664 555 y FQ(will)28 b(prin)m(t)h(as)1013 761 y FH(SQRT\(X\))664 967 y FQ(but)34 b(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)k(an)f(in)m (ternal)e(form)h(con)m(taining)g(the)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(exp)s(onen)m(tiated) f(terms.)53 b(If)664 1067 y(y)m(ou)34 b(no)m(w)g(subtract)f FJ(sqrt\(x\))f FQ(from)h(this)f(expression,)i(y)m(ou)g(will)d FD(not)42 b FQ(get)35 b(zero.)51 b(In-)664 1166 y(stead,)31 b(the)g(confusing)e(form)1013 1372 y FH(SQRT\(X\))41 b(-)i(SQRT\(X\))664 1591 y FQ(will)28 b(result.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)31 b(com)m(bine)g(suc)m(h)f(exp)s(onen)m(tiated)h(terms,)g(the)g (switc)m(h)f FJ(COMBINEEXPT)664 1704 y FQ(should)f(b)s(e)g(turned)g (on.)664 1854 y(The)34 b(square)f(ro)s(ot)h(function)f(can)h(b)s(e)f (input)f(using)h(the)h(name)g FJ(SQRT)p FQ(,)f(or)h(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m (er)664 1953 y(op)s(eration)f FJ(^\(1/2\))p 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y(its)c(expanded)g(represen)m (tation.)p eop %%Page: 91 91 91 90 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.6.)72 b(MAP)31 b(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)1916 b FQ(91)241 555 y FD(Examples:)589 761 y FH(length\(a+b\))170 b(->)87 b(2)589 861 y(length\(2\))258 b(->)87 b(1.)241 1080 y FQ(Other)33 b(ob)5 b(jects)34 b(that)f(supp)s(ort)f(a)i(length)e(op)s (erator)i(include)d(arra)m(ys,)k(lists)c(and)i(ma-)241 1193 y(trices.)44 b(The)31 b(explicit)e(meaning)i(in)f(these)i(cases)h (is)d(included)f(in)h(the)i(description)d(of)241 1306 y(these)i(ob)5 b(jects.)241 1460 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(7.6)135 b(MAP)44 b(Op)t(erator)241 1895 y FQ(The)37 b FJ(MAP)h FQ(op)s(erator)g(applies)e(a)j(uniform)d (ev)-5 b(aluation)38 b(pattern)g(to)h(all)e(mem)m(b)s(ers)g(of)241 2008 y(a)j(comp)s(osite)h(structure:)60 b(a)40 b(matrix,)j(a)d(list,)i (or)e(the)h(argumen)m(ts)g(of)f(an)g(op)s(erator)241 2121 y(expression.)h(The)30 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)31 b(pattern)g(can)g(b)s 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b(expression)f(is)h(ev)-5 b(aluated)41 b(for)468 3685 y(eac)m(h)33 b(elemen)m(t)f(of)g FJ(object)p FQ(,)e(where)h(the)h(elemen)m(t)g(is)e(substituted)g(for)i (the)f(free)468 3798 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)241 3853 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 3985 a(3.)46 b(a)40 b(replacemen)m(t)g (rule)e(of)h(the)h(form)f FJ(var)47 b(=>)g(rep)38 b FQ(where)h FJ(var)g FQ(is)f(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)468 4098 y(\(a)32 b(k)m(ernel)g(without)e(a)i(subscript\))e(and)h FJ(rep)g FQ(is)f(an)i(expression)e(that)i(con)m(tains)468 4211 y FJ(var)p FQ(.)53 b FJ(Rep)34 b FQ(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(for)g(eac)m(h)h(elemen)m(t)f(of)g FJ(object)e FQ(where)h(the)h (elemen)m(t)468 4324 y(is)29 b(substituted)g(for)h FJ(var)p FQ(.)40 b FJ(Var)30 b FQ(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(optionally)g(preceded)h(b)m (y)g(a)h(tilde.)241 4561 y(The)40 b(rule)g(form)h(for)g FJ(function)e FQ(is)h(needed)h(when)f(more)i(than)f(one)g(free)h(v)-5 b(ariable)241 4674 y(o)s(ccurs.)241 4824 y(Examples:)p eop %%Page: 92 92 92 91 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(92)870 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)1013 555 y FH(map\(abs,{1,-2,a,)o(-a)o(}\)) 81 b(->)86 b({1,2,ABS\(A\),ABS\()o(A\)})1013 655 y(map\(int\(~w,x\),)38 b(mat\(\(x^2,x^5\),\()o(x^4)o(,x)o(^5\))o(\)\))f(->)1362 854 y([)86 b(3)218 b(6)43 b(])1362 954 y([)g(x)217 b(x)87 b(])1362 1053 y([----)e(----])1362 1153 y([)43 b(3)217 b(6)87 b(])1362 1253 y([)435 b(])1362 1352 y([)86 b(5)218 b(6)43 b(])1362 1452 y([)g(x)217 b(x)87 b(])1362 1551 y([----)e(----])1362 1651 y([)43 b(5)217 b(6)87 b(])1013 1850 y(map\(~w*6,)40 b(x^2/3)h(=)i(y^3/2)f(-1\))g(->)h (2*X^2=3*\(Y^3-2\))664 2070 y FQ(Y)-8 b(ou)34 b(can)f(use)g FJ(MAP)g FQ(in)e(nested)j(expressions.)47 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)37 b(y)m(ou)c(cannot)h(apply)e FJ(MAP)g FQ(to)664 2182 y(a)f(non-comp)s (osed)f(ob)5 b(ject,)31 b(e.g.)42 b(an)30 b(iden)m(ti\014er)f(or)h(a)h (n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)664 2337 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(7.7)136 b(MKID)44 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FQ(will)e(giv)m(e)j FJ(A3)f FQ(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(2.)664 4822 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 93 93 93 92 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.8.)72 b(PF)30 b(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)2009 b FQ(93)241 555 y FE(7.8)135 b(PF)44 b(Op)t(erator)241 808 y FJ(PF\(<exp>,<var>\)) 20 b FQ(transforms)j(the)h(expression)f FJ(<exp>)g FQ(in)m(to)h(a)g (list)f(of)h(partial)f(frac-)241 921 y(tions)32 b(with)f(resp)s(ect)h (to)h(the)g(main)e(v)-5 b(ariable,)32 b FJ(<var>)p FQ(.)45 b FJ(PF)32 b FQ(do)s(es)g(a)h(complete)g(partial)241 1034 y(fraction)41 b(decomp)s(osition,)i(and)d(as)i(the)f(algorithms)g (used)f(are)i(fairly)d(unsophisti-)241 1147 y(cated)c(\(factorization)g (and)f(the)g(extended)g(Euclidean)e(algorithm\),)j(the)g(co)s(de)f(ma)m (y)241 1260 y(b)s(e)c(unacceptably)g(slo)m(w)g(in)f(complicated)h (cases.)241 1409 y FD(Example:)37 b FQ(Giv)m(en)23 b FJ(2/\(\(x+1\)^2*\(x+2\)\))18 b FQ(in)k(the)h(w)m(orkspace,)i FJ(pf\(ws,x\);)e FQ(giv)m(es)g(the)241 1509 y(result)764 1715 y FH(2)261 b(-)43 b(2)392 b(2)589 1814 y({-------,-------,)o(---)o (--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(--})37 b(.)677 1914 y(X)43 b(+)g(2)130 b(X)43 b(+)h(1)174 b(2)1374 2013 y(X)87 b(+)43 b(2*X)f(+)h(1)241 2219 y FQ(If)33 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)h(the)f(denominators)f(in)f (factored)j(form,)g(use)e FJ(off)47 b(exp;)p FQ(.)j(Th)m(us,)34 b(with)241 2319 y FJ(2/\(\(x+1\)^2*\(x+2\)\))18 b FQ(in)k(the)i(w)m (orkspace,)h(the)f(commands)e FJ(off)47 b(exp;)g(pf\(ws,x\);)241 2419 y FQ(giv)m(e)31 b(the)f(result)764 2624 y FH(2)261 b(-)43 b(2)305 b(2)589 2724 y({-------,-------,)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o (})37 b(.)677 2824 y(X)43 b(+)g(2)130 b(X)43 b(+)h(1)435 b(2)1374 2923 y(\(X)43 b(+)g(1\))241 3129 y FQ(T)-8 b(o)30 b(recom)m(bine)f(the)h(terms,)f FJ(FOR)47 b(EACH)g(...SUM)28 b FQ(can)i(b)s(e)e(used.)40 b(So)29 b(with)g(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)241 3229 y(list)g(in)g(the)h(w)m(orkspace,)i FJ(for)47 b(each)f(j)i(in)f (ws)g(sum)g(j;)30 b FQ(returns)f(the)h(result)807 3435 y FH(2)459 3534 y(---------------)o(---)1156 3634 y(2)502 3734 y(\(X)43 b(+)g(2\)*\(X)f(+)h(1\))241 3953 y FQ(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)24 b(one)e(can)g(use)g(the)g(op)s(erations)g(on)f(lists)g(to)i (extract)g(an)m(y)g(desired)d(term.)241 4107 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(7.9)135 b(SELECT)45 b(Op)t(erator)241 4529 y FQ(The)24 b FJ(SELECT)e FQ(op)s(erator)j (extracts)h(from)e(a)h(list,)f(or)g(from)g(the)h(argumen)m(ts)g(of)f (an)h(n{ary)241 4628 y(op)s(erator,)i(elemen)m(ts)f(corresp)s(onding)e (to)j(a)f(b)s(o)s(olean)f(predicate.)39 b(It)26 b(is)f(used)h(with)e (the)241 4728 y(syn)m(tax:)328 4934 y FH(SELECT\(U:functio)o(n,)o(V:l)o (is)o(t\))p eop %%Page: 94 94 94 93 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(94)870 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)664 555 y FJ(Function)28 b FQ(can)j(b)s(e)f(one)g(of)h(the)f(follo)m(wing)f(forms:)664 648 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 778 a(1.)46 b(the)32 b(name)e(of)h(an)g(op)s(erator)g(for)g(a)g(single)f(argumen)m (t:)42 b(the)31 b(op)s(erator)g(is)f(ev)-5 b(alu-)891 891 y(ated)31 b(once)h(with)d(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)g(of)g FJ(object)d FQ(as)j(its)f(single)f(argumen)m(t;)664 945 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1072 a(2.)46 b(an)34 b(algebraic)g(expression)f(with)g(exactly)i(one)f(free)g(v)-5 b(ariable,)34 b(that)h(is)e(a)h(v)-5 b(ari-)891 1185 y(able)41 b(preceded)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(tilde)e(sym)m(b)s(ol.)70 b(The)40 b(expression)g(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)41 b(for)891 1298 y(eac)m(h)32 b(elemen)m(t)e(of)g FP(h)p FD(obje)-5 b(ct)9 b FP(i)q FQ(,)30 b(where)f(the)h(elemen)m(t)h(is)e(substituted)f (for)i(the)g(free)891 1411 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)664 1463 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1593 a(3.)46 b(a)35 b(replacemen)m(t)g(rule)e(of)i(the)g(form)e FP(h)p FD(var)h FQ(=)p FL(>)e FD(r)-5 b(ep)6 b FP(i)35 b FQ(where)f FJ(var)g FQ(is)f(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)891 1706 y(\(a)40 b(k)m(ernel)f(without)g(subscript\))e(and)i FJ(rep)f 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b(second)h(argumen)m(t)h(is)e(either)h(a)g(k)m(ernel)g(or)g(a)g(list) 664 4846 y(of)c(k)m(ernels)f(represen)m(ting)g(the)h(unkno)m(wns)e(in)g (the)i(system.)40 b(This)27 b(argumen)m(t)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)664 4959 y(omitted)e(if)f(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(distinct,)f (non-constan)m(t,)j(top-lev)m(el)f(k)m(ernels)e(equals)h(the)p eop %%Page: 95 95 95 94 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.10.)72 b(SOL)-10 b(VE)30 b(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)1786 b FQ(95)241 555 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(of)h(unkno)m(wns,)h(in)e(whic)m(h) g(case)j(these)f(k)m(ernels)f(are)g(presumed)f(to)j(b)s(e)d(the)241 668 y(unkno)m(wns.)241 831 y(F)-8 b(or)37 b(one)f(equation,)i FJ(SOLVE)d FQ(recursiv)m(ely)g(uses)h(factorization)h(and)f(decomp)s (osition,)241 944 y(together)25 b(with)e(the)i(kno)m(wn)e(in)m(v)m (erses)h(of)h FJ(LOG)p FQ(,)e FJ(SIN)p FQ(,)h FJ(COS)p FQ(,)f FJ(^)p FQ(,)j FJ(ACOS)p FQ(,)d FJ(ASIN)p FQ(,)g(and)h(linear,) 241 1057 y(quadratic,)35 b(cubic,)g(quartic,)g(or)g(binomial)d (factors.)54 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FH(solve\(log\(sin\(x+)o(3\))o(\)^5)37 b(=)43 b(8,x\);)764 2627 y(solve\(a*log\(sin\()o(x+)o(3\)\))o(^5)37 b(-)43 b(b,)g(sin\(x+3\)\);)764 2727 y(solve\({a*x+y=3,y)o(=-)o(2},)o ({x)o(,y)o(}\);)241 2933 y FJ(SOLVE)23 b FQ(returns)h(a)h(list)f(of)h (solutions.)37 b(If)24 b(there)h(is)f(one)h(unkno)m(wn,)g(eac)m(h)h (solution)e(is)g(an)241 3033 y(equation)32 b(for)h(the)g(unkno)m(wn.)47 b(If)32 b(a)i(complete)f(solution)e(w)m(as)i(found,)g(the)g(unkno)m(wn) 241 3132 y(will)k(app)s(ear)h(b)m(y)i(itself)e(on)h(the)h(left-hand)e (side)h(of)h(the)f(equation.)68 b(On)39 b(the)g(other)241 3232 y(hand,)34 b(if)f(the)h(solv)m(e)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)36 b(could)d(not)h(\014nd)e(a)j(solution,)e(the)h(\\solution")g(will)d(b)s (e)241 3331 y(an)f(equation)g(for)g(the)h(unkno)m(wn)e(in)g(terms)h(of) g(the)h(op)s(erator)f FJ(ROOT)p 2606 3331 29 4 v 34 w(OF)p FQ(.)g(If)g(there)g(are)241 3431 y(sev)m(eral)c(unkno)m(wns,)f(eac)m(h) h(solution)e(will)f(b)s(e)i(a)h(list)e(of)i(equations)f(for)g(the)h 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b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)969 555 y FH(solve\(x^2=2x-1,x\))o(;)37 b(root_multipliciti)o(es;)664 761 y FQ(giv)m(es)31 b(the)f(results)1013 967 y FH({X=1})1013 1166 y({2})664 1372 y FQ(If)20 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m (t)g(the)f(m)m(ultiplicities)d(explicitly)g(displa)m(y)m(ed,)22 b(the)e(switc)m(h)g FJ(MULTIPLICITIES)664 1472 y FQ(can)31 b(b)s(e)f(turned)f(on.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example)1013 1678 y FH(on)43 b(multiplicities;)37 b(solve\(x^2=2x-1,x)o(\);)664 1884 y FQ(yields)29 b(the)h(result)1013 2089 y FH({X=1,X=1})664 2228 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 155 x FR(7.10.1)113 b(Handling)36 b(of)i(Undetermined)f(Solutions)664 2591 y FQ(When)c FJ(SOLVE)g FQ(cannot)h(\014nd)e(a)i(solution)e(to)i(an)f (equation,)i(it)e(normally)f(returns)g(an)664 2690 y(equation)h(for)g (the)h(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)33 b(indeterminates)f(in)g(terms)h(of)h(the)f (op)s(erator)h FJ(ROOT)p 3505 2690 29 4 v 33 w(OF)p FQ(.)664 2790 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)g(the)f(expression)1013 2996 y 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FQ(op)s(erator)i(expression)e(in)m(to)h(a)h (standard)664 4304 y FJ(SOLVE)29 b FQ(solution.)39 b(T)-8 b(o)31 b(e\013ect)h(this,)e(the)g(op)s(erator)h FJ(EXPAND)p 2706 4304 V 33 w(CASES)59 b FQ(can)31 b(b)s(e)e(used.)664 4467 y(The)h(follo)m(wing)f(example)h(sho)m(ws)g(the)h(use)f(of)g (these)h(facilities:)p eop %%Page: 97 97 97 96 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.10.)72 b(SOL)-10 b(VE)30 b(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)1786 b FQ(97)241 555 y FH(solve\(-a*x^3+a*x)o(^2)o(+x)o(^4-)o(x^)o(3-4)o(*x)o (^2+)o(4,)o(x\))o(;)851 655 y(2)217 b(3)241 754 y({X=ROOT_OF\(A*X_)81 b(-)43 b(X_)86 b(+)43 b(4*X_)f(+)i(4,X_,TAG_2\),X=1)o(})241 954 y(sub\(a=-1,ws\);)241 1153 y({X=ONE_OF\({2,-1,)o(-2)o(},)o(TAG)o (_2)o(\),X)o(=1)o(})241 1352 y(expand_cases)38 b(ws;)241 1551 y({X=2,X=-1,X=-2,X)o(=1)o(})241 1690 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 155 x FR(7.10.2)112 b(Solutions)30 b(of)i(Equations)e(In)m(v)m(olving)g(Cubics)h(and)h(Quartics)241 2066 y FQ(Since)53 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3946 y(xx;)1418 4145 y(-)g(SQRT\(31\)*I)1112 4245 y(ATAN\(------------) o(---)o(\))1461 4344 y(3*SQRT\(3\))241 4444 y({X=\(I*\(SQRT\(3\)*S)o (IN)o(\(-)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(\))1548 4544 y(3)p eop %%Page: 98 98 98 97 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(98)870 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)1623 555 y FH(-)43 b(SQRT\(31\)*I)1318 655 y(ATAN\(-----------)o(---)o(-\))1667 754 y(3*SQRT\(3\))1013 854 y(-)g(COS\(------------)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(-\))o(\)\)/)o(SQ)o (RT\()o(3\))o(,)1754 954 y(3)1972 1153 y(-)g(SQRT\(31\)*I)1667 1253 y(ATAN\(----------)o(---)o(--)o(\))2015 1352 y(3*SQRT\(3\))708 1452 y(X=\()f(-)h(I*\(SQRT\(3\)*SIN\(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o (--)o(---)o(--)o(--\))2103 1551 y(3)1754 1751 y(-)g(SQRT\(31\)*I)1449 1850 y(ATAN\(-----------)o(--)o(--)o(\))1797 1950 y(3*SQRT\(3\))1144 2050 y(+)g(COS\(------------)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(--\))o(\)\))o(/SQ)o (RT)o(\()1885 2149 y(3)926 2348 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b(x)1405 4903 y Fy(2)1461 4935 y Fx(=)21 b Fw(b;)13 b(y)1650 4903 y Fy(2)1705 4935 y Fx(=)21 b Fw(c;)14 b(y)1895 4903 y Fy(2)1950 4935 y Fx(=)21 b Fw(d)p Fv(g)p Fw(;)13 b Fv(f)p Fw(x;)g(y)s Fv(g)26 b Fx(leads)g(to)g Fv(f)p Fw(a)17 b Fv(\000)g Fw(b)p Fv(g)p Fx(.)p eop %%Page: 101 101 101 100 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.10.)72 b(SOL)-10 b(VE)30 b(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)1740 b FQ(101)589 655 y FH(y)218 b(a*y)42 b(+)h(b)372 754 y({{z=---,x=-----)o (--)o(--})o(})589 854 y(b)349 b(b)241 1073 y FQ(whic)m(h)37 b(is)h(not)g(v)-5 b(alid)37 b(for)h(all)g(p)s(ossible)e(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(of)g(the)h(parameters.)66 b(The)38 b(v)-5 b(ariable)241 1186 y FJ(assumptions)23 b FQ(con)m(tains)j(then)g(a)g (list)f(of)h(restrictions:)38 b(the)26 b(solutions)e(are)j(v)-5 b(alid)24 b(only)241 1299 y(as)43 b(long)f(as)h(none)g(of)g(these)g (expressions)e(v)-5 b(anishes.)77 b(An)m(y)43 b(zero)h(of)e(one)i(of)f (them)241 1412 y(represen)m(ts)32 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)e(case)j(that)f(is)f (not)g(co)m(v)m(ered)j(b)m(y)d(the)h(formal)f(solution.)45 b(In)32 b(the)241 1525 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)f(case)h(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)p eop %%Page: 102 102 102 101 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(102)825 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)839 555 y FH(assumptions;)839 754 y({b})664 990 y FQ(whic)m(h)38 b(excludes)h(formally)f(the)i(case)h FL(b)f FQ(=)h(0;)k(ob)m(viously)38 b(this)g(sp)s(ecial)g(parameter)664 1103 y(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(mak)m(es)i(the)f(system)g(singular.)64 b(The)38 b(set)i(of)f(assumptions)e(is)h(complete)h(for)664 1216 y(b)s(oth,)30 b(linear)f(and)h(non{linear)e(systems.)664 1365 y FJ(SOLVE)f FQ(rearranges)h(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(sequence)h(to)h(reduce)f(the)g(\(exp)s(ected\))i(computing)664 1465 y(time.)77 b(This)41 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(con)m(trolled)g(b)m (y)g(the)h(switc)m(h)f FJ(varopt)p FQ(,)i(whic)m(h)e(is)f(on)i(b)m(y) 664 1565 y(default.)71 b(If)40 b(it)g(is)g(turned)g(o\013,)k(the)c 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4228 y(T)-8 b(o)29 b(summarize,)f FJ(Y)g FQ(\\dep)s(ends")g(on)g(the)h (indeterminate)f FJ(X)g FQ(in)f(the)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(if)d(either)h (of)241 4341 y(the)i(follo)m(wing)f(hold:)241 4427 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 4555 a(1.)46 b FJ(Y)e FQ(is)g(an)h(expression)e(that)j(con)m(tains)f FJ(X)f FQ(at)i(an)m(y)f(lev)m(el)f(as)h(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)47 b(e.g.:)468 4668 y FJ(cos\(sin\(x\)\))241 4708 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 4846 a FQ(2.)f(An)m(y)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(in)g(the)h(expression)f FJ(Y)g FQ(has)h(b)s(een)f(declared)h(dep)s(enden)m(t)f(on)h FJ(X)g FQ(b)m(y)468 4959 y(use)i(of)h(the)f(declaration)g FJ(DEPEND)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 106 106 106 105 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(106)825 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)664 555 y FQ(The)23 b(use)g(of)h(suc)m(h)f (linear)f(op)s(erators)h(can)h(b)s(e)f(seen)g(in)f(the)i(pap)s(er)e(F) -8 b(o)m(x,)27 b(J.A.)d(and)e(A.)i(C.)664 668 y(Hearn,)j(\\Analytic)e (Computation)g(of)h(Some)g(In)m(tegrals)f(in)g(F)-8 b(ourth)25 b(Order)g(Quan)m(tum)664 781 y(Electro)s(dynamics")33 b(Journ.)50 b(Comp.)g(Ph)m(ys.)g(14)35 b(\(1974\))h(301-317,)i(whic)m (h)33 b(con)m(tains)664 894 y(a)f(complete)g(listing)d(of)j(a)g (program)f(for)h(de\014nite)e(in)m(tegration)i(of)f(some)h(expressions) 664 1007 y(that)f(arise)f(in)f(fourth)h(order)f(quan)m(tum)h(electro)s (dynamics.)664 1162 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(7.13)136 b(Non-Comm)l(uting)46 b(Op)t(erators)664 1596 y FQ(An)37 b(op)s(erator)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(declared)h(to)g(b)s(e)f (non-comm)m(utativ)m(e)j(under)c(m)m(ultiplication)664 1709 y(b)m(y)30 b(the)h(declaration)f FJ(NONCOM)p FQ(.)664 1871 y FD(Example:)664 2034 y FQ(After)h(the)f(declaration)664 2147 y FJ(noncom)46 b(u,v;)664 2260 y FQ(the)36 b(expressions)d FJ(u\(x\)*u\(y\)-u\(y\)*u\(x\))d FQ(and)35 b FJ (u\(x\)*v\(y\)-v\(y\)*u\(x\))30 b FQ(will)j(re-)664 2373 y(main)43 b(unc)m(hanged)g(on)h(simpli\014cation,)g(and)f(in)f (particular)g(will)f(not)j(simplify)c(to)664 2486 y(zero.)664 2649 y(Note)g(that)f(it)f(is)g(the)g(op)s(erator)h(\()p FJ(U)g FQ(and)f FJ(V)g FQ(in)f(the)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(example\))g(and)f (not)h(the)664 2761 y(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(that)i(has)f(the)h(non-comm)m (utativ)m(e)h(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(.)664 2924 y(The)38 b FJ(LET)f FQ(statemen)m(t)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(in)m(tro)s (duce)e(rules)f(of)i(ev)-5 b(aluation)38 b(for)f(suc)m(h)664 3037 y(op)s(erators.)j(In)25 b(particular,)h(the)h(b)s(o)s(olean)e(op)s (erator)i FJ(ORDP)e FQ(is)g(useful)g(for)h(in)m(tro)s(ducing)664 3150 y(an)k(ordering)g(on)g(suc)m(h)g(expressions.)664 3313 y FD(Example:)664 3462 y FQ(The)g(rule)1013 3668 y FH(for)42 b(all)h(x,y)f(such)g(that)g(x)h(neq)f(y)h(and)g (ordp\(x,y\))1144 3768 y(let)f(u\(x\)*u\(y\)=)d(u\(y\)*u\(x\)+comm\(x,) o(y\);)664 3987 y FQ(w)m(ould)23 b(in)m(tro)s(duce)h(the)g(comm)m (utator)i(of)f FJ(u\(x\))e FQ(and)h FJ(u\(y\))g FQ(for)g(all)f FJ(X)h FQ(and)g FJ(Y)p FQ(.)h(Note)g(that)664 4100 y(since)36 b FJ(ordp\(x,x\))e FQ(is)i FD(true)p FQ(,)j(the)e(equalit)m(y)f(c)m (hec)m(k)i(is)e(necessary)h(in)f(the)g(degenerate)664 4213 y(case)c(to)f(a)m(v)m(oid)g(a)f(circular)f(lo)s(op)h(in)f(the)h (rule.)664 4367 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(7.14)136 b(Symmetric)45 b(and)g(An)l(tisymmetric)h(Op)t (erators)664 4788 y FQ(An)28 b(op)s(erator)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(declared)g (to)h(b)s(e)f(symmetric)g(with)f(resp)s(ect)h(to)i(its)e(argumen)m(ts) 664 4888 y(b)m(y)i(the)h(declaration)f FJ(SYMMETRIC)p FQ(.)e(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example)p eop %%Page: 107 107 107 106 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.15.)72 b(DECLARING)31 b(NEW)g(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)791 b FQ(107)589 555 y FH(symmetric)40 b(u,v;)241 774 y FQ(means)28 b(that)g(an)m(y)g(expression)f(in)m(v)m(olving)g(the) h(top)g(lev)m(el)g(op)s(erators)g FJ(U)f FQ(or)h FJ(V)g FQ(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)241 887 y(its)h(argumen)m(ts)g(reordered)g(to)i (conform)e(to)h(the)g(in)m(ternal)e(order)h(used)g(b)m(y)g(REDUCE.)241 1000 y(The)k(user)f(can)i(c)m(hange)g(this)f(order)g(for)g(k)m(ernels)g (b)m(y)g(the)g(command)h FJ(KORDER)p FQ(.)241 1163 y(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)f FJ(u\(x,v\(1,2\)\))d FQ(w)m(ould)i(b)s(ecome)h FJ(u\(v\(2,1\),x\))p FQ(,)e(since)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)g(are)241 1276 y(ordered)c(in)g(decreasing)g(order,)i(and)e(expressions)f(are)j (ordered)e(in)f(decreasing)i(order)241 1389 y(of)j(complexit)m(y)-8 b(.)241 1538 y(Similarly)25 b(the)30 b(declaration)f FJ(ANTISYMMETRIC)c FQ(declares)k(an)h(op)s(erator)f(an)m(tisymmet-)241 1638 y(ric.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)589 1844 y FH(antisymmetric)39 b(l,m;)241 2063 y FQ(means)28 b(that)g(an)m(y)g(expression)f(in)m(v)m (olving)g(the)h(top)g(lev)m(el)g(op)s(erators)g FJ(L)f FQ(or)h FJ(M)g FQ(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)241 2176 y(its)j(argumen)m(ts)g (reordered)g(to)h(conform)g(to)g(the)g(in)m(ternal)e(order)h(of)g(the)h (system,)g(and)241 2289 y(the)i(sign)f(of)i(the)f(expression)f(c)m (hanged)i(if)e(there)i(are)f(an)h(o)s(dd)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h (argumen)m(t)241 2402 y(in)m(terc)m(hanges)g(necessary)g(to)g(bring)d (ab)s(out)i(the)h(new)f(order.)241 2564 y(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h FJ(l\(x,m\(1,2\)\))32 b FQ(w)m(ould)j(b)s(ecome)h FJ(-l\(-m\(2,1\),x\))c FQ(since)j(one)h(in)m(ter-)241 2677 y(c)m(hange)30 b(o)s(ccurs)e(with)f(eac)m(h)j(op)s(erator.)41 b(An)28 b(expression)f(lik)m(e)h FJ(l\(x,x\))f FQ(w)m(ould)h(also)g(b)s (e)241 2790 y(replaced)i(b)m(y)g(0.)241 2945 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(7.15)135 b(Declaring)46 b(New)g(Pre\014x)f(Op)t(erators)241 3366 y FQ(The)29 b(user)f(ma)m(y)i(add)f(new)g(pre\014x)f(op)s(erators)i(to)g(the)g (system)f(b)m(y)h(using)e(the)h(declara-)241 3465 y(tion)h FJ(OPERATOR)p FQ(.)e(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)589 3671 y FH(operator)41 b(h,g1,arctan;)241 3891 y FQ(adds)29 b(the)i(pre\014x)e(op)s(erators)i FJ(H)p FQ(,)f FJ(G1)g FQ(and)g FJ(ARCTAN)e FQ(to)j(the)g(system.)241 4053 y(This)36 b(allo)m(ws)h(sym)m(b)s(ols)f(lik)m(e)h FJ(h\(w\),)46 b(h\(x,y,z\),)g(g1\(p+q\),)f(arctan\(u/v\))35 b FQ(to)j(b)s(e)241 4166 y(used)19 b(in)h(expressions,)h(but)f(no)g(meaning)g(or)g(prop)s (erties)f(of)i(the)g(op)s(erator)f(are)h(implied.)241 4279 y(The)31 b(same)g(op)s(erator)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(can)i(b)s(e)f(used) f(equally)h(w)m(ell)f(as)i(a)f(0-,)i(1-,)g(2-,)f(3-,)h(etc.-)241 4392 y(place)d(op)s(erator.)241 4555 y(T)-8 b(o)29 b(giv)m(e)g(a)g (meaning)f(to)i(an)e(op)s(erator)i(sym)m(b)s(ol,)e(or)g(express)h(some) g(of)g(its)f(prop)s(erties,)241 4668 y FJ(LET)k FQ(statemen)m(ts)i(can) f(b)s(e)f(used,)h(or)g(the)g(op)s(erator)g(can)g(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)f(a)i (de\014nition)c(as)j(a)241 4781 y(pro)s(cedure.)241 4943 y(If)k(the)h(user)f(forgets)h(to)g(declare)g(an)f(iden)m(ti\014er)f(as) i(an)g(op)s(erator,)i(the)d(system)h(will)p eop %%Page: 108 108 108 107 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(108)825 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)664 555 y FQ(prompt)27 b(the)g(user)g(to)h (do)f(so)h(in)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(mo)s(de,)g(or)g(do)f(it)g (automatically)g(in)f(non-)664 668 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(mo)s(de.)47 b(A)32 b(diagnostic)g(message)i(will)c(also)j(b)s(e)f (prin)m(ted)f(if)g(an)i(iden)m(ti\014er)664 781 y(is)d(declared)f FJ(OPERATOR)g FQ(more)h(than)g(once.)664 944 y(Op)s(erators)h(once)h (declared)f(are)g(global)g(in)f(scop)s(e,)i(and)e(so)i(can)f(then)g(b)s (e)g(referenced)664 1057 y(an)m(ywhere)h(in)f(the)h(program.)46 b(In)31 b(other)i(w)m(ords,)f(a)g(declaration)g(within)d(a)k(blo)s(c)m (k)f(\(or)664 1170 y(a)41 b(pro)s(cedure\))f(do)s(es)h(not)g(limit)d (the)j(scop)s(e)g(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)g(to)h(that)f(blo)s(c)m(k,)i (nor)664 1282 y(do)s(es)32 b(the)h(op)s(erator)g(go)g(a)m(w)m(a)m(y)i (on)d(exiting)g(the)g(blo)s(c)m(k)g(\(use)h FJ(CLEAR)e FQ(instead)h(for)g(this)664 1395 y(purp)s(ose\).)664 1555 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 177 x FE(7.16)136 b(Declaring)46 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b(-)g(\(b)h(mm)f(c\))g(-)g(d)p FQ(,)664 3934 y(while)1011 4171 y FJ(a)h(*)f(b)h(mm)f(c)g(*)h(d)210 b FQ(means)241 b FJ(\(a)47 b(*)g(b\))g(mm)h(\(c)f(*)g(d\))p FQ(.)664 4409 y(Both)24 b(in\014x)d(and)i(pre\014x)f(op)s(erators)i(ha) m(v)m(e)g(no)f(transformation)g(prop)s(erties)e(unless)h FJ(LET)664 4522 y FQ(statemen)m(ts)32 b(or)f(pro)s(cedure)e (declarations)h(are)g(used)g(to)h(assign)f(a)h(meaning.)664 4684 y(W)-8 b(e)32 b(should)c(note)j(here)f(that)h(in\014x)e(op)s (erators)h(so)h(de\014ned)e(are)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(binary:)1011 4922 y FJ(a)48 b(mm)f(b)h(mm)f(c)210 b FQ(means)240 b FJ(\(a)48 b(mm)f(b\))g(mm)g(c)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 109 109 109 108 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(7.17.)72 b(CREA)-8 b(TING/REMO)m(VING)32 b(V)-10 b(ARIABLE)31 b(DEPENDENCY)341 b FQ(109)241 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(7.17)135 b(Creating/Remo)l(ving)48 b(V)-11 b(ariable)46 b(Dep)t(endency)241 795 y FQ(There)26 b(are)i(sev)m(eral)f(facilities)f(in)g(REDUCE,)h(suc)m(h)g(as)g(the)g (di\013eren)m(tiation)f(op)s(erator)241 894 y(and)c(the)h(linear)e(op)s (erator)i(facilit)m(y)-8 b(,)24 b(that)f(can)g(utilize)e(kno)m(wledge)i (of)g(the)g(dep)s(endency)241 994 y(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)36 b(v)-5 b(arious)35 b(v)-5 b(ariables,)36 b(or)g(k)m(ernels.)56 b(Suc)m(h)35 b(dep)s(endency)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(expressed)241 1094 y(b)m(y)28 b(the)g(command)f FJ(DEPEND)p FQ(.)g(This)f(tak)m(es)j (an)f(arbitrary)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)h(argumen)m(ts)g(and)241 1193 y(sets)d(up)f(a)h(dep)s(endency)e(of)i(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m (t)h(on)g(the)g(remaining)e(argumen)m(ts.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)241 1293 y(example,)589 1499 y FH(depend)42 b(x,y,z;)241 1705 y FQ(sa)m(ys)31 b(that)g FJ(X)f FQ(is)f(dep)s(enden)m(t)h(on)g(b)s (oth)f FJ(Y)h FQ(and)g FJ(Z)p FQ(.)589 1910 y FH(depend)42 b(z,cos\(x\),y;)241 2130 y FQ(sa)m(ys)31 b(that)g FJ(Z)f FQ(is)f(dep)s(enden)m(t)h(on)g FJ(COS\(X\))e FQ(and)i FJ(Y)p FQ(.)241 2279 y(Dep)s(endencies)41 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)g(b)m(y)i FJ(DEPEND)d FQ(can)j(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e FJ(NODEPEND)p FQ(.)83 b(The)241 2379 y(argumen)m(ts)28 b(of)g(this)f(are)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(for)g FJ(DEPEND)p FQ(.)f(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)h(giv)m(en)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)241 2478 y(dep)s(endencies,)589 2684 y FH(nodepend)41 b(z,cos\(x\);)241 2903 y FQ(sa)m(ys)23 b(that)g FJ(Z)f FQ(is)f(no)i(longer)f(dep)s(enden) m(t)f(on)h FJ(COS\(X\))p FQ(,)f(although)h(it)g(remains)f(dep)s(enden)m (t)241 3016 y(on)30 b FJ(Y)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 110 110 110 109 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(110)825 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)71 b(BUIL)-8 b(T-IN)31 b(PREFIX)f(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)p eop %%Page: 111 111 111 110 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(8)241 1693 y FT(Displa)-6 b(y)75 b(and)j(Structuring)g(of)241 1942 y(Expressions)241 2436 y FQ(In)22 b(this)f(section,)k(w)m(e)e (consider)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)23 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%%Page: 115 115 115 114 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(8.3.)72 b(OUTPUT)29 b(OF)i(EXPRESSIONS)1403 b FQ(115)241 555 y FR(8.3.2)112 b(Output)38 b(Declarations)241 777 y FQ(W)-8 b(e)36 b(no)m(w)f(describ)s(e)e(a)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h (switc)m(hes)f(and)g(declarations)g(that)i(are)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)241 890 y(for)28 b(con)m(trolling)g(output)g(formats.)41 b(It)28 b(should)f(b)s(e)h(noted,)i(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)g(that)g(the)e (trans-)241 1002 y(formation)34 b(of)h(large)g(expressions)f(to)h(pro)s (duce)f(these)i(v)-5 b(aried)34 b(output)g(formats)h(can)241 1115 y(tak)m(e)j(a)f(lot)f(of)g(computing)g(time)g(and)g(space.)59 b(If)36 b(a)h(user)e(wishes)g(to)i(sp)s(eed)f(up)f(the)241 1228 y(prin)m(ting)24 b(of)i(the)h(output)f(in)f(suc)m(h)h(cases,)i(he) e(can)h(turn)e(o\013)i(the)f(switc)m(h)g FJ(PRI)p FQ(.)f(If)h(this)f (is)241 1341 y(done,)33 b(then)g(output)g(is)f(pro)s(duced)f(in)g(one)j (\014xed)e(format,)i(whic)m(h)e(basically)f(re\015ects)241 1454 y(the)38 b(in)m(ternal)e(form)h(of)h(the)g(expression,)h(and)e (none)g(of)h(the)g(options)f(b)s(elo)m(w)g(apply)-8 b(.)241 1567 y FJ(PRI)29 b FQ(is)h(normally)e(on.)241 1730 y(With)i FJ(PRI)f FQ(on,)i(the)f(output)g(declarations)g(and)g(switc)m(hes)g(a)m (v)-5 b(ailable)30 b(are)g(as)h(follo)m(ws:)241 2020 y FN(ORDER)k(Declaration)241 2228 y FQ(The)21 b(declaration)g FJ(ORDER)f FQ(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(order)f(v)-5 b(ariables)21 b(on)g(output.)38 b(The)21 b(syn)m(tax)241 2327 y(is:)589 2533 y FH(order)42 b(v1,...vn;)241 2739 y FQ(where)30 b(the)g FJ(vi)g FQ(are)h(k)m(ernels.)40 b(Th)m(us,)589 2945 y FH(order)i(x,y,z;)241 3151 y FQ(orders)29 b FJ(X)h FQ(ahead)h(of)f FJ(Y)p FQ(,)g FJ(Y)g FQ(ahead)h(of)f FJ(Z)g FQ(and)f(all)h(three)g(ahead)h(of)f(other)g(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(not)241 3251 y(giv)m(en)j(an)h(order.)46 b FJ(order)h(nil;)32 b FQ(resets)h(the)f(output)h(order)f(to)h(the)f (system)h(default.)241 3350 y(The)f(order)h(of)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(c)m(hanged)i(b)m(y)f(further)f(calls)g (of)h FJ(ORDER)p FQ(,)f(but)h(then)241 3450 y(the)22 b(reordered)g(v)-5 b(ariables)20 b(w)m(ould)h(ha)m(v)m(e)j(an)e(order)f (lo)m(w)m(er)i(than)e(those)i(in)e(earlier)g FJ(ORDER)241 3550 y FQ(calls.)40 b(Th)m(us,)589 3755 y FH(order)i(x,y,z;)589 3855 y(order)g(y,x;)241 4074 y FQ(w)m(ould)28 b(order)i FJ(Z)f FQ(ahead)h(of)g FJ(Y)g FQ(and)f FJ(X)p FQ(.)g(The)h(default)f (ordering)f(is)h(usually)f(alphab)s(etic.)241 4364 y FN(F)-12 b(A)m(CTOR)34 b(Declaration)241 4586 y FQ(This)g(declaration)i (tak)m(es)h(a)g(list)e(of)h(iden)m(ti\014ers)e(or)i(k)m(ernels)g(as)g (argumen)m(t.)58 b FJ(FACTOR)241 4698 y FQ(is)34 b(not)i(a)g(factoring) f(command)g(\(use)h FJ(FACTORIZE)d FQ(or)i(the)h FJ(FACTOR)e FQ(switc)m(h)g(for)i(this)241 4811 y(purp)s(ose\);)51 b(rather)45 b(it)g(is)f(a)i(separation)f(command.)85 b(All)43 b(terms)i(in)m(v)m(olving)f(\014xed)241 4924 y(p)s(o)m(w)m(ers)e(of)h(the)g(declared)g(expressions)e(are)i(prin)m (ted)e(as)j(a)f(pro)s(duct)e(of)i(the)g(\014xed)p eop %%Page: 116 116 116 115 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(116)35 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(DISPLA)-8 b(Y)31 b(AND)g(STR)m(UCTURING)f(OF)g(EXPRESSIONS)664 555 y FQ(p)s(o)m(w)m(ers) g(and)g(a)h(sum)e(of)i(the)f(rest)h(of)g(the)f(terms.)664 705 y(All)37 b(expressions)h(in)m(v)m(olving)f(a)i(giv)m(en)g(pre\014x) e(op)s(erator)i(ma)m(y)h(also)e(b)s(e)g(factored)i(b)m(y)664 804 y(putting)29 b(the)i(op)s(erator)g(name)f(in)f(the)i(list)e(of)h (factored)i(iden)m(ti\014ers.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)1013 1010 y FH(factor)41 b(x,cos,sin\(x\);)664 1229 y FQ(causes)31 b(all)e(p)s(o)m(w)m(ers)h(of)h FJ(X)f FQ(and)g FJ(SIN\(X\))e FQ(and)i(all)g(functions)e(of)j FJ(COS)e FQ(to)j(b)s(e)d(factored.)664 1392 y(Note)39 b(that)f FJ(FACTOR)d FQ(do)s(es)i(not)g(a\013ect)i(the)f (order)e(of)i(its)f(argumen)m(ts.)61 b(Y)-8 b(ou)38 b(should)664 1505 y(also)30 b(use)h FJ(ORDER)e FQ(if)g(this)g(is)h(imp)s(ortan)m(t.) 664 1668 y(The)41 b(declaration)g FJ(remfac)46 b(v1,...,vn;)e FQ(remo)m(v)m(es)e(the)g(factoring)f(\015ag)h(from)f(the)664 1781 y(expressions)29 b FJ(v1)h FQ(through)g FJ(vn)p FQ(.)664 1925 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(8.3.3)113 b(Output)37 b(Con)m(trol)f(Switc)m(hes)664 2282 y FQ(In)g(addition)g(to)h(these)h(declarations,)g(the)f(form)g(of) g(the)g(output)f(can)i(b)s(e)e(mo)s(di\014ed)664 2382 y(b)m(y)c(switc)m(hing)f(v)-5 b(arious)31 b(output)g(con)m(trol)i (switc)m(hes)e(using)g(the)h(declarations)f FJ(ON)h FQ(and)664 2481 y FJ(OFF)p FQ(.)26 b(W)-8 b(e)28 b(shall)d(illustrate)g(the)i(use) g(of)f(these)i(switc)m(hes)e(b)m(y)h(an)f(example,)i(namely)e(the)664 2581 y(prin)m(ting)i(of)j(the)f(expression)1013 2787 y FH(x^2*\(y^2+2*y\)+x*)o(\(y)o(^2+)o(z\))o(/\(2)o(*a)o(\))37 b(.)664 3006 y FQ(The)30 b(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)31 b(switc)m(hes)f(are)h (as)f(follo)m(ws:)664 3296 y FN(ALLF)-12 b(A)m(C)35 b(Switc)m(h)664 3504 y FQ(This)j(switc)m(h)h(will)d(cause)k(the)g(system)f(to)h(searc)m (h)g(the)g(whole)f(expression,)h(or)g(an)m(y)664 3604 y(sub-expression)24 b(enclosed)i(in)f(paren)m(theses,)i(for)f(simple)e (m)m(ultiplicativ)m(e)g(factors)j(and)664 3703 y(prin)m(t)33 b(them)i(outside)f(the)g(paren)m(theses.)54 b(Th)m(us)34 b(our)g(expression)f(with)g FJ(ALLFAC)67 b FQ(o\013)664 3803 y(will)28 b(prin)m(t)h(as)1187 4009 y FH(2)87 b(2)348 b(2)436 b(2)1013 4108 y(\(2*X)42 b(*Y)h(*A)f(+)h(4*X)g(*Y*A)f(+)h(X*Y) 86 b(+)43 b(X*Z\)/\(2*A\))664 4314 y FQ(and)30 b(with)f FJ(ALLFAC)g FQ(on)h(as)1362 4520 y FH(2)697 b(2)1013 4620 y(X*\(2*X*Y)40 b(*A)j(+)g(4*X*Y*A)e(+)i(Y)87 b(+)43 b(Z\)/\(2*A\))d(.)664 4839 y FJ(ALLFAC)35 b FQ(is)g(normally)f(on,)k (and)d(is)g(on)h(in)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(examples,)i(except)g(where) 664 4952 y(otherwise)30 b(stated.)p eop %%Page: 117 117 117 116 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(8.3.)72 b(OUTPUT)29 b(OF)i(EXPRESSIONS)1403 b FQ(117)241 555 y FN(DIV)34 b(Switc)m(h)241 763 y FQ(This)d(switc)m(h)h(mak)m(es)i (the)g(system)f(searc)m(h)g(the)h(denominator)e(of)h(an)g(expression)f (for)241 863 y(simple)e(factors)i(that)h(it)f(divides)d(in)m(to)j(the)g (n)m(umerator,)h(so)f(that)h(rational)e(fractions)241 963 y(and)39 b(negativ)m(e)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(ers)f(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h (output.)69 b(With)39 b FJ(DIV)g FQ(on,)j(our)e(expression)241 1062 y(w)m(ould)29 b(prin)m(t)g(as)851 1268 y FH(2)697 b(2)87 b(\(-1\))347 b(\(-1\))589 1368 y(X*\(X*Y)85 b(+)43 b(2*X*Y)f(+)h(1/2*Y)f(*A)217 b(+)43 b(1/2*A)172 b(*Z\))42 b(.)241 1587 y FJ(DIV)29 b FQ(is)h(normally)e(o\013.)241 1874 y FN(LIST)34 b(Switc)m(h)241 2082 y FQ(This)29 b(switc)m(h)h (causes)h(the)g(system)g(to)g(prin)m(t)e(eac)m(h)j(term)f(in)e(an)m(y)i (sum)f(on)g(a)i(separate)241 2182 y(line.)39 b(With)30 b FJ(LIST)f FQ(on,)h(our)g(expression)f(prin)m(ts)g(as)938 2388 y FH(2)589 2487 y(X*\(2*X*Y)41 b(*A)764 2686 y(+)i(4*X*Y*A)895 2886 y(2)764 2985 y(+)g(Y)764 3185 y(+)g(Z\)/\(2*A\))d(.)241 3404 y FJ(LIST)29 b FQ(is)g(normally)g(o\013.)241 3691 y FN(NOSPLIT)34 b(Switc)m(h)241 3912 y FQ(Under)e(normal)g (circumstances,)i(the)f(prin)m(ting)e(routines)h(try)h(to)h(break)f(an) f(expres-)241 4025 y(sion)k(across)h(lines)e(at)j(a)f(natural)f(p)s (oin)m(t.)60 b(This)35 b(is)h(a)i(fairly)d(exp)s(ensiv)m(e)h(pro)s (cess.)60 b(If)241 4138 y(y)m(ou)30 b(are)h(not)g(o)m(v)m(erly)g (concerned)f(ab)s(out)g(where)g(the)h(end-of-line)e(breaks)h(come,)h(y) m(ou)241 4251 y(can)e(sp)s(eed)f(up)g(the)i(prin)m(ting)d(of)i (expressions)f(b)m(y)h(turning)e(o\013)i(the)h(switc)m(h)e FJ(NOSPLIT)p FQ(.)241 4364 y(This)g(switc)m(h)i(is)g(normally)e(on.)241 4651 y FN(RA)-9 b(T)35 b(Switc)m(h)241 4859 y FQ(This)e(switc)m(h)i(is) f(only)g(useful)f(with)h(expressions)g(in)g(whic)m(h)f(v)-5 b(ariables)34 b(are)i(factored)241 4959 y(with)31 b FJ(FACTOR)p FQ(.)f(With)i(this)f(mo)s(de,)i(the)f(o)m(v)m(erall)g(denominator)g(of) g(the)h(expression)d(is)p eop %%Page: 118 118 118 117 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(118)35 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(DISPLA)-8 b(Y)31 b(AND)g(STR)m(UCTURING)f(OF)g(EXPRESSIONS)664 555 y FQ(prin)m(ted)35 b(with)f(eac)m(h)j(factored)g(sub-expression.)55 b(W)-8 b(e)37 b(assume)f(a)g(prior)e(declaration)664 655 y FJ(factor)46 b(x;)34 b FQ(in)e(the)h(follo)m(wing)e(output.)48 b(W)-8 b(e)34 b(\014rst)f(prin)m(t)e(the)i(expression)f(with)g FJ(RAT)664 754 y(off)p FQ(:)1187 960 y FH(2)828 b(2)1013 1060 y(\(2*X)42 b(*Y*A*\(Y)e(+)k(2\))e(+)i(X*\(Y)85 b(+)43 b(Z\)\)/\(2*A\))d(.)664 1279 y FQ(With)30 b FJ(RAT)g FQ(on)g(the)g(output)g(b)s(ecomes:)p eop %%Page: 119 119 119 118 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(8.3.)72 b(OUTPUT)29 b(OF)i(EXPRESSIONS)1403 b FQ(119)633 555 y FH(2)741 b(2)589 655 y(X)44 b(*Y*\(Y)d(+)i(2\))g(+)g(X*\(Y)86 b(+)43 b(Z\)/\(2*A\))d(.)241 899 y FJ(RAT)29 b FQ(is)h(normally)e (o\013.)241 1048 y(Next,)48 b(if)43 b(w)m(e)h(lea)m(v)m(e)i FJ(X)d FQ(factored,)49 b(and)43 b(turn)g(on)h(b)s(oth)f FJ(DIV)g FQ(and)g FJ(RAT)p FQ(,)g(the)i(result)241 1148 y(b)s(ecomes)633 1354 y FH(2)871 b(\(-1\))129 b(2)589 1453 y(X)44 b(*Y*\(Y)d(+)i(2\))g(+)g(1/2*X*A)172 b(*\(Y)86 b(+)43 b(Z\))g(.)241 1659 y FQ(Finally)-8 b(,)45 b(with)d FJ(X)h FQ(factored,)k FJ(RAT)c FQ(on)g(and)f FJ(ALLFAC)g FQ(o\013)i(w)m(e)f(retriev)m(e)h(the)f(original)241 1759 y(structure)633 1965 y FH(2)130 b(2)610 b(2)589 2065 y(X)44 b(*\(Y)86 b(+)43 b(2*Y\))f(+)h(X*\(Y)85 b(+)44 b(Z\)/\(2*A\))c(.)241 2354 y FN(RA)-9 b(TPRI)36 b(Switc)m(h)241 2563 y FQ(If)d(the)g(n)m(umerator)h(and)f(denominator)f(of)i(an)f (expression)g(can)g(eac)m(h)i(b)s(e)e(prin)m(ted)f(in)241 2662 y(one)d(line,)e(the)i(output)f(routines)g(will)e(prin)m(t)h(them)i (in)e(a)i(t)m(w)m(o)h(dimensional)c(notation,)241 2762 y(with)33 b(n)m(umerator)h(and)g(denominator)f(on)h(separate)h(lines)e (and)g(a)i(line)e(of)h(dashes)g(in)241 2862 y(b)s(et)m(w)m(een.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)g FJ(\(a+b\)/2)d FQ(will)g(prin)m(t)h(as)589 3067 y FH(A)44 b(+)f(B)589 3167 y(-----)677 3267 y(2)241 3486 y FQ(T)-8 b(urning)22 b(this)h(switc)m(h)h(o\013)g(causes)h(suc)m (h)f(expressions)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(output)f(in)g(a)i(linear)e(form.)241 3776 y FN(REVPRI)35 b(Switc)m(h)241 3984 y FQ(The)28 b(normal)h(ordering)e(of)j(terms)f(in)f(output)h(is)f(from)g(highest)h (to)h(lo)m(w)m(est)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er.)40 b(In)241 4084 y(some)30 b(situations)g(\(e.g.,)i(when)d(a)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(series)g (is)f(output\),)i(the)f(opp)s(osite)g(ordering)241 4183 y(is)f(more)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t.)42 b(The)30 b(switc)m(h)g FJ(REVPRI)e FQ(if)h(on)i(causes)f(suc)m(h)g(a)h(rev)m(erse)g(ordering) 241 4283 y(of)39 b(terms.)68 b(F)-8 b(or)40 b(example,)i(the)e (expression)e FJ(y*\(x+1\)^2+\(y+3\)^2)d FQ(will)h(normally)241 4382 y(prin)m(t)29 b(as)633 4588 y FH(2)610 b(2)589 4688 y(X)44 b(*Y)e(+)i(2*X*Y)d(+)i(Y)87 b(+)43 b(7*Y)g(+)g(9)241 4894 y FQ(whereas)30 b(with)f FJ(REVPRI)g FQ(on,)h(it)g(will)e(prin)m (t)h(as)p eop %%Page: 120 120 120 119 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(120)35 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(DISPLA)-8 b(Y)31 b(AND)g(STR)m(UCTURING)f(OF)g(EXPRESSIONS)1492 555 y FH(2)523 b(2)1013 655 y(9)43 b(+)g(7*Y)g(+)g(Y)86 b(+)44 b(2*X*Y)d(+)i(X)h(*Y.)664 782 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(8.3.4)113 b(WRITE)36 b(Command)664 1170 y FQ(In)26 b(simple)f(cases)j(no)f(explicit)e(output)i(command)g (is)e(necessary)j(in)d(REDUCE,)j(since)664 1282 y(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(an)m(y)h(expression)f(is)f(automatically)h(prin)m(ted) f(if)h(a)h(semicolon)e(is)h(used)g(as)664 1395 y(a)e(delimiter.)37 b(There)23 b(are,)j(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)h(sev)m(eral)d(situations)e(in)h (whic)m(h)f(suc)m(h)i(a)g(command)664 1508 y(is)30 b(useful.)664 1671 y(In)24 b(a)h FJ(FOR)p FQ(,)e FJ(WHILE)p FQ(,)h(or)g FJ(REPEAT)f FQ(statemen)m(t)j(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(desired)g(to)i (output)f(something)664 1784 y(eac)m(h)32 b(time)e(the)g(statemen)m(t)j (within)27 b(the)k(lo)s(op)e(construct)i(is)f(rep)s(eated.)664 1947 y(It)37 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(desired)f(for)i(a)g(pro)s(cedure)f(to)i 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b(The)36 b(expression)f(on)h(the) g(righ)m(t)g(side)f(of)h(the)h FJ(:=)e FQ(op)s(erator)i(is)891 3325 y(ev)-5 b(aluated,)30 b(and)e(is)g(assigned)g(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(on)h(the)f(left;)i(then)e(the)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)891 3438 y(on)42 b(the)g(left)f(is)f(prin)m(ted,)j(follo)m(w)m(ed)e(b)m(y)h (a)g(\\)p FJ(:=)p FQ(",)j(follo)m(w)m(ed)c(b)m(y)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)891 3551 y(the)d(expression)e(on)h(the)h(righ)m(t)f({)h (almost)f(exactly)h(the)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(an)f(assignmen)m(t)891 3663 y(follo)m(w)m(ed)30 b(b)m(y)f(a)h(semicolon)f(prin)m(ts)f(out)i (normally)-8 b(.)39 b(\(The)29 b(di\013erence)g(is)g(that)h(if)891 3776 y(the)k FJ(WRITE)e FQ(is)g(in)g(a)h FJ(FOR)f FQ(statemen)m(t)j (and)e(the)g(left-hand)f(side)h(of)g(the)g(assign-)891 3889 y(men)m(t)c(is)e(an)h(arra)m(y)g(p)s(osition)e(or)i(something)f (similar)f(con)m(taining)h(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)891 4002 y(of)33 b(the)f FJ(FOR)g FQ(iteration,)g(then)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)h(inserted)f(in)g(the) 891 4115 y(prin)m(tout.\))664 4175 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 4303 a(3.)46 b(Arbitrary)23 b(strings)g(of)h(c)m (haracters,)j(preceded)c(and)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(double-quote) 891 4416 y(marks)30 b(\(e.g.,)j FJ("string")p FQ(\).)664 4653 y(The)i(items)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)i(a)g(single)e FJ(WRITE)g FQ(statemen)m(t)j(prin)m(t)e(side)f(b)m(y)i(side)e(on)i(one) 664 4766 y(line.)h(\(The)23 b(line)e(is)i(brok)m(en)g(automatically)g (if)f(it)g(is)h(to)s(o)g(long.\))39 b(Strings)21 b(prin)m(t)h(exactly) 664 4879 y(as)31 b(quoted.)41 b(The)30 b FJ(WRITE)e FQ(command)j (itself)e(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)j(do)s(es)e(not)g(return)f(a)i(v)-5 b(alue.)p eop %%Page: 121 121 121 120 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(8.3.)72 b(OUTPUT)29 b(OF)i(EXPRESSIONS)1403 b FQ(121)241 555 y(The)21 b(prin)m(t)f(line)g(is)g(closed)h(at)h(the)g(end)f(of)g(a) h FJ(WRITE)e FQ(command)h(ev)-5 b(aluation.)38 b(Therefore)241 668 y(the)23 b(command)f FJ(WRITE)47 b("";)24 b FQ(\(sp)s(ecifying)d (nothing)h(to)i(b)s(e)e(prin)m(ted)f(except)j(the)f(empt)m(y)241 781 y(string\))29 b(causes)i(a)g(line)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(skipp)s(ed.)241 944 y FD(Examples:)241 1047 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 1166 a FQ(1.)46 b(If)30 b FJ(A)g FQ(is)f FJ(X+5)p FQ(,)h FJ(B)g FQ(is)g(itself,)f FJ(C)h FQ(is)f(123,)j FJ(M)e FQ(is)g(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d FJ(Q)p FQ(=3,)i(then)817 1376 y FH(write)41 b(m\(q\):=a,")f(",b/c,")h(THANK)g (YOU";)468 1586 y FQ(will)28 b(set)j FJ(M\(3\))e FQ(to)i FJ(x+5)e FQ(and)h(prin)m(t)817 1796 y FH(M\(Q\))42 b(:=)g(X)i(+)f(5)g (B/123)e(THANK)h(YOU)468 2019 y FQ(The)f(blanks)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)j (the)f FJ(5)f FQ(and)g FJ(B)p FQ(,)h(and)f(the)g FJ(3)h FQ(and)f FJ(T)p FQ(,)g(come)i(from)e(the)468 2132 y(blanks)29 b(in)g(the)i(quoted)f(strings.)241 2187 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 2306 a(2.)46 b(T)-8 b(o)31 b(prin)m(t)e(a)i(table)f(of)g(the)h(squares)f(of)h(the)f(in)m(tegers)h (from)f(1)g(to)h(20:)817 2516 y FH(for)42 b(i:=1:20)f(do)i(write)e(i,") h(",i^2;)241 2601 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 2726 a FQ(3.)k(T)-8 b(o)28 b(prin)m(t)f(a)h(table)f(of)h(the)g (squares)g(of)f(the)h(in)m(tegers)g(from)g(1)g(to)g(20,)i(and)d(at)h (the)468 2825 y(same)j(time)f(store)h(them)f(in)f(p)s(ositions)g(1)h (to)h(20)h(of)e(an)g(arra)m(y)h FJ(A:)817 3035 y FH(for)42 b(i:=1:20)f(do)i(<<a\(i\):=i^2;)38 b(write)k(i,")g(",a\(i\)>>;)468 3245 y FQ(This)29 b(will)e(giv)m(e)k(us)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(columns)d(of)h(n) m(um)m(b)s(ers.)39 b(If)30 b(w)m(e)h(had)f(used)817 3455 y FH(for)42 b(i:=1:20)f(do)i(write)e(i,")h(",a\(i\):=i^2;)468 3678 y FQ(w)m(e)31 b(w)m(ould)e(also)h(get)i FJ(A\()p FQ(i)p FJ(\))46 b(:=)78 b FQ(rep)s(eated)30 b(on)g(eac)m(h)i(line.)241 3733 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 3852 a(4.)46 b(The)36 b(follo)m(wing)f(more)h(complete)h(example)g (calculates)f(the)h(famous)f(f)g(and)g(g)468 3952 y(series,)j(\014rst)d (rep)s(orted)h(in)f(Sconzo,)k(P)-8 b(.,)40 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b(The)37 b(user)g(with)f(a)h(large)g(amoun)m(t)p eop %%Page: 123 123 123 122 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(8.3.)72 b(OUTPUT)29 b(OF)i(EXPRESSIONS)1403 b FQ(123)241 555 y(of)35 b(n)m(umerical)f(computation)h(after)h(all)e(necessary)i (algebraic)f(manipulations)d(ha)m(v)m(e)241 668 y(b)s(een)f(p)s (erformed)g(is)g(therefore)i(w)m(ell)e(advised)g(to)i(p)s(erform)e (these)i(calculations)e(in)g(a)241 781 y(F)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)36 b(or)f(similar)e(system.)56 b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(this)d(purp)s(ose,)h (REDUCE)h(o\013ers)f(facilities)241 894 y(for)30 b(users)f(to)j(pro)s (duce)d(F)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)31 b(compatible)f(\014les)f(for)h(n)m (umerical)f(pro)s(cessing.)241 1057 y(First,)41 b(when)e(the)g(switc)m (h)g FJ(FORT)f FQ(is)h(on,)j(the)d(system)h(will)d(prin)m(t)h (expressions)g(in)g(a)241 1170 y(F)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)34 b(notation.)49 b(Expressions)31 b(b)s(egin)h(in)g(column)g(sev)m(en.)49 b(If)33 b(an)g(expression)241 1282 y(extends)e(o)m(v)m(er)i(one)f 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b(is)g(tak)m(en)i(to)g (b)s(e)e(0\).)39 b(In)22 b(addition,)h(the)g(sub-expressions)e(are)i (normally)e(only)241 2081 y(displa)m(y)m(ed)32 b(and)h(not)g(retained.) 50 b(If)33 b(y)m(ou)g(wish)f(to)i(access)h(the)f(sub-expressions)d (with)241 2181 y(their)24 b(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(names,)j(the)f(switc)m(h) f FJ(SAVESTRUCTR)d FQ(should)i(b)s(e)h(turned)f(on.)39 b(In)25 b(this)241 2280 y(case,)36 b FJ(STRUCTR)c FQ(returns)h(a)i (list)e(whose)g(\014rst)h(elemen)m(t)g(is)g(a)g(represen)m(tation)g (for)g(the)241 2380 y(expression,)26 b(and)f(subsequen)m(t)g(elemen)m (ts)h(are)g(the)g(sub-expression)e(relations.)38 b(Th)m(us,)241 2480 y(with)29 b FJ(SAVESTRUCTR)e FQ(on,)k FJ(STRUCTR)45 b(WS)30 b FQ(in)f(the)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(example)f(w)m(ould)g(return) 1243 2594 y FH(3)610 b(2)589 2694 y({ANS3,ANS3=ANS2)81 b(+)44 b(D,ANS2=ANS1)82 b(+)43 b(C,ANS1=A)e(+)i(B})241 2900 y FQ(The)e FJ(PART)g FQ(op)s(erator)h(can)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i (retriev)m(e)f(the)h(required)d(parts)i(of)g(the)g(ex-)241 2999 y(pression.)69 b(F)-8 b(or)41 b(example,)i(to)e(get)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)g FJ(ANS2)f FQ(in)h(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)45 b(one)40 b(could)241 3099 y(sa)m(y:)589 3305 y FH(part\(ws,3,2\);)241 3524 y FQ(If)25 b FJ(FORT)g FQ(is)h(on,)h(then)f(the)g(results)f(are)h (prin)m(ted)f(in)g(the)h(rev)m(erse)h(order;)g(the)f(algorithm)241 3637 y(in)36 b(fact)j(guaran)m(teeing)g(that)g(no)f(sub-expression)e (will)f(b)s(e)i(referenced)h(b)s(efore)g(it)f(is)241 3750 y(de\014ned.)h(The)27 b(second)g(optional)f(argumen)m(t)h FJ(ID2)g FQ(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(this)g(case)i(to)241 3863 y(name)21 b(the)h(actual)f(expression)f(\(or)i(expressions)e(in)g (the)h(case)i(of)e(a)h(matrix)e(argumen)m(t\).)241 4026 y FD(Example:)241 4188 y FQ(Let)40 b(us)f(supp)s(ose)g(that)h FJ(M)p FQ(,)g(a)g(2)h(b)m(y)e(1)i(matrix,)g(con)m(tains)f(the)h(elemen) m(ts)f FJ(\(\(a+b\)^2)241 4301 y(+)47 b(c\)^3)g(+)g(d)60 b FQ(and)g FJ(\(a)47 b(+)h(b\)*\(c)e(+)h(d\))60 b FQ(resp)s(ectiv)m (ely)-8 b(,)68 b(and)59 b(that)i FJ(V)f FQ(has)g(b)s(een)241 4414 y(declared)55 b(to)i(b)s(e)f(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)119 b(With)56 b FJ(EXP)f FQ(o\013)i(and)e FJ(FORT)g FQ(on,)63 b(the)57 b(statemen)m(t)241 4527 y FJ(structr\(2*m,v,k\);)25 b FQ(will)j(result)h(in)g(the)i(output)502 4758 y FH(V\(1\)=A+B)502 4857 y(V\(2\)=V\(1\)**2+C)502 4957 y(V\(3\)=V\(2\)**3+D)p eop %%Page: 128 128 128 127 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(128)35 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(DISPLA)-8 b(Y)31 b(AND)g(STR)m(UCTURING)f(OF)g(EXPRESSIONS)926 555 y FH(V\(4\)=C+D)926 655 y(K\(1,1\)=2.*V\(3\))926 754 y(K\(2,1\)=2.*V\(1\)*)o(V\(4)o(\))664 903 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 188 x FE(8.4)136 b(Changing)45 b(the)g(In)l(ternal)h(Order)f(of)g(V)-11 b(ariables)664 1330 y FQ(The)44 b(in)m(ternal)g(ordering)f(of)i(v)-5 b(ariables)43 b(\(more)i(sp)s(eci\014cally)d(k)m(ernels\))j(can)g(ha)m (v)m(e)h(a)664 1430 y(signi\014can)m(t)38 b(e\013ect)j(on)e(the)g (space)h(and)e(time)h(asso)s(ciated)g(with)f(a)i(calculation.)66 b(In)664 1529 y(its)39 b(default)g(state,)44 b(REDUCE)c(uses)f(a)i(sp)s (eci\014c)d(order)i(for)f(this)g(whic)m(h)g(ma)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ary)664 1629 y(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)28 b(sessions.)39 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m (er,)30 b(it)d(is)g(p)s(ossible)e(for)i(the)h(user)f(to)h(c)m(hange)h (this)d(in)m(ternal)664 1729 y(order)k(b)m(y)g(means)h(of)f(the)h (declaration)f FJ(KORDER)p FQ(.)f(The)g(syn)m(tax)i(for)f(this)g(is:) 1013 1935 y FH(korder)41 b(v1,...,vn;)664 2154 y FQ(where)21 b(the)h FJ(Vi)f FQ(are)h(k)m(ernels.)38 b(With)21 b(this)f (declaration,)k(the)e FJ(Vi)f FQ(are)h(ordered)f(in)m(ternally)664 2267 y(ahead)33 b(of)g(an)m(y)g(other)g(k)m(ernels)f(in)f(the)i (system.)48 b FJ(V1)32 b FQ(has)g(the)h(highest)f(order,)h FJ(V2)f FQ(the)664 2380 y(next)j(highest,)g(and)e(so)i(on.)52 b(A)35 b(further)e(call)g(of)i FJ(KORDER)e FQ(replaces)h(a)h(previous)d (one.)664 2492 y FJ(KORDER)46 b(NIL;)29 b FQ(resets)i(the)g(in)m (ternal)e(order)h(to)h(the)f(system)h(default.)664 2655 y(Unlik)m(e)g(the)i FJ(ORDER)d FQ(declaration,)j(that)f(has)g(a)h (purely)d(cosmetic)j(e\013ect)h(on)e(the)g(w)m(a)m(y)664 2768 y(results)24 b(are)h(prin)m(ted,)g(the)g(use)f(of)h FJ(KORDER)f FQ(can)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(signi\014can)m(t)f(e\013ect)i(on) f(compu-)664 2881 y(tation)f(time.)38 b(In)22 b(critical)g(cases)i (then,)h(the)e(user)g(can)h(exp)s(erimen)m(t)e(with)g(the)h(ordering) 664 2994 y(of)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(used)h(to)h(determine)e (the)i(optim)m(um)e(set)i(for)f(a)h(giv)m(en)g(problem.)664 3149 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(8.5)136 b(Obtaining)45 b(P)l(arts)h(of)f(Algebraic)h(Expressions)664 3583 y FQ(There)d(are)g(man)m(y)g(o)s(ccasions)g(where)g(it)f(is)g (desirable)g(to)h(obtain)g(a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)f(part)664 3696 y(of)k(an)f(expression,)j(or)d(ev)m(en)h(c)m(hange)g(suc)m(h)f(a)h (part)f(to)h(another)g(expression.)84 b(A)664 3809 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)27 b(of)h(op)s(erators)g(are)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)27 b(in)g(REDUCE)h(for)f (this)g(purp)s(ose,)g(and)g(will)f(b)s(e)664 3922 y(describ)s(ed)j(in)g (this)g(section.)42 b(In)30 b(addition,)f(op)s(erators)h(for)h (obtaining)e(sp)s(eci\014c)g(parts)664 4035 y(of)d(p)s(olynomials)d (and)j(rational)f(functions)f(\(suc)m(h)i(as)g(a)g(denominator\))g(are) g(describ)s(ed)664 4147 y(in)j(another)i(section.)664 4275 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(8.5.1)113 b(COEFF)38 b(Op)s(erator)664 4649 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)1013 4855 y FH(COEFF\(EXPRN:poly)o(no)o(mia)o(l,)o(VAR)o(:k)o(er)o(nel)o(\)) p eop %%Page: 129 129 129 128 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(8.5.)72 b(OBT)-8 b(AINING)31 b(P)-8 b(AR)g(TS)30 b(OF)h(ALGEBRAIC)f (EXPRESSIONS)354 b FQ(129)241 555 y FJ(COEFF)28 b FQ(is)h(an)h(op)s (erator)g(that)h(partitions)d FJ(EXPRN)h FQ(in)m(to)h(its)f(v)-5 b(arious)29 b(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)i(with)241 668 y(resp)s(ect)i(to)h FJ(VAR)e FQ(and)g(returns)g(them)h(as)g(a)g(list,)g(with)f(the)h(co)s (e\016cien)m(t)h(indep)s(enden)m(t)241 781 y(of)c FJ(VAR)g FQ(\014rst.)241 944 y(Under)j(normal)f(circumstances,)j(an)f(error)f (results)g(if)g FJ(EXPRN)f FQ(is)h(not)h(a)g(p)s(olynomial)241 1057 y(in)c FJ(VAR)p FQ(,)g(although)h(the)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)h (themselv)m(es)f(can)h(b)s(e)e(rational)h(as)g(long)g(as)g(they)241 1170 y(do)j(not)h(dep)s(end)e(on)h FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)g(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)k (if)c(the)g(switc)m(h)g FJ(RATARG)f FQ(is)h(on,)h(denominators)241 1282 y(are)41 b(not)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)h(for)e(dep)s(endence)g(on)g FJ(VAR)p FQ(,)f(and)h(are)h(tak)m(en)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(part)g(of)g(the)241 1395 y(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts.)241 1545 y FD(Example:)589 1751 y FH(coeff\(\(y^2+z\)^3/z)o(,y\))o(;)241 1957 y FQ(returns)29 b(the)h(result)677 2163 y FH(2)589 2262 y({Z)43 b(,0,3*Z,0,3,0,1/Z})o(.)241 2468 y FQ(whereas)589 2674 y FH(coeff\(\(y^2+z\)^3/y)o(,y\))o(;)241 2880 y FQ(giv)m(es)30 b(an)h(error)f(if)f FJ(RATARG)g FQ(is)g(o\013,)i(and)f (the)h(result)677 3086 y FH(3)348 b(2)589 3185 y({Z)43 b(/Y,0,3*Z)d(/Y,0,3*Z/Y,0,1/Y})241 3405 y FQ(if)29 b FJ(RATARG)g FQ(is)g(on.)241 3567 y(The)34 b(length)g(of)h(the)g(result) f(of)h FJ(COEFF)e FQ(is)h(the)h(highest)f(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)g(of)h FJ(VAR)f FQ(encoun)m(tered)241 3680 y(plus)29 b(1.)44 b(In)31 b(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(examples)d(it)h(is)g(7.)44 b(In)30 b(addition,)g(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b FJ(HIGH)p 2967 3680 29 4 v 33 w(POW)g FQ(is)241 3793 y(set)c(to)h(the)f(highest)f (non-zero)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(found)e(in)h FJ(EXPRN)g FQ(during)e(the)k(ev)-5 b(aluation,)26 b(and)241 3906 y FJ(LOW)p 391 3906 V 33 w(POW)66 b FQ(to)34 b(the)f(lo)m(w)m(est)h (non-zero)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er,)h(or)e(zero)h(if)e(there)i(is)e(a)i (constan)m(t)g(term.)241 4019 y(If)c FJ(EXPRN)f FQ(is)g(a)i(constan)m (t,)h(then)e FJ(HIGH)p 1565 4019 V 33 w(POW)g FQ(and)f FJ(LOW)p 2092 4019 V 34 w(POW)g FQ(are)i(b)s(oth)f(set)h(to)g(zero.)241 4164 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(8.5.2)112 b(COEFFN)38 b(Op)s(erator)241 4520 y FQ(The)31 b FJ(COEFFN)f FQ(op)s(erator)i(is)f(designed)g(to)i(giv)m(e)f(the)g(user)f(a)h (particular)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)h(of)241 4620 y(a)27 b(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(in)f(a)j(p)s(olynomial,)d(as)i(opp)s(osed)f(to)i FJ(COEFF)d FQ(that)j(returns)e(all)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts.)241 4720 y FJ(COEFFN)i FQ(is)i(used)f(with)g(the)i(syn)m(tax)589 4925 y FH(COEFFN\(EXPRN:poly)o(nom)o(ia)o(l,V)o(AR)o(:k)o(ern)o(el)o (,N:)o(in)o(te)o(ger)o(\))p eop %%Page: 130 130 130 129 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(130)35 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(DISPLA)-8 b(Y)31 b(AND)g(STR)m(UCTURING)f(OF)g(EXPRESSIONS)664 555 y FQ(It)h(returns)e (the)h FL(n)1288 522 y FF(th)1389 555 y FQ(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)h(of)f FJ(VAR)g FQ(in)f(the)h(p)s(olynomial)e FJ(EXPRN)p FQ(.)664 700 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(8.5.3)113 b(P)-9 b(AR)g(T)35 b(Op)s(erator)664 1057 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)1013 1262 y FH(PART\(EXPRN:algeb)o(ra)o(ic[)o(,I)o(NTE)o(XP)o(:i)o(nte)o(ge) o(r]\))664 1482 y FQ(This)28 b(op)s(erator)h(w)m(orks)g(on)g(the)h (form)e(of)i(the)f(expression)f(as)h(prin)m(ted)f FD(or)k(as)g(it)g (would)664 1595 y(have)41 b(b)-5 b(e)g(en)41 b(printe)-5 b(d)42 b(at)f(that)g(p)-5 b(oint)42 b(in)f(the)f(c)-5 b(alculation)48 b FQ(b)s(earing)38 b(in)f(mind)g(all)h(the)664 1707 y(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)44 b(switc)m(h)f(settings)g(at)h(that)g(p)s (oin)m(t.)79 b(The)43 b(reader)h(therefore)f(needs)g(some)664 1820 y(familiarit)m(y)32 b(with)h(the)h(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)g(expressions) d(are)j(represen)m(ted)f(in)f(pre\014x)g(form)g(in)664 1933 y(REDUCE)43 b(to)g(use)g(these)g(op)s(erators)g(e\013ectiv)m(ely) -8 b(.)79 b(F)-8 b(urthermore,)46 b(it)d(is)f(assumed)664 2046 y(that)34 b FJ(PRI)f FQ(is)f FJ(ON)h FQ(at)i(that)f(p)s(oin)m(t)e (in)g(the)i(calculation.)49 b(The)33 b(reason)h(for)f(this)g(is)f(that) 664 2159 y(with)h FJ(PRI)g FQ(o\013,)j(an)d(expression)g(is)g(prin)m (ted)g(b)m(y)h(w)m(alking)f(the)h(tree)g(represen)m(ting)g(the)664 2272 y(expression)i(in)m(ternally)-8 b(.)60 b(T)-8 b(o)37 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(space,)h(it)c(is)g(nev)m(er)i(actually)f(transformed)f (in)m(to)664 2385 y(the)41 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)40 b(pre\014x)f (expression)g(as)i(o)s(ccurs)f(when)f FJ(PRI)h FQ(is)f(on.)71 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)45 b(the)664 2498 y(op)s(erations)33 b(on)h(p)s(olynomials)d(describ)s(ed)h(elsewhere)i(can)g(b)s(e)f (equally)g(w)m(ell)g(used)g(in)664 2611 y(this)c(case)j(to)f(obtain)f (the)g(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)31 b(parts.)664 2760 y(The)42 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)42 b(pro)s(ceeds)g(recursiv)m(ely)g(do)m(wn)g(the)g (in)m(teger)h(expression)f(list.)76 b(In)664 2860 y(other)31 b(w)m(ords,)882 3066 y FH(PART\(<expression)o(>,<)o(in)o(teg)o(er)o (1>,)o(<i)o(nt)o(ege)o(r2)o(>\))1056 3165 y(->)87 b(PART\(PART\(<expre) o(ss)o(ion)o(>,)o(<i)o(nte)o(ge)o(r1>)o(\),)o(<i)o(nte)o(ge)o(r2>)o(\)) 664 3371 y FQ(and)30 b(so)h(on,)f(and)1013 3577 y FH(PART\(<expression) o(>\))37 b(->)86 b(<expression>.)664 3796 y FJ(INTEXP)29 b FQ(can)i(b)s(e)e(an)m(y)i(expression)e(that)i(ev)-5 b(aluates)31 b(to)g(an)f(in)m(teger.)42 b(If)30 b(the)g(in)m(teger)h (is)664 3909 y(p)s(ositiv)m(e,)j(then)g(that)g(term)g(of)g(the)h (expression)d(is)h(found.)50 b(If)34 b(the)g(in)m(teger)g(is)f(0,)j (the)664 4022 y(op)s(erator)29 b(is)e(returned.)39 b(Finally)-8 b(,)28 b(if)f(the)i(in)m(teger)g(is)e(negativ)m(e,)k(the)e(coun)m(ting) f(is)f(from)664 4135 y(the)k(tail)e(of)i(the)f(expression)g(rather)g (than)g(the)h(head.)664 4285 y(F)-8 b(or)27 b(example,)h(if)d(the)i (expression)e FJ(a+b)h FQ(is)f(prin)m(ted)h(as)g FJ(A+B)g FQ(\(i.e.,)i(the)f(ordering)e(of)i(the)664 4384 y(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(is)h(alphab)s(etical\),)f(then)1013 4590 y FH(part\(a+b,2\))82 b(->)130 b(B)1013 4690 y(part\(a+b,-1\))38 b(->)130 b(B)664 4789 y(and)1013 4889 y(part\(a+b,0\))82 b(->)87 b(PLUS)p eop %%Page: 131 131 131 130 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(8.5.)72 b(OBT)-8 b(AINING)31 b(P)-8 b(AR)g(TS)30 b(OF)h(ALGEBRAIC)f (EXPRESSIONS)354 b FQ(131)241 555 y(An)31 b(op)s(erator)g FJ(ARGLENGTH)e FQ(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(to)h(determine)e(the)i (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(argumen)m(ts)241 655 y(of)26 b(the)g(top)g(lev)m(el)g(op)s(erator)g(in)e(an)i(expression.)38 b(If)26 b(the)g(expression)e(do)s(es)i(not)g(con)m(tain)241 754 y(a)31 b(top)f(lev)m(el)g(op)s(erator,)h(then)f FP(\000)p FQ(1)h(is)e(returned.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)589 960 y FH(arglength\(a+b+c\))37 b(->)87 b(3)589 1060 y (arglength\(f\(\)\))125 b(->)87 b(0)589 1160 y(arglength\(a\))213 b(->)87 b(-1)241 1305 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(8.5.4)112 b(Substituting)36 b(for)i(P)m(arts)e(of)i (Expressions)241 1674 y FJ(PART)c FQ(ma)m(y)j(also)e(b)s(e)g(used)g(to) h(substitute)f(for)g(a)h(giv)m(en)g(part)g(of)f(an)h(expression.)55 b(In)241 1787 y(this)26 b(case,)j(the)e FJ(PART)f FQ(construct)h(app)s (ears)f(on)h(the)h(left-hand)e(side)g(of)h(an)g(assignmen)m(t)241 1900 y(statemen)m(t,)39 b(and)c(the)h(expression)e(to)j(replace)e(the)h (giv)m(en)g(part)f(on)h(the)g(righ)m(t-hand)241 2013 y(side.)241 2162 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(with)f(the)i(normal)e (settings)i(of)f(the)h(REDUCE)f(switc)m(hes:)589 2368 y FH(xx)43 b(:=)g(a+b;)589 2468 y(part\(xx,2\))d(:=)j(c;)130 b(->)86 b(A+C)589 2568 y(part\(c+d,0\))39 b(:=)k(-;)130 b(->)43 b(C-D)241 2787 y FQ(Note)32 b(that)g FJ(xx)e FQ(in)g(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(is)e(not)i(c)m(hanged)f(b)m(y)g(this)f (substitution.)41 b(In)30 b(addition,)241 2900 y(unlik)m(e)i (expressions)h(suc)m(h)h(as)g(arra)m(y)h(and)e(matrix)h(elemen)m(ts)g (that)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)f FD(instant)241 3013 y(evaluation)47 b FQ(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(,)42 b(the)e(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(of)i FJ(part\(xx,2\))d FQ(and)h FJ(part\(c+d,0\))f FQ(are)j(also)241 3126 y(not)30 b(c)m(hanged.)p eop %%Page: 132 132 132 131 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(132)35 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(DISPLA)-8 b(Y)31 b(AND)g(STR)m(UCTURING)f(OF)g(EXPRESSIONS)p eop %%Page: 133 133 133 132 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(9)241 1693 y FT(P)-6 b(olynomials)75 b(and)i(Rationals)241 2186 y FQ(Man)m(y)34 b(op)s(erations)e(in)h(computer)g(algebra)g(are)h (concerned)f(with)g(p)s(olynomials)d(and)241 2286 y(rational)44 b(functions.)83 b(In)44 b(this)g(section,)49 b(w)m(e)c(review)f(some)h (of)g(the)h(switc)m(hes)e(and)241 2385 y(op)s(erators)c(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39 b(for)h(this)f(purp)s(ose.)67 b(These)40 b(are)g(in)f(addition)f(to)i(those)h(that)241 2485 y(w)m(ork)35 b(on)g(general)h(expressions)d(\(suc)m(h)j(as)f FJ(DF)g FQ(and)g FJ(INT)p FQ(\))f(describ)s(ed)f(elsewhere.)55 b(In)241 2585 y(the)23 b(case)h(of)f(op)s(erators,)h(the)f(argumen)m (ts)g(are)h(\014rst)e(simpli\014ed)d(b)s(efore)j(the)h(op)s(erations) 241 2684 y(are)45 b(applied.)82 b(In)44 b(addition,)i(they)f(op)s (erate)h(only)d(on)i(argumen)m(ts)g(of)g(prescrib)s(ed)241 2784 y(t)m(yp)s(es,)30 b(and)f(pro)s(duce)g(a)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(mismatc)m (h)f(error)h(if)f(giv)m(en)g(argumen)m(ts)h(whic)m(h)f(cannot)241 2883 y(b)s(e)35 b(in)m(terpreted)g(in)f(the)i(required)e(mo)s(de)i (with)e(the)i(curren)m(t)g(switc)m(h)f(settings.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)241 2983 y(example,)29 b(if)f(an)g(argumen)m(t)i(is)d(required)g (to)j(b)s(e)e(a)h(k)m(ernel)g(and)f FJ(a/2)g FQ(is)g(used)g(\(with)g (no)241 3083 y(other)i(rules)f(for)h FJ(A)p FQ(\),)h(an)f(error)589 3289 y FH(A/2)43 b(invalid)d(as)j(kernel)241 3508 y FQ(will)27 b(result.)241 3671 y(With)40 b(the)i(exception)f(of)h(those)f(that)h (select)g(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(parts)h(of)g(a)h(p)s(olynomial)c(or)241 3783 y(rational)26 b(function,)g(these)h(op)s(erations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h (p)s(oten)m(tially)f(signi\014can)m(t)f(e\013ects)j(on)e(the)241 3896 y(space)32 b(and)f(time)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h(giv)m(en)h (calculation.)43 b(The)31 b(user)g(should)e(there-)241 4009 y(fore)k(exp)s(erimen)m(t)e(with)h(their)f(use)i(in)e(a)i(giv)m (en)g(calculation)f(in)f(order)h(to)h(determine)241 4122 y(the)d(optim)m(um)g(set)h(for)f(a)h(giv)m(en)f(problem.)241 4272 y(One)35 b(suc)m(h)h(op)s(eration)f(pro)m(vided)f(b)m(y)i(the)g (system)g(is)f(an)h(op)s(erator)g FJ(LENGTH)70 b FQ(whic)m(h)241 4371 y(returns)25 b(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(top)h(lev)m(el)f (terms)g(in)f(the)i(n)m(umerator)f(of)h(its)f(argumen)m(t.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)241 4471 y(example,)589 4677 y FH(length)42 b(\(\(a+b+c\)^3/\(c+d)o(\)\);)241 4883 y FQ(has)24 b(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(10.)40 b(T)-8 b(o)25 b(get)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)i (terms)g(in)f(the)h(denominator,)g(one)h(w)m(ould)1667 5187 y(133)p eop %%Page: 134 134 134 133 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(134)737 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(9.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)29 b(AND)j(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)664 555 y FQ(\014rst)27 b(select)h(the)g (denominator)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(op)s(erator)g FJ(DEN)e FQ(and)h(then)g (call)g FJ(LENGTH)p 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b(1.)664 4257 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(9.2)136 b(F)-11 b(actorization)45 b(of)h(P)l(olynomials)664 4709 y FQ(REDUCE)31 b(is)f(capable)h(of)g(factorizing)g(univ)-5 b(ariate)29 b(and)i(m)m(ultiv)-5 b(ariate)30 b(p)s(olynomials)664 4822 y(that)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(in)m(teger)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts,)h (\014nding)c(all)i(factors)i(that)f(also)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(in)m(teger)f (co)s(ef-)664 4935 y(\014cien)m(ts.)45 b(The)31 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)34 b(for)d(doing)g(this)g(w)m(as)h(written)f(b)m(y)h(Dr.)44 b(Arth)m(ur)31 b(C.)h(Norman)p eop %%Page: 135 135 135 134 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(9.2.)72 b(F)-10 b(A)m(CTORIZA)i(TION)29 b(OF)i(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)998 b FQ(135)241 555 y(and)38 b(Ms.)66 b(P)-8 b(.)40 b(Mary)f(Ann)f(Mo)s(ore)h(at)h(The)e(Univ)m(ersit)m(y)g(of)h (Cam)m(bridge.)65 b(It)39 b(is)f(de-)241 668 y(scrib)s(ed)26 b(in)h(P)-8 b(.)29 b(M.)f(A.)h(Mo)s(ore)g(and)f(A.)g(C.)g(Norman,)h (\\Implemen)m(ting)e(a)i(P)m(olynomial)241 781 y(F)-8 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FD(NOTE:)29 b FQ(Using)g(the)i(factorizer)g(with)e FJ(MCD)h FQ(o\013)g(will)e(result)h(in)g(an)i(error.)241 1235 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(9.3)135 b(Cancellation)47 b(of)e(Common)h(F)-11 b(actors)241 1669 y FQ(F)j(acilities)40 b(are)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)40 b(in)g(REDUCE)g(for)g(cancelling)g(common)h(factors)g(in)e(the)241 1782 y(n)m(umerators)27 b(and)g(denominators)f(of)i(expressions,)e(at)j (the)e(option)g(of)g(the)h(user.)39 b(The)241 1895 y(system)27 b(will)e(p)s(erform)h(this)g(greatest)j(common)f(divisor)d(computation) i(if)g(the)g(switc)m(h)241 2008 y FJ(GCD)i FQ(is)h(on.)40 b(\()p FJ(GCD)30 b FQ(is)g(normally)e(o\013.\))241 2170 y(A)34 b(c)m(hec)m(k)h(is)e(automatically)h(made,)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i (for)d(common)g(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(and)g(n)m(umer-)241 2283 y(ical)i(pro)s(ducts)f(in)h(the)h(n)m(umerators)f(and)g (denominators)g(of)h(expressions,)g(and)f(the)241 2396 y(appropriate)29 b(cancellations)h(made.)241 2559 y(When)35 b FJ(GCD)g 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b(a)f(description)f(of)h(the)g(EZGCD)g (algorithm,)g(see)h(J.)f(Moses)h(and)f(D.Y.Y.)i(Y)-8 b(un,)241 4903 y(\\The)29 b(EZ)f(GCD)h(Algorithm",)g(Pro)s(c.)40 b(A)m(CM)30 b(1973,)h(A)m(CM,)f(New)f(Y)-8 b(ork)29 b(\(1973\))j(159-)p eop %%Page: 138 138 138 137 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(138)737 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(9.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)29 b(AND)j(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)664 555 y FQ(166.)664 718 y FD(NOTE:)34 b FQ(This)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)37 b(shares)e(co)s(de)g(with)f(the)i (factorizer,)h(so)f(a)f(certain)g(amoun)m(t)664 831 y(of)c(trace)g (information)e(can)i(b)s(e)e(pro)s(duced)g(using)g(the)h(factorizer)i (trace)f(switc)m(hes.)664 976 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(9.3.1)113 b(Determining)35 b(the)i(GCD)g(of)h(Tw)m (o)f(P)m(olynomials)664 1332 y FQ(This)29 b(op)s(erator,)i(used)e(with) g(the)i(syn)m(tax)1013 1538 y FH(GCD\(EXPRN1:polyn)o(om)o(ial)o(,E)o (XPR)o(N2)o(:p)o(oly)o(no)o(mia)o(l\))o(:p)o(oly)o(no)o(mia)o(l,)664 1757 y FQ(returns)41 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b(the)h(least)g(common)g(m)m(ultiple)e(of)i(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(p)s (olynomials)c FJ(EXPRN1)i FQ(and)664 4830 y FJ(EXPRN2)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 139 139 139 138 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(9.5.)72 b(CONTR)m(OLLING)29 b(USE)h(OF)h(COMMON)f(DENOMINA)-8 b(TORS)306 b FQ(139)241 555 y FD(Examples:)589 761 y FH(lcm\(x^2+2*x+1,x^2)o(+3*)o(x+)o(2\))37 b(->)86 b(X**3)42 b(+)i(4*X**2)d(+)i(5*X)f(+)h(2)589 861 y(lcm\(2*x^2-2*y^2,4)o(*x+)o(4*) o(y\))37 b(->)86 b(4*\(X**2)41 b(-)i(Y**2\))241 1016 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(9.5)135 b(Con)l(trolling)47 b(Use)e(of)h(Common)f(Denominators)241 1450 y FQ(When)40 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(rational)d(functions)g(are)i(added,)i (REDUCE)d(normally)e(pro)s(duces)i(an)241 1563 y(expression)26 b(o)m(v)m(er)i(a)g(common)f(denominator.)39 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)30 b(if)c(the)i(user)e(do)s(es)h(not)h(w)m(an)m(t)241 1676 y(denominators)21 b(com)m(bined,)i(he)e(or)h(she)g(can)g(turn)e(o\013)j (the)f(switc)m(h)f FJ(MCD)43 b FQ(whic)m(h)20 b(con)m(trols)241 1788 y(this)30 b(pro)s(cess.)43 b(The)31 b(latter)g(switc)m(h)g(is)f (particularly)f(useful)h(if)g(no)h(greatest)i(common)241 1901 y(divisor)27 b(calculations)h(are)i(desired,)e(or)h(excessiv)m(e)h (di\013eren)m(tiation)e(of)i(rational)e(func-)241 2014 y(tions)h(is)h(required.)241 2177 y FD(CA)n(UTION:)g FQ(With)i FJ(MCD)g FQ(o\013,)h(results)e(are)i(not)g(guaran)m(teed)g (to)g(come)g(out)g(in)e(either)241 2290 y(normal)f(or)h(canonical)g (form.)44 b(In)30 b(other)i(w)m(ords,)f(an)h(expression)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)h(zero)241 2403 y(ma)m(y)i(in)f(fact)i(not)g(b)s(e)e (simpli\014ed)e(to)j(zero.)53 b(This)32 b(option)i(is)f(therefore)i (most)f(useful)241 2516 y(for)c(a)m(v)m(oiding)g(expression)f(sw)m(ell) g(during)f(in)m(termediate)j(parts)f(of)g(a)h(calculation.)241 2678 y FJ(MCD)e FQ(is)h(normally)e(on.)241 2833 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(9.6)135 b(REMAINDER)46 b(Op)t(erator)241 3254 y FQ(This)28 b(op)s(erator)j(is)e(used)h(with)f (the)i(syn)m(tax)459 3460 y FH(REMAINDER\(EXPRN)o(1:p)o(ol)o(yno)o(mi)o (al,)o(EX)o(PR)o(N2:)o(po)o(lyn)o(om)o(ia)o(l\):)o(po)o(lyn)o(om)o(ial) o(.)241 3679 y FQ(It)39 b(returns)f(the)h(remainder)e(when)h FJ(EXPRN1)f FQ(is)h(divided)f(b)m(y)h FJ(EXPRN2)p FQ(.)65 b(This)37 b(is)h(the)241 3792 y(true)31 b(remainder)e(based)i(on)g(the) g(in)m(ternal)f(ordering)g(of)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariables,)30 b(and)h(not)g(the)241 3905 y(pseudo-remainder.)48 b(The)34 b(pseudo-remainder)65 b(and)33 b(in)g(general)g(pseudo-division)241 4018 y(of)28 b(p)s(olynomials)e(can)j(b)s(e)f(calculated)g(after)i (loading)d(the)i FJ(polydiv)d FQ(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)42 b(Please)241 4131 y(refer)30 b(to)h(the)g(do)s(cumen)m(tation)f(of)g (this)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(for)e(details.)241 4280 y FD(Examples:)589 4486 y FH(remainder\(\(x+y\)*\()o(x+2)o(*y)o(\),x)o (+3)o(*y)o(\))38 b(->)86 b(2*Y**2)589 4586 y(remainder\(2*x+y,2)o(\)) 561 b(->)86 b(Y.)241 4805 y FD(CA)n(UTION:)40 b FQ(In)i(the)h(default)f (case,)k(remainders)41 b(are)i(calculated)g(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)e(in)m (te-)241 4918 y(gers.)e(If)29 b(y)m(ou)g(need)g(the)g(remainder)f(with) f(resp)s(ect)i(to)h(another)f(domain,)g(it)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)p eop %%Page: 140 140 140 139 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(140)737 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(9.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)29 b(AND)j(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)664 555 y FQ(declared)30 b(explicitly)-8 b(.)664 705 y FD(Example:)1013 911 y FH(remainder\(x^2-2,)o(x+)o(sqr)o (t\()o(2\)\))o(;)37 b(->)43 b(X^2)f(-)i(2)1013 1010 y(load_package)38 b(arnum;)1013 1110 y(defpoly)j(sqrt2**2-2;)1013 1209 y(remainder\(x^2-2,)o(x+)o(sqr)o(t2)o(\);)c(->)43 b(0)664 1365 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(9.7)136 b(RESUL)-11 b(T)g(ANT)43 b(Op)t(erator)664 1785 y FQ(This)29 b(is)g(used)h(with)f(the)h(syn)m(tax)882 1991 y FH(RESULTANT\(EXPRN1)o (:po)o(ly)o(nom)o(ia)o(l,E)o(XP)o(RN)o(2:p)o(ol)o(yno)o(mi)o(al)o(,VA)o (R:)o(ker)o(ne)o(l\):)1013 2091 y(polynomial.)664 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b(this)f(case)j(a)e(subresultan)m(t)f(algorithm)h(is)f(used.)43 b(If)31 b(the)h(switc)m(h)e(Bezout)664 3263 y(is)e(turned)g(on,)h(the)h (resultan)m(t)e(is)g(computed)h(via)g(the)g(Bezout)h(Matrix.)41 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)31 b(in)664 3376 y(the)g(latter)f(case,)i(only)e(p) s(olynomial)d(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)k(are)g(p)s(ermitted.)p eop %%Page: 141 141 141 140 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(9.8.)72 b(DECOMPOSE)29 b(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)1488 b FQ(141)241 555 y(The)26 b(sign)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)h(used)f(b)m(y)h(the)f (resultan)m(t)h(function)e(follo)m(w)h(those)h(in)e(R.)i(Lo)s(os,)241 668 y(\\Computing)35 b(in)g(Algebraic)g(Extensions")h(in)f(\\Computer)g (Algebra)h(|)g(Sym)m(b)s(olic)241 781 y(and)e(Algebraic)h (Computation",)h(Second)f(Ed.,)h(Edited)e(b)m(y)h(B.)h(Buc)m(h)m(b)s (erger,)h(G.E.)241 894 y(Collins)42 b(and)i(R.)i(Lo)s(os,)j(Springer-V) -8 b(erlag,)48 b(1983.)86 b(Namely)-8 b(,)50 b(with)43 b FJ(A)i FQ(and)g FJ(B)f FQ(not)241 1007 y(dep)s(enden)m(t)29 b(on)h FJ(X)p FQ(:)1592 1238 y FH(deg\(p\)*deg\(q\))372 1337 y(resultant\(p\(x\),)o(q\()o(x\),)o(x\))o(=)38 b(\(-1\))565 b(*resultant\(q,p,)o(x\))1461 1537 y(deg\(p\))372 1636 y(resultant\(a,p\(x)o(\),)o(x\))124 b(=)44 b(a)372 1835 y(resultant\(a,b,x)o(\))255 b(=)44 b(1)241 2079 y FD(Examples:)1853 2310 y FH(2)372 2410 y(resultant\(x/r*u)o(+y)o(,u*)o(y,)o(u\))124 b(->)87 b(-)43 b(y)241 2654 y FD(c)-5 b(alculation)34 b(in)f(an)g(algebr)-5 b(aic)33 b(extension:)372 2885 y FH(load)41 b(arnum;)372 2984 y(defpoly)f(sqrt2**2)g(-)k(2;)372 3184 y(resultant\(x)39 b(+)k(sqrt2,sqrt2)c(*)k(x)g(+1,x\))f(->)g(-1)241 3428 y FD(or)33 b(in)g(a)g(mo)-5 b(dular)35 b(domain:)372 3659 y FH(setmod)41 b(17;)372 3758 y(on)h(modular;)372 3957 y(resultant\(2x+1,)o(3x)o(+4,)o(x\))168 b(->)43 b(5)241 4106 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 188 x FE(9.8)135 b(DECOMPOSE)45 b(Op)t(erator)241 4533 y FQ(The)29 b FJ(DECOMPOSE)f FQ(op)s(erator)i(tak)m(es)h(a)g(m)m(ultiv) -5 b(ariate)29 b(p)s(olynomial)e(as)j(argumen)m(t,)h(and)241 4633 y(returns)h(an)h(expression)f(and)g(a)i(list)d(of)j(equations)e (from)h(whic)m(h)f(the)h(original)f(p)s(oly-)241 4732 y(nomial)d(can)h(b)s(e)g(found)f(b)m(y)h(comp)s(osition.)40 b(Its)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(is:)459 4938 y FH(DECOMPOSE\(EXPRN)o(:po)o(ly)o (nom)o(ia)o(l\):)o(li)o(st)o(.)p eop %%Page: 142 142 142 141 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(142)737 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(9.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)29 b(AND)j(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)664 555 y FQ(F)g(or)31 b(example:)882 761 y FH(decompose\(x^8-88)o(*x^)o(7+)o(292)o(4*)o(x^6)o(-4)o(39)o(12*) o(x^)o(5+2)o(63)o(43)o(1*x)o(^4)o(-)1536 861 y(218900*x^3+65690)o(*x)o (^2-)o(77)o(00*)o(x+)o(23)o(4\))1492 960 y(2)784 b(2)523 b(2)1274 1060 y(->)43 b({U)86 b(+)44 b(35*U)e(+)h(234,)f(U=V)86 b(+)43 b(10*V,)e(V=X)86 b(-)43 b(22*X})2277 1160 y(2)882 1259 y(decompose\(u^2+v^)o(2+2)o(u*)o(v+1)o(\))81 b(->)43 b({W)86 b(+)43 b(1,)g(W=U)f(+)h(V})664 1478 y FQ(Users)33 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y(relation)h FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(p)p FQ(\))25 b(=)g FL(v)33 b FQ(holds.)664 3369 y(The)22 b(Aitk)m(en-Neville)g(in)m(terp)s(olation)e(algorithm)i (is)f(used)h(whic)m(h)f(guaran)m(tees)i(a)g(stable)664 3482 y(result)29 b(ev)m(en)j(with)d(rounded)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)h(and)h (an)g(ill-conditioned)d(problem.)664 3637 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(9.10)136 b(Obtaining)64 b(P)l(arts)f(of)h(P)l(olynomials)h(and)e(Ratio-)1038 3968 y(nals)664 4221 y FQ(These)41 b(op)s(erators)g(select)h(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(parts)g(of)h(a)h(p)s(olynomial)c(or)j(rational)f (function)664 4333 y(structure.)48 b(Except)33 b(for)f(the)h(cost)h(of) f(rearrangemen)m(t)h(of)e(the)h(structure,)h(these)f(op-)664 4446 y(erations)d(tak)m(e)i(v)m(ery)f(little)e(time)h(to)h(p)s(erform.) 664 4609 y(F)-8 b(or)39 b(those)f(op)s(erators)g(in)e(this)h(section)g (that)i(tak)m(e)g(a)f(k)m(ernel)f FJ(VAR)g FQ(as)h(their)f(second)664 4722 y(argumen)m(t,)30 b(an)f(error)f(results)g(if)f(the)i(\014rst)f (expression)g(is)g(not)h(a)g(p)s(olynomial)d(in)i FJ(VAR)p FQ(,)664 4835 y(although)k(the)h(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)g(themselv)m(es)g (can)g(b)s(e)f(rational)g(as)g(long)h(as)f(they)h(do)g(not)664 4948 y(dep)s(end)e(on)h FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)g(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)k(if)31 b(the)i(switc)m(h)f FJ(RATARG)e FQ(is)i(on,)h(denominators)f(are)h(not) p eop %%Page: 143 143 143 142 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(9.10.)72 b(OBT)-8 b(AINING)31 b(P)-8 b(AR)g(TS)31 b(OF)f(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)30 b(AND)h(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)53 b FQ(143)241 555 y(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)31 b(for)d(dep)s(endence)g(on)h FJ(VAR)p FQ(,)f(and)g(are)i(tak)m(en)g(to)f(b)s(e)g(part)f(of)h(the)h (co)s(e\016cien)m(ts.)241 700 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(9.10.1)112 b(DEG)37 b(Op)s(erator)241 1057 y FQ(This)28 b(op)s(erator)j(is)e(used)h(with)f(the)i(syn)m(tax) 589 1262 y FH(DEG\(EXPRN:polynom)o(ial)o(,V)o(AR:)o(ke)o(rn)o(el\))o (:i)o(nte)o(ge)o(r.)241 1482 y FQ(It)k(returns)e(the)i(leading)f (degree)h(of)g(the)g(p)s(olynomial)d FJ(EXPRN)h FQ(in)h(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)241 1595 y(If)d FJ(VAR)f FQ(do)s(es)h(not)h(o)s(ccur)f(as)h(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(in)f FJ(EXPRN)p FQ(,)g(0)i(is)e(returned.)241 1744 y FD(Examples:)589 1950 y FH(deg\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*d\))o(^2,)o(a\))37 b(->)86 b(1)589 2050 y(deg\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*d\))o(^2,)o(d\))37 b(->)86 b(2)589 2149 y(deg\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*d\))o(^2,)o(e\))37 b(->)86 b(0.)241 2355 y FQ(Note)31 b(also)g(that)g(if)e FJ(RATARG)g FQ(is)g(on,)589 2561 y FH(deg\(\(a+b\)^3/a,a\))299 b(->)86 b(3)241 2780 y FQ(since)27 b(in)g(this)g(case,)j(the)f (denominator)e FJ(A)h FQ(is)f(considered)g(part)i(of)f(the)g(co)s (e\016cien)m(ts)h(of)241 2893 y(the)g(n)m(umerator)g(in)e FJ(A)p FQ(.)i(With)f FJ(RATARG)f FQ(o\013,)j(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)h(an)d (error)h(w)m(ould)e(result)h(in)g(this)241 3006 y(case.)241 3133 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(9.10.2)112 b(DEN)37 b(Op)s(erator)241 3507 y FQ(This)28 b(is)i(used)f(with)g(the)i (syn)m(tax:)589 3713 y FH(DEN\(EXPRN:rationa)o(l\):)o(po)o(lyn)o(om)o (ia)o(l.)241 3932 y FQ(It)k(returns)g(the)g(denominator)g(of)h(the)f (rational)g(expression)f FJ(EXPRN)p FQ(.)h(If)g FJ(EXPRN)f FQ(is)g(a)241 4045 y(p)s(olynomial,)28 b(1)i(is)g(returned.)241 4195 y FD(Examples:)589 4401 y FH(den\(x/y^2\))127 b(->)86 b(Y**2)589 4500 y(den\(100/6\))127 b(->)86 b(3)938 4600 y([since)41 b(100/6)h(is)h(first)e(simplified)e(to)k(50/3])589 4700 y(den\(a/4+b/6\))c(->)86 b(12)589 4799 y(den\(a+b\))215 b(->)86 b(1)241 4933 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 144 144 144 143 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(144)737 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(9.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)29 b(AND)j(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)664 555 y FR(9.10.3)113 b(LCOF)38 b(Op)s(erator)664 763 y FQ(LCOF)30 b(is)f(used)h(with)f(the)i(syn)m (tax)1013 969 y FH(LCOF\(EXPRN:polyn)o(om)o(ial)o(,V)o(AR:)o(ke)o(rn)o (el\))o(:p)o(oly)o(no)o(mi)o(al.)664 1188 y FQ(It)41 b(returns)e(the)h(leading)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)h(of)f(the)h(p)s (olynomial)d FJ(EXPRN)g FQ(in)i(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)664 1301 y FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)30 b(If)g FJ(VAR)f FQ(do)s(es)h(not)h(o)s(ccur)f (as)h(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(in)g FJ(EXPRN)p FQ(,)g FJ(EXPRN)g FQ(is)g(returned.)p eop %%Page: 145 145 145 144 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(9.10.)72 b(OBT)-8 b(AINING)31 b(P)-8 b(AR)g(TS)31 b(OF)f(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)30 b(AND)h(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)53 b FQ(145)241 555 y FD(Examples:)589 761 y FH(lcof\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*d)o (\)^2)o(,a)o(\))38 b(->)86 b(C**2+4*C*D+4*D**)o(2)589 861 y(lcof\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*d)o(\)^2)o(,d)o(\))38 b(->)86 b(4*\(A+B\))589 960 y(lcof\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*d)o(\),e)o(\))125 b(->)86 b(A*C+2*A*D+B*C+2*)o(B*)o(D)241 1099 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 155 x FR(9.10.4)112 b(LPO)m(WER)37 b(Op)s(erator)241 1462 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)589 1668 y FH (LPOWER\(EXPRN:poly)o(nom)o(ia)o(l,V)o(AR)o(:k)o(ern)o(el)o(\):p)o(ol)o (yn)o(omi)o(al)o(.)241 1887 y FQ(LPO)m(WER)28 b(returns)e(the)i (leading)f(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)h(of)g FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(with)h(resp)s(ect)h(to)g FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)g(If)f FJ(EXPRN)241 2000 y FQ(do)s(es)j(not)g(dep)s(end)f (on)h FJ(VAR)p FQ(,)g(1)h(is)e(returned.)241 2149 y FD(Examples:)589 2355 y FH(lpower\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2)o(*d\))o(^2)o(,a\))37 b(->)86 b(A)589 2455 y(lpower\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2)o(*d\))o(^2)o(,d\))37 b(->)86 b(D**2)589 2554 y(lpower\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2)o(*d\))o(,e)o(\))125 b(->)86 b(1)241 2700 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(9.10.5)112 b(L)-9 b(TERM)37 b(Op)s(erator)241 3056 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)589 3262 y FH(LTERM\(EXPRN:polyn)o(omi)o(al)o(,VA) o(R:)o(ke)o(rne)o(l\))o(:po)o(ly)o(no)o(mia)o(l.)241 3481 y FQ(L)-8 b(TERM)38 b(returns)g(the)h(leading)e(term)i(of)g FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(with)g(resp)s(ect)i(to)h FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)e(If)g FJ(EXPRN)241 3594 y FQ(do)s(es)30 b(not)g(dep)s(end)f(on)h FJ(VAR)p FQ(,)g FJ(EXPRN)f FQ(is)g(returned.)241 3743 y FD(Examples:)589 3949 y FH(lterm\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*)o(d\)^)o(2,)o(a\))37 b(->)86 b(A*\(C**2+4*C*D+4*D)o(**2)o(\))589 4049 y (lterm\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*)o(d\)^)o(2,)o(d\))37 b(->)86 b(4*D**2*\(A+B\)) 589 4148 y(lterm\(\(a+b\)*\(c+2*)o(d\),)o(e\))124 b(->)86 b(A*C+2*A*D+B*C+2*B)o(*D)241 4367 y FD(Comp)-5 b(atibility)29 b(Note:)65 b FQ(In)23 b(some)i(earlier)f(v)m(ersions)f(of)i(REDUCE,)g FJ(LTERM)e FQ(returned)g FJ(0)241 4480 y FQ(if)28 b(the)h FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(did)g(not)i(dep)s(end)f(on)g FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)h(In)f(the)h (presen)m(t)g(v)m(ersion,)g FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(is)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)241 4593 y(equal)i(to)h FJ(LTERM\(EXPRN,VAR\))26 b FQ(+)k FJ(REDUCT\(EXPRN,VAR\))p FQ(.)241 4738 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 146 146 146 145 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(146)737 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(9.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)29 b(AND)j(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)664 555 y FR(9.10.6)113 b(MAINV)-12 b(AR)35 b(Op)s(erator)664 763 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)1013 969 y FH(MAINVAR\(EXPRN:po)o(ly)o(nom)o(ia)o(l\):)o(ex)o(pr)o(ess)o(io)o (n.)664 1188 y FQ(Returns)23 b(the)h(main)f(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(\(based)h(on)f(the)i(in)m(ternal)d(p)s(olynomial)f(represen)m (tation\))664 1301 y(of)31 b FJ(EXPRN)p FQ(.)e(If)h FJ(EXPRN)f FQ(is)g(a)i(domain)e(elemen)m(t,)i(0)g(is)e(returned.)664 1464 y FD(Examples:)664 1613 y FQ(Assuming)g FJ(A)h FQ(has)g(higher)f (k)m(ernel)h(order)g(than)g FJ(B)p FQ(,)g FJ(C)p FQ(,)h(or)f FJ(D)p FQ(:)1013 1819 y FH(mainvar\(\(a+b\)*\(c)o(+2)o(*d\))o(^2)o(\)) 38 b(->)86 b(A)1013 1919 y(mainvar\(2\))650 b(->)86 b(0)664 2053 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(9.10.7)113 b(NUM)37 b(Op)s(erator)664 2420 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)1013 2626 y FH(NUM\(EXPRN:ration)o(al)o(\):p)o(ol)o(yno)o(mi)o(al)o(.)664 2845 y FQ(Returns)28 b(the)i(n)m(umerator)f(of)g(the)g(rational)f (expression)g FJ(EXPRN)p FQ(.)g(If)h FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(is)i(a)g(p)s(oly-) 664 2958 y(nomial,)g(that)i(p)s(olynomial)d(is)h(returned.)664 3108 y FD(Examples:)1013 3314 y FH(num\(x/y^2\))83 b(->)j(X)1013 3413 y(num\(100/6\))126 b(->)87 b(50)1013 3513 y(num\(a/4+b/6\))38 b(->)87 b(3*A+2*B)1013 3613 y(num\(a+b\))214 b(->)87 b(A+B)664 3747 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(9.10.8)113 b(REDUCT)36 b(Op)s(erator)664 4114 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)1013 4320 y FH(REDUCT\(EXPRN:pol)o(yn)o(omi)o(al)o(,VA) o(R:)o(ke)o(rne)o(l\))o(:po)o(ly)o(no)o(mia)o(l.)664 4539 y FQ(Returns)30 b(the)g(reductum)f(of)i FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(with)g(resp)s(ect)h(to)h FJ(VAR)e FQ(\(i.e.,)i(the)g(part)f(of)g FJ(EXPRN)664 4652 y FQ(left)38 b(after)g(the)g(leading)e(term)i(is)f (remo)m(v)m(ed\).)63 b(If)38 b FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(do)s(es)h(not)h(dep)s(end) e(on)i(the)664 4765 y(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b FJ(VAR)p FQ(,)h(0)h(is)e (returned.)664 4914 y FD(Examples:)p eop %%Page: 147 147 147 146 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(9.11.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIAL)31 b(COEFFICIENT)e(ARITHMETIC)648 b FQ(147)459 555 y FH(reduct\(\(a+b\)*\(c)o(+2*)o(d\))o(,a\))37 b(->)86 b(B*\(C)42 b(+)h(2*D\))459 655 y(reduct\(\(a+b\)*\(c)o(+2*)o (d\))o(,d\))37 b(->)86 b(C*\(A)42 b(+)h(B\))459 754 y (reduct\(\(a+b\)*\(c)o(+2*)o(d\))o(,e\))37 b(->)86 b(0)241 974 y FD(Comp)-5 b(atibility)32 b(Note:)68 b FQ(In)26 b(some)i(earlier)e(v)m(ersions)g(of)h(REDUCE,)g FJ(REDUCT)f FQ(returned)241 1087 y FJ(EXPRN)32 b FQ(if)g(it)h(did)f(not)i(dep)s (end)e(on)h FJ(VAR)p FQ(.)g(In)g(the)h(presen)m(t)f(v)m(ersion,)h FJ(EXPRN)e FQ(is)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)241 1199 y(equal)d(to)h FJ(LTERM\(EXPRN,VAR\))26 b FQ(+)k FJ(REDUCT\(EXPRN,VAR\))p FQ(.)241 1354 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(9.11)135 b(P)l(olynomial)47 b(Co)t(e\016cien)l(t)f(Arithmetic) 241 1788 y FQ(REDUCE)36 b(allo)m(ws)g(for)h(a)g(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)37 b(of)g(n)m(umerical)e(domains)h(for)g(the)h(n)m (umerical)e(co-)241 1901 y(e\016cien)m(ts)h(of)g(p)s(olynomials)d(used) i(in)f(calculations.)56 b(The)35 b(default)g(mo)s(de)g(is)g(in)m(teger) 241 2014 y(arithmetic,)i(although)e(the)i(p)s(ossibilit)m(y)32 b(of)k(using)f(real)h(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)g(has)g(b)s(een)g(dis-)241 2127 y(cussed)28 b(elsewhere.)40 b(Rational)28 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b(\\Enlarging)g(the)g(REDUCE)h(Domain)f(of)241 3030 y(Computation,")30 b(Pro)s(c.)41 b(of)30 b(SYMSA)m(C)g('86,)i(A)m (CM,)f(New)g(Y)-8 b(ork)31 b(\(1986\),)i(100{106.)241 3180 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 144 x FR(9.11.1)112 b(Rational)36 b(Co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)h(in)g(P)m(olynomials)241 3545 y FQ(Instead)25 b(of)h(treating)g(rational)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f (as)i(the)g(n)m(umerator)f(and)g(denominator)g(of)h(a)241 3658 y(rational)g(expression,)i(it)f(is)f(also)h(p)s(ossible)e(to)k (use)e(them)g(as)h(p)s(olynomial)d(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)241 3771 y(directly)-8 b(.)40 b(This)28 b(is)i(accomplished)f(b)m(y)h (turning)e(on)j(the)f(switc)m(h)g FJ(RATIONAL)p FQ(.)241 3934 y FD(Example:)42 b FQ(With)30 b FJ(RATIONAL)e FQ(o\013,)j(the)g (input)e(expression)g FJ(a/2)h FQ(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)h(con)m(v)m(erted) 241 4047 y(in)m(to)24 b(a)h(rational)f(expression,)h(whose)f(n)m (umerator)g(w)m(as)h FJ(A)f FQ(and)g(denominator)g(2.)39 b(With)241 4160 y FJ(RATIONAL)30 b 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2763 y(all)h(precisions)f(b)m(y)i(turning)e(on)i(the)h(switc)m(h)e FJ(ROUNDBF)p FQ(.)f(In)i(rare)g(cases,)h(this)e(switc)m(h)h(is)664 2862 y(turned)h(on)i(b)m(y)f(the)g(system,)h(and)f(the)h(user)e (informed)g(b)m(y)h(the)h(message)1013 3068 y FH(ROUNDBF)41 b(turned)g(on)h(to)h(increase)d(accuracy)664 3287 y FQ(Rounded)h(n)m (um)m(b)s(ers)g(are)i(normally)d(prin)m(ted)h(to)i(the)g(sp)s (eci\014ed)d(precision.)75 b(Ho)m(w-)664 3400 y(ev)m(er,)31 b(if)d(the)h(user)g(wishes)f(to)i(prin)m(t)d(suc)m(h)i(n)m(um)m(b)s (ers)f(with)g(less)h(precision,)f(the)h(prin)m(t-)664 3513 y(ing)j(precision)f(can)i(b)s(e)f(set)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(command)f FJ(PRINT)p 2589 3513 29 4 v 33 w(PRECISION)p FQ(.)63 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)664 3626 y FJ(print)p 910 3626 V 33 w(precision)45 b(5;)29 b FQ(will)d(cause)j(suc)m(h)g(n)m(um)m(b)s (ers)e(to)j(b)s(e)e(prin)m(ted)f(with)g(\014v)m(e)i(digits)664 3739 y(maxim)m(um.)664 3902 y(Under)37 b(normal)g(circumstances)h(when) f FJ(ROUNDED)f 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148 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(9.11.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIAL)31 b(COEFFICIENT)e(ARITHMETIC)648 b FQ(149)241 555 y(TR-8)30 b(\(1979\).)241 718 y(When)45 b(a)h(real)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)h(input,)i(it)f(is)e(normally)g (truncated)h(to)i(the)e(precision)241 831 y(in)38 b(e\013ect)j(at)f (the)g(time)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is)f(read.)68 b(If)40 b(it)f(is)f(desired)g(to)j(k)m(eep)f(the)g(full)241 944 y(precision)23 b(of)i(all)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)h(input,)g(the)h(switc)m (h)f FJ(ADJPREC)f FQ(\(for)i FD(adjust)j(pr)-5 b(e)g(cision)7 b FQ(\))27 b(can)241 1057 y(b)s(e)j(turned)g(on.)43 b(While)30 b(on,)h FJ(ADJPREC)e FQ(will)g(automatically)i(increase)g(the)g (precision,)241 1170 y(when)h(necessary)-8 b(,)36 b(to)e(matc)m(h)h (that)f(of)g(an)m(y)g(in)m(teger)g(or)f(real)h(input,)e(and)h(a)h (message)241 1282 y(prin)m(ted)29 b(to)i(inform)d(the)j(user)f(of)g (the)h(precision)d(increase.)241 1445 y(When)33 b FJ(ROUNDED)e 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b(is)f(not)h(curren)m(tly)f(p)s(ossible)e(to)j (reduce)g(the)g(exp)s(onen)m(ts)f(since)h(no)241 4929 y(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)f(a)g(prime)f(mo)s(dulus)e(is)i(made)h(\(whic)m(h)f (w)m(ould)f(allo)m(w)i FL(x)2522 4896 y FF(p)p Fu(\000)p FO(1)2683 4929 y FQ(to)h(b)s(e)e(reduced)p eop %%Page: 150 150 150 149 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(150)737 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(9.)72 b(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)29 b(AND)j(RA)-8 b(TIONALS)664 555 y FQ(to)37 b(1)g(mo)s(d)e(p\).)58 b(Note)38 b(also)e(that)h(an)m(y)f(division)d(b)m(y)j(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)e(not)h(co-prime)g(with)664 668 y(the)31 b(mo)s(dulus)c(will)h (result)h(in)g(the)i(error)f(\\In)m(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(mo)s(dular)f (division".)664 795 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(9.11.4)113 b(Complex)36 b(Num)m(b)s(er)h(Co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)g (in)g(P)m(olynomials)664 1170 y FQ(Although)20 b(REDUCE)h(routinely)e (treats)i(the)g(square)g(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)20 b FD(i)30 b FQ(as)20 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)664 1269 y(to)26 b 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FQ(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(com) m(bined)g(with)f FJ(ROUNDED)g FQ(to)i(giv)m(e)g(complex)f(real)664 3604 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers;)29 b(the)i(appropriate)e(arithmetic)h(is)f(p)s (erformed)g(in)g(this)h(case.)664 3766 y(Complex)k(conjugation)h(is)f (used)h(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)i(complex)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(from)i (denomina-)664 3879 y(tors)f(of)g(expressions.)50 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(do)g(this)f(if)g FJ(COMPLEX)e FQ(is)i(o\013,)j(y)m(ou)e(m)m (ust)g(turn)e(the)i(switc)m(h)664 3992 y FJ(RATIONALIZE)27 b FQ(on.)p eop %%Page: 151 151 151 150 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(10)241 1693 y FT(Substitution)78 b(Commands)241 2187 y FQ(An)29 b(imp)s(ortan)m(t)f(class)h(of)h(commands)f(in)f(REDUCE)h (de\014ne)g(substitutions)e(for)i(v)-5 b(ari-)241 2300 y(ables)25 b(and)f(expressions)h(to)h(b)s(e)f(made)g(during)e(the)j(ev) -5 b(aluation)25 b(of)g(expressions.)38 b(Suc)m(h)241 2413 y(substitutions)g(use)j(the)g(pre\014x)f(op)s(erator)i FJ(SUB)p FQ(,)e(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(forms)g(of)i(the)f(command)241 2526 y FJ(LET)p FQ(,)29 b(and)h(rule)f(sets.)241 2681 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(10.1)135 b(SUB)45 b(Op)t(erator)241 3102 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)589 3308 y FH(SUB\(<substitution)o(_li)o(st)o(>,E)o(XP)o(RN)o(1:a)o(lg)o(ebr)o (ai)o(c\))o(:al)o(ge)o(bra)o(ic)241 3514 y FQ(where)30 b FJ(<substitution)p 1134 3514 29 4 v 30 w(list>)f FQ(is)h(a)h(list)e (of)h(one)h(or)f(more)h(equations)f(of)g(the)h(form)589 3720 y FH(VAR:kernel=EXPRN:)o(alg)o(eb)o(rai)o(c)241 3939 y FQ(or)f(a)h(k)m(ernel)f(that)h(ev)-5 b(aluates)31 b(to)g(suc)m(h)f(a)h(list.)241 4101 y(The)d FJ(SUB)h FQ(op)s(erator)g(giv)m(es)h(the)f(algebraic)g(result)f(of)h(replacing)f (ev)m(ery)i(o)s(ccurrence)f(of)241 4214 y(the)j(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b FJ(VAR)g FQ(in)f(the)i(expression)f FJ(EXPRN1)f FQ(b)m(y)i(the)g(expression)f FJ(EXPRN)p FQ(.)g(Sp)s(ecif-)241 4327 y(ically)-8 b(,)30 b FJ(EXPRN1)g 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b(alue)30 b(of)g FJ(EXPRN1)p FQ(.)664 705 y FD(Examples:)2233 911 y FH(2)610 b(2)882 1010 y(sub\({x=a+y,y=y+1)o(},x)o(^2)o(+y^)o(2\))37 b(->)43 b(A)86 b(+)44 b(2*A*Y)d(+)i(2*Y)86 b(+)43 b(2*Y)g(+)g(1)664 1216 y FQ(and)30 b(with)f FJ(s)47 b(:=)h FP(f)p FJ(x=a+y,y=y+1)p FP(g)p FQ(,)2233 1422 y FH(2)610 b(2)882 1522 y(sub\(s,x^2+y^2\))561 b(->)43 b(A)86 b(+)44 b(2*A*Y)d(+)i(2*Y)86 b(+)43 b(2*Y)g(+)g(1)664 1741 y FQ(Note)32 b(that)f(the)f(global)g(assignmen)m(ts)g FJ(x:=a+y)p FQ(,)f(etc.,)j(do)e(not)h(tak)m(e)h(place.)664 1903 y FJ(EXPRN1)26 b FQ(can)h(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)g(v)-5 b(alid)26 b(algebraic)h(expression)f(whose)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)f(suc)m(h) h(that)h(a)g(sub-)664 2016 y(stitution)22 b(pro)s(cess)h(is)f (de\014ned)g(for)h(it)g(\(e.g.,)j(scalar)d(expressions,)h(lists)e(and)g (matrices\).)664 2129 y(An)j(error)f(will)e(o)s(ccur)j(if)f(an)h (expression)f(of)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)23 b(t)m(yp)s(e)i(for)g (substitution)d(o)s(ccurs)664 2242 y(either)30 b(in)f FJ(EXPRN)g FQ(or)h FJ(EXPRN1)p FQ(.)664 2405 y(The)g(braces)h(around)e (the)h(substitution)f(list)g(ma)m(y)i(also)f(b)s(e)g(omitted,)g(as)h (in:)2233 2636 y FH(2)610 b(2)882 2735 y(sub\(x=a+y,y=y+1,)o(x^2)o(+y)o (^2\))124 b(->)43 b(A)86 b(+)44 b(2*A*Y)d(+)i(2*Y)86 b(+)43 b(2*Y)g(+)g(1)664 2891 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(10.2)136 b(LET)44 b(Rules)664 3324 y FQ(Unlik)m(e)34 b(substitutions)f(in)m(tro)s(duced)g(via)h FJ(SUB)p FQ(,)h FJ(LET)f FQ(rules)f(are)j(global)e(in)f(scop)s(e)j(and) 664 3437 y(sta)m(y)c(in)d(e\013ect)j(un)m(til)c(replaced)i(or)g FJ(CLEAR)p FQ(ed.)664 3587 y(The)g(simplest)f(use)h(of)g(the)h FJ(LET)e FQ(statemen)m(t)j(is)e(in)f(the)i(form)1013 3793 y FH(LET)42 b(<substitution)c(list>)664 3998 y FQ(where)26 b FJ(<substitution)45 b(list>)25 b FQ(is)g(a)j(list)d(of)i(rules)e (separated)i(b)m(y)g(commas,)h(eac)m(h)g(of)664 4098 y(the)j(form:)1013 4304 y FH(<variable>)39 b(=)k(<expression>)664 4510 y FQ(or)839 4716 y FH(<prefix)d(operator>\(<argume)o(nt)o(>,.)o (..)o(,<)o(arg)o(um)o(ent)o(>\))d(=)43 b(<expression>)664 4922 y FQ(or)p eop %%Page: 153 153 153 152 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(10.2.)72 b(LET)30 b(R)m(ULES)2078 b FQ(153)415 555 y FH(<argument>)40 b(<infix)h(operator>,...,)c(<argument>)j(=)j (<expression>)241 761 y FQ(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)589 967 y FH(let)43 b({x)g(=)g(y^2,)807 1067 y(h\(u,v\))e(=)j(u)f(-)g(v,) 807 1166 y(cos\(pi/3\))d(=)j(1/2,)807 1266 y(a*b)g(=)g(c,)807 1365 y(l+m)g(=)g(n,)807 1465 y(w^3)g(=)g(2*z)f(-)h(3,)807 1565 y(z^10)f(=)h(0})241 1784 y FQ(The)38 b(list)f(brac)m(k)m(ets)i (can)g(b)s(e)f(left)g(out)g(if)g(preferred.)63 b(The)38 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(rules)e(could)h(also)241 1897 y(ha)m(v)m(e)31 b(b)s(een)f(en)m(tered)h(as)g(sev)m(en)g(separate)g FJ(LET)e FQ(statemen)m(ts.)241 2060 y(After)42 b(suc)m(h)g FJ(LET)f FQ(rules)f(ha)m(v)m(e)k(b)s(een)d(input,)i FJ(X)f FQ(will)d(alw)m(a)m (ys)k(b)s(e)e(ev)-5 b(aluated)42 b(as)g(the)241 2172 y(square)27 b(of)g FJ(Y)p FQ(,)g(and)g(so)g(on.)40 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b(h\(u,v\))f(=)i(u)h(-)f(v;)664 774 y FQ(will)25 b(cause)j FJ(h\(u,v\))d FQ(to)j(ev)-5 b(aluate)28 b(to)g FJ(U)48 b(-)f(V)p FQ(,)28 b(but)e(will)f(not)i (a\013ect)i FJ(h\(u,z\))d FQ(or)h FJ(H)g FQ(with)664 887 y(an)m(y)k(argumen)m(ts)g(other)f(than)g(precisely)f(the)i(sym)m(b) s(ols)e FJ(U,V)p FQ(.)664 1050 y(These)36 b(simple)e FJ(LET)i FQ(rules)f(are)h(on)h(the)f(same)h(logical)e(lev)m(el)h(as)h (assignmen)m(ts)f(made)664 1163 y(with)27 b(the)h(:=)f(op)s(erator.)41 b(An)27 b(assignmen)m(t)h FJ(x)47 b(:=)g(p+q)27 b FQ(cancels)h(a)g (rule)f FJ(let)47 b(x)g(=)h(y^2)664 1276 y FQ(made)31 b(earlier,)e(and)h(vice)g(v)m(ersa.)664 1425 y FD(CA)n(UTION:)f FQ(A)h(recursiv)m(e)g(rule)f(suc)m(h)h(as)1013 1631 y FH(let)42 b(x)h(=)h(x)f(+)g(1;)664 1837 y FQ(is)g(erroneous,)k(since)c (an)m(y)h(subsequen)m(t)f(ev)-5 b(aluation)43 b(of)h FJ(X)f FQ(w)m(ould)g(lead)g(to)h(a)g(non-)664 1937 y(terminating)29 b(c)m(hain)h(of)h(substitutions:)926 2143 y FH(x)43 b(->)g(x)g(+)g(1)g 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FJ(FOR)47 b(ALL)38 b FQ(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)d(used.)67 b(The)39 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)g (suc)m(h)f(a)241 963 y(command)30 b(is)589 1168 y FH(FOR)43 b(ALL)f(<variable>,...,<v)o(ar)o(ia)o(ble)o(>)938 1268 y(<LET)g(statement>)e(<terminator>)241 1474 y FQ(e.g.,)589 1680 y FH(for)j(all)f(x,y)g(let)h(h\(x,y\))e(=)i(x-y;)589 1780 y(for)g(all)f(x)h(let)g(k\(x,y\))e(=)i(x^y;)241 1999 y FQ(The)32 b(\014rst)g(of)g(these)h(declarations)f(w)m(ould)g (cause)h FJ(h\(a,b\))d FQ(to)k(b)s(e)e(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(as)h FJ(A-B)p FQ(,)241 2112 y FJ(h\(u+v,u+w\))d FQ(to)k(b)s(e)f FJ(V-W)p FQ(,)g(etc.)51 b(If)33 b(the)g(op)s(erator)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)e FJ(H)h FQ(is)f(used)h(with)f(more)h(or)241 2225 y(few)m(er)d(argumen)m (t)h(places,)g(not)f(t)m(w)m(o,)i(the)f FJ(LET)f FQ(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m (e)i(no)g(e\013ect,)h(and)e(no)g(error)241 2337 y(w)m(ould)f(result.) 241 2500 y(The)41 b(second)g(declaration)h(w)m(ould)e(cause)i FJ(k\(a,y\))e FQ(to)i(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)42 b(as)f FJ(a^y)p FQ(,)j(but)241 2613 y(w)m(ould)29 b(ha)m(v)m(e)j(no)e (e\013ect)i(on)e FJ(k\(a,z\))f FQ(since)g(the)i(rule)e(didn't)g(sa)m(y) i FJ(FOR)47 b(ALL)g(Y)30 b FQ(...)41 b(.)241 2776 y(Where)h(w)m(e)h (used)f FJ(X)g FQ(and)g FJ(Y)g FQ(in)f(the)h(examples,)j(an)m(y)e(v)-5 b(ariables)41 b(could)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)241 2889 y(used.)c(This)26 b(use)i(of)h(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(do)s(esn't)h(a\013ect)i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(it)g(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m (e)i(outside)d(the)241 3002 y FJ(LET)h FQ(statemen)m(t.)42 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)32 b(y)m(ou)d(should)e(remem)m(b)s(er)i(what)g(v)-5 b(ariables)27 b(y)m(ou)j(actually)241 3115 y(used.)56 b(If)36 b(y)m(ou)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)f(delete)g(the)g(rule)f(subsequen)m (tly)-8 b(,)36 b(y)m(ou)h(m)m(ust)e(use)h(the)g(same)241 3227 y(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(in)g(the)h FJ(CLEAR)f FQ(command.)241 3377 y(It)35 b(is)f(p)s(ossible)e(to)k(use)e(more)h(complicated)g (expressions)e(as)i(a)g(template)h(for)e(a)h FJ(LET)241 3477 y FQ(statemen)m(t,)k(as)d(explained)e(in)g(the)i(section)g(on)g (substitutions)d(for)j(general)f(expres-)241 3576 y(sions.)44 b(In)32 b(nearly)f(all)g(cases,)i(the)g(rule)d(will)g(b)s(e)h (accepted,)j(and)d(a)i(consisten)m(t)f(appli-)241 3676 y(cation)37 b(made)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(system.)59 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)41 b(if)35 b(there)i(is)f(a)h(sole)f(constan)m(t)i(or)f(a)g(sole)241 3775 y(free)25 b(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(on)h(the)g(left-hand)f(side)g(of)h (a)g(rule)f(\(e.g.,)k FJ(let)47 b(2=3)24 b FQ(or)h FJ(for)47 b(all)g(x)g(let)241 3875 y(x=2\))p FQ(,)29 b(then)h(the)h(system)f(is)g (unable)f(to)i(handle)e(the)h(rule,)g(and)f(the)i(error)f(message)589 4081 y FH(Substitution)39 b(for)j(...)h(not)f(allowed)241 4300 y FQ(will)27 b(b)s(e)j(issued.)39 b(An)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(listed)g(in)g(the)h FJ(FOR)47 b(ALL)29 b FQ(part)h(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(its)f(sym)m(b)s(ol)241 4413 y(preceded)36 b(b)m(y)g(an)g(equal)f(sign:)52 b FJ(X)35 b FQ(in)g(the)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(example)f(will)d(app)s(ear)j (as)g FJ(=X)p FQ(.)g(An)241 4526 y(error)22 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FJ(h\(-5\))f FQ(to)h(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(as)g(0,)h(but)e FJ(H)g FQ(of)h(a)g(p)s(ositiv)m(e)e(in)m (teger,)k(or)d(of)h(an)664 1690 y(argumen)m(t)e(that)g(is)f(not)h(an)f (in)m(teger)h(at)g(all,)f(w)m(ould)g(not)h(b)s(e)e(a\013ected.)46 b(An)m(y)32 b(b)s(o)s(olean)664 1803 y(expression)d(can)i(follo)m(w)f (the)g FJ(SUCH)47 b(THAT)29 b FQ(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)664 1948 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(10.2.3)113 b(Remo)m(ving)36 b(Assignmen)m(ts)g(and)i(Substitution)e(Rules)664 2304 y FQ(The)g(user)g(ma)m(y)g(remo)m(v)m(e)i(all)d(assignmen)m(ts)h (and)g(substitution)e(rules)h(from)h(an)m(y)g(ex-)664 2404 y(pression)29 b(b)m(y)h(the)h(command)f FJ(CLEAR)p FQ(,)f(in)g(the)i(form)1013 2610 y FH(CLEAR)41 b(<expression>,...,)o (<ex)o(pr)o(es)o(sio)o(n>)o(<te)o(rm)o(in)o(ato)o(r>)664 2816 y FQ(e.g.)1013 3022 y FH(clear)g(x,)i(h\(x,y\);)664 3227 y FQ(Because)j(of)f(their)f FD(instant)i(evaluation)53 b FQ(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(,)48 b(arra)m(y)e(and)e(matrix)g(elemen)m(ts) 664 3327 y(cannot)31 b(b)s(e)f(cleared)g(with)f FJ(CLEAR)p FQ(.)g(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)e(if)f FJ(A)h FQ(is)g(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(y)m(ou)e(m)m(ust)g(sa)m(y)1013 3533 y FH(a\(3\))42 b(:=)h(0;)664 3739 y FQ(rather)30 b(than)1013 3945 y FH(clear)41 b(a\(3\);)664 4164 y FQ(to)31 b(\\clear")h(elemen)m(t)e FJ(a\(3\))p FQ(.)664 4327 y(On)f(the)h(other)g(hand,)f(a)h(whole)f (arra)m(y)h(\(or)g(matrix\))f FJ(A)h FQ(can)g(b)s(e)f(cleared)h(b)m(y)f (the)h(com-)664 4440 y(mand)f FJ(clear)46 b(a)p FQ(;)30 b(This)e(means)i(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)g(than)f(resetting)h(to)h(0)f(all)f (the)h(elemen)m(ts)664 4552 y(of)e FJ(A)p FQ(.)f(The)g(fact)h(that)g FJ(A)f FQ(is)f(an)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(and)d(what)i(its)e(dimensions) f(are,)k(are)e(forgotten,)664 4665 y(so)k FJ(A)f FQ(can)g(b)s(e)g (rede\014ned)f(as)i(another)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(ob)5 b(ject,)31 b(for)f(example)g(an)h(op)s(erator.)664 4828 y(The)40 b(more)g(general)g(t)m(yp)s(es)h(of)f FJ(LET)f FQ(declarations)h(can)h(also)f(b)s(e)f(deleted)h(b)m(y)g(using)664 4941 y FJ(CLEAR)p FQ(.)d(Simply)f(rep)s(eat)i(the)h FJ(LET)e FQ(rule)g(to)i(b)s(e)f(deleted,)i(using)d FJ(CLEAR)g FQ(in)g(place)h(of)p eop %%Page: 157 157 157 156 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(10.2.)72 b(LET)30 b(R)m(ULES)2078 b FQ(157)241 555 y FJ(LET)p FQ(,)37 b(and)f(omitting)h(the)h(equal)f(sign)f(and)h(righ)m (t-hand)f(part.)62 b(The)37 b(same)h(dumm)m(y)241 668 y(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(the)h FJ(FOR)47 b(ALL)31 b FQ(part,)h(and)g(the)g(b)s(o)s(olean)f(expression) g(in)241 781 y(the)h FJ(SUCH)46 b(THAT)31 b FQ(part)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g (written)g(the)h(same)g(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)46 b(\(The)31 b(placing)f(of)i(blanks)241 894 y(do)s(esn't)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(to)f(b)s(e) e(iden)m(tical.\))241 1043 y FD(Example:)41 b FQ(The)30 b FJ(LET)g FQ(rule)589 1249 y FH(for)43 b(all)f(x)h(such)f(that)g (numberp)f(x)i(and)f(x<0)h(let)f(h\(x\)=0;)241 1455 y FQ(can)30 b(b)s(e)g(erased)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(command)589 1661 y FH(for)43 b(all)f(x)h(such)f(that)g(numberp)f(x)i(and)f(x<0)h (clear)e(h\(x\);)241 1807 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 147 x FR(10.2.4)112 b(Ov)m(erlapping)37 b(LET)h(Rules)241 2176 y FJ(CLEAR)d FQ(is)h(not)h(the)g(only)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)f(delete)g (a)g FJ(LET)f FQ(rule.)59 b(A)37 b(new)f FJ(LET)g FQ(rule)g(iden)m (tical)241 2289 y(to)41 b(the)f(\014rst,)j(but)c(with)g(a)i(di\013eren) m(t)f(expression)f(after)h(the)h(equal)f(sign,)i(replaces)241 2402 y(the)28 b(\014rst.)40 b(Replacemen)m(ts)29 b(are)g(also)f(made)h (in)e(other)h(cases)i(where)e(the)g(existing)g(rule)241 2514 y(w)m(ould)k(b)s(e)i(in)e(con\015ict)i(with)f(the)h(new)f(rule.)51 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)h(a)f(rule)f(for)h FJ(x^4)f FQ(w)m(ould)241 2627 y(replace)25 b(a)h(rule)e(for)h FJ(x^5)p FQ(.)38 b(The)25 b(user)g(should)e(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)k(b)s(e)e (cautioned)g(against)h(ha)m(ving)241 2740 y(sev)m(eral)31 b FJ(LET)e FQ(rules)h(in)f(e\013ect)j(that)f(relate)g(to)h(the)f(same)g (expression.)40 b(No)31 b(guaran)m(tee)241 2853 y(can)25 b(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)h(as)g(to)h(whic)m(h)e(rules)f(will)g(b)s(e)h (applied)f(b)m(y)i(REDUCE)f(or)h(in)f(what)h(order.)241 2966 y(It)30 b(is)g(b)s(est)g(to)h FJ(CLEAR)e FQ(an)h(old)f(rule)h(b)s (efore)f(en)m(tering)i(a)g(new)e(related)i FJ(LET)e FQ(rule.)241 3111 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(10.2.5)112 b(Substitutions)36 b(for)i(General)f(Expressions)241 3481 y FQ(The)25 b(examples)g(of)g(substitutions)e(discussed)h(in)g (other)i(sections)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(in)m(v)m(olv)m(ed)e(v)m(ery)241 3594 y(simple)c(rules.)36 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)27 b(the)c(substitution)e (mec)m(hanism)h(used)g(in)f(REDUCE)i(is)f(v)m(ery)241 3707 y(general,)30 b(and)g(can)h(handle)e(arbitrarily)e(complicated)j (rules)f(without)h(di\016cult)m(y)-8 b(.)241 3856 y(The)21 b(general)i(substitution)d(mec)m(hanism)h(used)h(in)f(REDUCE)h(is)f (discussed)f(in)h(Hearn,)241 3956 y(A.)35 b(C.,)h(\\REDUCE,)f(A)g (User-Orien)m(ted)f(In)m(teractiv)m(e)i(System)e(for)h(Algebraic)f (Sim-)241 4055 y(pli\014cation,")50 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Systems)f (for)f(Exp)s(erimen)m(tal)g(Applied)e(Mathematics,)241 4155 y(\(edited)32 b(b)m(y)g(M.)g(Klerer)f(and)h(J.)g(Reinfelds\),)f (Academic)h(Press,)h(New)f(Y)-8 b(ork)33 b(\(1968\),)241 4255 y(79-90,)g(and)d(Hearn.)42 b(A.)31 b(C.,)g(\\The)f(Problem)g(of)h (Substitution,")e(Pro)s(c.)41 b(1968)32 b(Sum-)241 4354 y(mer)f(Institute)f(on)h(Sym)m(b)s(olic)e(Mathematical)j(Computation,)f (IBM)g(Programming)241 4454 y(Lab)s(oratory)23 b(Rep)s(ort)f(FSC)h (69-0312)i(\(1969\).)41 b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(the)f(reasons)g(giv)m(en)g(in) e(these)i(refer-)241 4553 y(ences,)k(REDUCE)e(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)i (to)e(implemen)m(t)f(a)i(general)f(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)241 4653 y(algorithm.)59 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)41 b(the)c(presen)m(t)f (system)h(uses)g(far)f(more)h(sophisticated)f(tec)m(h-)241 4753 y(niques)31 b(than)h(those)g(discussed)f(in)g(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m (e)i(pap)s(ers.)45 b(It)33 b(is)e(no)m(w)h(p)s(ossible)e(for)i(the)241 4852 y(rules)d(app)s(earing)g(in)g(argumen)m(ts)h(of)h FJ(LET)e FQ(to)j(ha)m(v)m(e)f(the)g(form)p eop %%Page: 158 158 158 157 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(158)886 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)72 b(SUBSTITUTION)29 b(COMMANDS)1013 555 y FH(<substitution)38 b(expression>)h(=)k (<expression>)664 774 y FQ(where)36 b(an)m(y)g(rule)f(to)i(whic)m(h)e (a)h(sensible)e(meaning)i(can)g(b)s(e)g(assigned)f(is)g(p)s(ermitted.) 664 887 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)42 b(this)36 b(meaning)g(can)i(v)-5 b(ary)37 b(according)h(to)g(the)f(form)g(of)h FJ(<substitution)664 1000 y(expression>)p FQ(.)71 b(The)41 b(seman)m(tic)g(rules)f(asso)s (ciated)i(with)e(the)i(application)d(of)j(the)664 1113 y(substitution)c(are)i(completely)f(consisten)m(t,)k(but)c(somewhat)h (complicated)f(b)m(y)h(the)664 1226 y(pragmatic)28 b(need)g(to)h(p)s (erform)e(suc)m(h)h(substitutions)d(as)k(e\016cien)m(tly)f(as)g(p)s (ossible.)37 b(The)664 1339 y(follo)m(wing)29 b(rules)g(explain)g(ho)m (w)h(the)h(ma)5 b(jorit)m(y)30 b(of)h(the)f(cases)h(are)g(handled.)664 1502 y(T)-8 b(o)24 b(b)s(egin)f(with,)h(the)g FJ(<substitution)44 b(expression>)21 b FQ(is)i(\014rst)g(partly)g(simpli\014ed)d(b)m(y)664 1615 y(collecting)h(lik)m(e)g(terms)g(and)f(putting)g(iden)m(ti\014ers) g(\(and)h(k)m(ernels\))g(in)e(the)j(system)f(order.)664 1727 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)31 b(no)c(substitutions)f(are)i(p)s(erformed)e (on)i(an)m(y)g(part)g(of)g(the)g(expression)e(with)664 1840 y(the)37 b(exception)f(of)h(expressions)e(with)g(the)h FD(instant)j(evaluation)45 b FQ(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(,)38 b(suc)m(h)e(as)664 1953 y(arra)m(y)c(and)f(matrix)f(elemen)m(ts,)i (whose)f(actual)h(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(are)i(used.)43 b(It)31 b(should)e(also)j(b)s(e)664 2066 y(noted)h(that)h(the)f(system)h(order) e(used)h(is)f(not)h(c)m(hangeable)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(user,)g(ev)m(en)h (with)664 2179 y(the)d FJ(KORDER)d FQ(command.)41 b(Sp)s(eci\014c)29 b(cases)i(are)g(then)f(handled)e(as)j(follo)m(ws:)664 2280 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2412 a(1.)46 b(If)26 b(the)h(resulting)d(simpli\014ed)e(rule)j(has)h(a)h (left-hand)e(side)g(that)i(is)e(an)h(iden)m(ti\014er,)891 2525 y(an)j(expression)f(with)f(a)j(top-lev)m(el)f(algebraic)f(op)s (erator)i(or)e(a)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(er,)f(then)g(the)891 2638 y(rule)h(is)f(added)h(without)f(further)g(c)m(hange)j(to)f(the)f (appropriate)g(table.)664 2692 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2811 a(2.)46 b(If)36 b(the)h(op)s(erator)g(*)g(app)s (ears)e(at)j(the)e(top)h(lev)m(el)f(of)h(the)f(simpli\014ed)d (left-hand)891 2910 y(side,)26 b(then)g(an)m(y)g(constan)m(t)h(argumen) m(ts)f(in)e(that)j(expression)d(are)i(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)891 3010 y(righ)m(t-hand)d(side)f(of)i(the)f(rule.)38 b(The)24 b(remaining)e(left-hand)i(side)f(is)g(then)i(added)891 3109 y(to)32 b(the)e(appropriate)g(table.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)1240 3316 y FH(let)42 b(2*x*y=3)891 3522 y FQ(b)s(ecomes)1240 3729 y FH(let)g(x*y=3/2)891 3948 y FQ(so)k(that)g FJ(x*y)f FQ(is)f(added)h(to)h(the)g(pro)s(duct)e (substitution)f(table,)49 b(and)c(when)891 4061 y(this)38 b(rule)g(is)g(applied,)h(the)g(expression)f FJ(x*y)g FQ(b)s(ecomes)h(3/2,)k(but)38 b FJ(X)h FQ(or)f FJ(Y)h FQ(b)m(y)891 4174 y(themselv)m(es)31 b(are)g(not)f(replaced.)664 4228 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 4347 a(3.)46 b(If)29 b(the)g(op)s(erators)f FJ(+)p FQ(,)h FJ(-)g FQ(or)f FJ(/)h FQ(app)s(ear)f(at)h(the)g(top)g(lev)m(el)f(of)h (the)g(simpli\014ed)c(left-)891 4446 y(hand)i(side,)h(all)f(but)h(the)g (\014rst)f(term)h(is)f(mo)m(v)m(ed)i(to)g(the)g(righ)m(t-hand)d(side)h (of)i(the)891 4546 y(rule.)40 b(Th)m(us)29 b(the)i(rules)1240 4752 y FH(let)42 b(l+m=n,)g(x/2=y,)f(a-b=c)891 4959 y FQ(b)s(ecome)p eop %%Page: 159 159 159 158 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(10.2.)72 b(LET)30 b(R)m(ULES)2078 b FQ(159)817 555 y FH(let)42 b(l=n-m,)f(x=2*y,)g(a=c+b.)241 779 y FQ(One)29 b(problem)f(that)i(can)g(o)s(ccur)f(in)f(this)g(case)j(is)d(that)j(if)d (a)i(quan)m(ti\014ed)e(expression)g(is)241 879 y(mo)m(v)m(ed)33 b(to)g(the)f(righ)m(t-hand)f(side,)h(a)h(giv)m(en)f(free)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(migh)m(t)h(no)g(longer)g(app)s(ear)241 979 y(on)k(the)h(left-hand)e(side,)i(resulting)e(in)g(an)h(error)g(b)s (ecause)h(of)f(the)h(unmatc)m(hed)f(free)241 1078 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 b(E.g.,)589 1284 y FH(for)k(all)f(x,y)g(let)h (f\(x\)+f\(y\)=x*y)241 1490 y FQ(w)m(ould)29 b(b)s(ecome)589 1696 y FH(for)43 b(all)f(x,y)g(let)h(f\(x\)=x*y-f\(y\))241 1915 y FQ(whic)m(h)29 b(no)h(longer)g(has)g FJ(Y)g FQ(on)h(b)s(oth)e (sides.)241 2065 y(The)f(fact)i(that)g(arra)m(y)g(and)e(matrix)g (elemen)m(ts)i(are)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)29 b(in)f(the)h(left-hand)g(side) 241 2164 y(of)d(rules)e(can)i(lead)f(to)i(confusion)d(at)i(times.)39 b(Consider)24 b(for)h(example)h(the)g(statemen)m(ts)589 2370 y FH(array)42 b(a\(5\);)f(let)i(x+a\(2\)=3;)d(let)i(a\(3\)=4;)241 2589 y FQ(The)34 b(left-hand)f(side)g(of)i(the)g(\014rst)e(rule)g(will) f(b)s(ecome)j FJ(X)p FQ(,)f(and)g(the)h(second)f(0.)54 b(Th)m(us)241 2702 y(the)27 b(\014rst)g(rule)f(will)f(b)s(e)i(instan)m (tiated)g(as)h(a)g(substitution)d(for)j FJ(X)p FQ(,)f(and)g(the)h (second)f(will)241 2815 y(result)i(in)g(an)h(error.)241 2978 y(The)40 b(order)f(in)g(whic)m(h)g(a)i(list)e(of)h(rules)f(is)g (applied)g(is)g(not)h(easily)g(understandable)241 3091 y(without)f(a)i(detailed)e(kno)m(wledge)h(of)g(the)h(system)f (simpli\014cation)d(proto)s(col.)70 b(It)40 b(is)241 3204 y(also)d(p)s(ossible)d(for)j(this)f(order)h(to)h(c)m(hange)g(from) e(release)i(to)g(release,)h(as)e(impro)m(v)m(ed)241 3317 y(substitution)j(tec)m(hniques)j(are)g(implemen)m(ted.)77 b(Users)43 b(should)d(therefore)k(assume)241 3429 y(that)30 b(the)g(order)g(of)g(application)e(of)j(rules)d(is)h(arbitrary)-8 b(,)30 b(and)f(program)h(accordingly)-8 b(.)241 3592 y(After)30 b(a)g(substitution)d(has)j(b)s(een)f(made,)h(the)g (expression)e(b)s(eing)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)30 b(is)f(reex-)241 3705 y(amined)c(in)g(case)j(a)f(new)e(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(substitution)d (has)i(b)s(een)g(generated.)40 b(This)25 b(pro)s(cess)241 3818 y(is)k(con)m(tin)m(ued)h(un)m(til)f(no)h(more)h(substitutions)d (can)i(b)s(e)g(made.)241 3967 y(As)f(men)m(tioned)g(elsewhere,)h(when)e (a)i(substitution)d(expression)i(app)s(ears)g(in)f(a)i(pro)s(d-)241 4067 y(uct,)42 b(the)e(substitution)d(is)h(made)i(if)e(that)i (expression)e(divides)f(the)j(pro)s(duct.)67 b(F)-8 b(or)241 4167 y(example,)30 b(the)h(rule)589 4373 y FH(let)43 b(a^2*c)e(=)i(3*z;)241 4592 y FQ(w)m(ould)25 b(cause)i FJ(a^2*c*x)d FQ(to)k(b)s(e)d(replaced)h(b)m(y)h FJ(3*Z*X)e FQ(and)g FJ(a^2*c^2)g FQ(b)m(y)h FJ(3*Z*C)p FQ(.)f(If)h(the)241 4705 y(substitution)33 b(is)j(desired)e(only)h(when)g(the)i (substitution)c(expression)i(app)s(ears)g(in)g(a)241 4818 y(pro)s(duct)c(with)g(the)i(explicit)e(p)s(o)m(w)m(ers)h(supplied) d(in)i(the)i(rule,)f(the)h(command)f FJ(MATCH)241 4930 y FQ(should)c(b)s(e)i(used)f(instead.)p eop %%Page: 160 160 160 159 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(160)886 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)72 b(SUBSTITUTION)29 b(COMMANDS)664 555 y FQ(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)1013 761 y FH(match)41 b(a^2*c)h(=)h(3*z;)664 980 y FQ(w)m(ould)34 b(cause)h FJ(a^2*c*x)d FQ(to)k(b)s(e)e(replaced)g(b)m(y)g FJ(3*Z*X)p FQ(,)g(but)g FJ(a^2*c^2)e FQ(w)m(ould)i(not)h(b)s(e)664 1093 y(replaced.)40 b FJ(MATCH)28 b FQ(can)h(also)g(b)s(e)g(used)f (with)g(the)h FJ(FOR)47 b(ALL)28 b FQ(constructions)h(describ)s(ed)664 1206 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)664 1356 y(T)-8 b(o)27 b(remo)m(v)m(e)h (substitution)c(rules)h(of)h(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(discussed)f(in)g(this)g (section,)j(the)e FJ(CLEAR)664 1455 y FQ(command)d(can)g(b)s(e)f(used,) i(com)m(bined,)g(if)e(necessary)-8 b(,)25 b(with)d(the)h(same)g FJ(FOR)47 b(ALL)22 b FQ(clause)664 1555 y(with)29 b(whic)m(h)g(the)i (rule)e(w)m(as)i(de\014ned,)e(for)h(example:)1013 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FQ(clause)h(allo)m(ws)g (constrain)m(ts)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(placed)g(on)h(the)f(application)f(of)241 1120 y(the)30 b(rule,)g(m)m(uc)m(h)g(as)h(the)f FJ(SUCH)47 b(THAT)29 b FQ(clause)h(in)f(a)i FJ(LET)f FQ(statemen)m(t.)241 1269 y(A)g(rule)f(list)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(named,)g(for)g(example)589 1475 y FH(trig1)42 b(:=)h({cos\(~x\)*cos\(~y\))37 b(=>)42 b(\(cos\(x+y\)+cos\(x-y)o(\)\)/)o(2,)1025 1575 y(cos\(~x\)*sin\(~y\))c (=>)k(\(sin\(x+y\)-sin\(x-y)o(\)\)/)o(2,)1025 1674 y (sin\(~x\)*sin\(~y\))c(=>)k(\(cos\(x-y\)-cos\(x+y)o(\)\)/)o(2,)1025 1774 y(cos\(~x\)^2)302 b(=>)42 b(\(1+cos\(2*x\)\)/2,)1025 1874 y(sin\(~x\)^2)302 b(=>)42 b(\(1-cos\(2*x\)\)/2};)241 2093 y FQ(Suc)m(h)h(named)h(rule)e(lists)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(insp)s (ected)g(as)h(needed.)81 b(E.g.,)49 b(the)44 b(command)241 2206 y FJ(trig1;)28 b FQ(w)m(ould)i(cause)h(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i (list)d(to)i(b)s(e)f(prin)m(ted.)241 2355 y(Rule)j(lists)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s (e)f(used)g(in)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(w)m(a)m(ys.)54 b(They)34 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(globally)f(instan)m(tiated)h(b)m(y)241 2455 y(means)c(of)h(the)f(command)g FJ(LET)p FQ(.)g(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)589 2661 y FH(let)43 b(trig1;)241 2867 y FQ(w)m(ould)30 b(cause)j(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(list)e(of)h (rules)f(to)h(b)s(e)g(globally)e(activ)m(e)j(from)f(then)f(on)h(un)m (til)241 2966 y(cancelled)e(b)m(y)g(the)g(command)h FJ(CLEARRULES)p FQ(,)c(as)k(in)589 3172 y FH(clearrules)40 b(trig1;)241 3378 y FJ(CLEARRULES)27 b FQ(has)j(the)h(syn)m(tax)589 3584 y FH(CLEARRULES)40 b(<rule)h(list>|<name)e(of)k(rule)f (list>\(,...\))d(.)241 3790 y FQ(The)f(second)h(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)g(use)f (rule)e(lists)h(is)g(to)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)g(them)f(lo)s(cally)e(b)m(y)i (means)g(of)g(a)241 3889 y FJ(WHERE)29 b FQ(clause.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example)589 4095 y FH(cos\(a\)*cos\(b+c\))720 4195 y(where)42 b({cos\(~x\)*cos\(~y\))37 b(=>)42 b (\(cos\(x+y\)+cos\(x-y)o(\)\)/)o(2})o(;)241 4401 y FQ(or)589 4607 y FH(cos\(a\)*sin\(b\))d(where)i(trigrules;)241 4813 y FQ(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(an)g(expression)f(with)h(a)g FJ(WHERE)f FQ(clause)h(is:)p eop %%Page: 162 162 162 161 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(162)886 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)72 b(SUBSTITUTION)29 b(COMMANDS)1013 555 y FH(<expression>)1187 655 y(WHERE)42 b(<rule>|<rule)c(list>\(,<rule>|<ru)o(le)f(list>)42 b(...\))664 861 y FQ(so)31 b(the)f(\014rst)g(example)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(could)d (also)h(b)s(e)g(written)1013 1067 y FH(cos\(a\)*cos\(b+c\))1144 1166 y(where)41 b(cos\(~x\)*cos\(~y\))d(=>)k(\(cos\(x+y\)+cos\(x-y)o (\)\))o(/2;)664 1372 y FQ(The)32 b(e\013ect)i(of)e(this)f(construct)i (is)e(that)i(the)g(rule)e(list\(s\))g(in)g(the)i FJ(WHERE)e FQ(clause)h(only)664 1472 y(apply)37 b(to)i(the)f(expression)f(on)g (the)i(left)e(of)i FJ(WHERE)p FQ(.)d(They)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(no)f(e\013ect) i(outside)664 1571 y(the)d(expression.)58 b(In)36 b(particular,)h(they) f(do)h(not)g(a\013ect)h(previously)c(de\014ned)h FJ(WHERE)664 1671 y FQ(clauses)30 b(or)h FJ(LET)e FQ(statemen)m(ts.)42 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b(anced)38 b(Use)g(of)f(Rule)g(Lists)241 777 y FQ(Some)27 b(adv)-5 b(anced)27 b(features)h(of)f(the)h(rule)e (list)g(mec)m(hanism)g(mak)m(e)j(it)d(p)s(ossible)f(to)j(write)241 890 y(more)37 b(complicated)f(rules)f(than)i(those)g(discussed)e(so)i (far,)h(and)e(in)f(man)m(y)i(cases)h(to)241 1002 y(write)29 b(more)i(compact)h(rule)d(lists.)39 b(These)30 b(features)h(are:)377 1250 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(F)-8 b(ree)32 b(op)s(erators)377 1433 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(Double)30 b(slash)f(op)s(erator)377 1616 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(Double)30 b(tilde)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)241 1850 y(A)28 b FN(free)33 b(op)s(erator)c FQ(in)e(the)h(left)h(hand)e (side)h(of)g(a)h(pattern)g(will)d(matc)m(h)j(an)m(y)g(op)s(erator)241 1950 y(with)37 b(the)i(same)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(argumen)m(ts.)65 b(The)38 b(free)h(op)s(erator)g(is)e(written)h(in)f(the)241 2050 y(same)e(st)m(yle)h(as)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)54 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)g(the)f(implemen)m(tation)f(of)h(the)h(pro)s (duct)241 2149 y(rule)29 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b(is)e(also)h(dra)m(wn)f(to)i(the)f(LINALG)241 3535 y(\(c)m(hapter)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(52)q(\)) g(and)e(NORMF)m(ORM)j(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(57)q(\))g(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages.)241 3684 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 143 x FR(13.4.1)112 b(DET)37 b(Op)s(erator)241 4035 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)589 4241 y FH (DET\(EXPRN:matrix_)o(exp)o(re)o(ssi)o(on)o(\):)o(alg)o(eb)o(rai)o(c.) 241 4447 y FQ(The)e(op)s(erator)g FJ(DET)g FQ(is)f(used)g(to)i (represen)m(t)g(the)f(determinan)m(t)g(of)g(a)h(square)f(matrix)241 4547 y(expression.)k(E.g.,)589 4753 y FH(det\(y^2\))241 4959 y FQ(is)d(a)h(scalar)g(expression)f(whose)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)f(the)h(determinan)m(t)f(of)h(the)h(square)e(of)h(the)p eop %%Page: 180 180 180 179 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(180)1041 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(13.)72 b(MA)-8 b(TRIX)31 b(CALCULA)-8 b(TIONS)664 555 y FQ(matrix)30 b FJ(Y)p FQ(,)g(and)1013 761 y FH(det)42 b(mat\(\(a,b,c\),\(d,e,)o(f\))o(,\(g)o 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b(di\013eren)m(t)i(from)g(classical)g(linear)e(algebra.)241 1495 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(13.4.7)112 b(RANK)36 b(Op)s(erator)241 1852 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)589 2058 y FH(RANK\(EXPRN:matrix)o(_ex)o(pr)o(ess)o(io)o(n\))o(:in)o(te)o (ger)241 2277 y FJ(RANK)g FQ(calculates)i(the)f(rank)g(of)h(its)f (argumen)m(t,)j(that,)g(lik)m(e)c FJ(NULLSPACE)f FQ(can)j(either)241 2390 y(b)s(e)d(a)h(standard)e(matrix)h(expression,)h(or)g(a)g(list)e (of)i(lists,)f(that)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)241 2503 y(either)30 b(as)g(a)h(ro)m(w)f(matrix)g(or)h(a)f(set)h(of)g (equations.)241 2666 y FJ(Example:)589 2896 y FH(rank)42 b(mat\(\(a,b,c\),\(d,e,)o(f\)\))o(;)241 3140 y FQ(returns)29 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(2.)241 3277 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 200 x FE(13.5)135 b(Matrix)46 b(Assignmen)l(ts)241 3729 y FQ(Matrix)33 b(expressions)e(ma)m(y)j(app)s (ear)f(in)e(the)j(righ)m(t-hand)e(side)g(of)h(assignmen)m(t)g(state-) 241 3842 y(men)m(ts.)39 b(If)24 b(the)i(left-hand)d(side)h(of)h(the)h (assignmen)m(t,)g(whic)m(h)d(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)f(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable,)25 b(has)241 3955 y(not)34 b(already)f(b)s(een)g(declared)h (a)g(matrix,)g(it)g(is)f(declared)g(b)m(y)h(default)f(to)i(the)f(size)f (of)241 4068 y(the)f(righ)m(t-hand)e(side.)44 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(is)h(then)g(set)i(to)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(the)g(righ)m(t-hand)241 4181 y(side.)241 4331 y(Suc)m(h)i(an)h(assignmen)m(t)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(v)m(ery)g (con)m(v)m(enien)m(tly)h(to)g(\014nd)d(the)j(solution)d(of)241 4430 y(a)f(set)g(of)g(linear)e(equations.)45 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)g(to)h(\014nd)d(the)i(solution)e(of)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)241 4530 y(set)f(of)f(equations)589 4736 y FH(a11*x\(1\))41 b(+)i(a12*x\(2\))d(=)j(y1)589 4835 y(a21*x\(1\))e(+)i(a22*x\(2\))d(=)j (y2)p eop %%Page: 184 184 184 183 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(184)1041 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(13.)72 b(MA)-8 b(TRIX)31 b(CALCULA)-8 b(TIONS)664 555 y FQ(w)m(e)31 b(simply)d(write)1013 761 y FH(x)43 b(:=)g(1/mat\(\(a11,a12\),)o(\(a)o(21,)o(a2)o(2\))o(\)*m) o(at)o(\(\(y)o(1\))o(,\()o(y2\))o(\);)664 917 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 180 x FE(13.6)136 b(Ev)-7 b(aluating)46 b(Matrix)f(Elemen)l(ts)664 1350 y FQ(Once)39 b(an)g(elemen)m(t)g(of)h (a)f(matrix)f(has)h(b)s(een)f(assigned,)j(it)d(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e (referred)g(to)i(in)664 1463 y(standard)30 b(arra)m(y)i(elemen)m(t)f (notation.)43 b(Th)m(us)30 b FJ(y\(2,1\))f FQ(refers)i(to)g(the)h (elemen)m(t)f(in)f(the)664 1576 y(second)h(ro)m(w)f(and)g(\014rst)f (column)h(of)g(the)h(matrix)e FJ(Y)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 185 185 185 184 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(14)241 1693 y FT(Pro)6 b(cedures)241 2174 y FQ(It)31 b(is)f(often)i(useful)d(to)j(name)g(a)f(statemen)m(t)i(for)e(rep)s (eated)h(use)f(in)e(calculations)i(with)241 2274 y(v)-5 b(arying)42 b(parameters,)47 b(or)c(to)h(de\014ne)e(a)i(complete)f(ev) -5 b(aluation)43 b(pro)s(cedure)f(for)h(an)241 2373 y(op)s(erator.)70 b(REDUCE)40 b(o\013ers)g(a)h(pro)s(cedural)d(declaration)i(for)f(this)g (purp)s(ose.)69 b(Its)241 2473 y(general)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(is:)328 2679 y FH([<procedural)39 b(type>])i(PROCEDURE)f(<name>[<varlist)o(>])o (;<s)o(ta)o(tem)o(en)o(t>;)241 2885 y FQ(where)589 3091 y FH(<varlist>)g(::=)j(\(<variable>,...)o(,<v)o(ar)o(iab)o(le)o(>\))241 3310 y FQ(This)28 b(will)g(b)s(e)i(explained)e(more)j(fully)d(in)h(the) i(follo)m(wing)d(sections.)241 3473 y(In)g(the)h(algebraic)g(mo)s(de)g (of)g(REDUCE)g(the)h FJ(<procedure)45 b(type>)27 b FQ(can)j(b)s(e)e (omitted,)241 3586 y(since)37 b(the)i(default)e(is)g FJ(ALGEBRAIC)p FQ(.)f(Pro)s(cedures)i(of)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g FJ(INTEGER)f FQ(or)h FJ(REAL)f FQ(ma)m(y)241 3698 y(also)f(b)s(e)h (used.)59 b(In)36 b(the)h(former)f(case,)k(the)d(system)g(c)m(hec)m(ks) h(that)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)h(the)241 3811 y(pro)s(cedure)h(is)g (an)i(in)m(teger.)68 b(A)m(t)40 b(presen)m(t,)i(suc)m(h)d(c)m(hec)m (king)h(is)e(not)i(done)f(for)g(a)h(real)241 3924 y(pro)s(cedure,)f (although)e(this)g(will)e(c)m(hange)40 b(in)c(the)i(future)f(when)g(a)i (more)f(complete)241 4037 y(t)m(yp)s(e)29 b(c)m(hec)m(king)g(mec)m (hanism)f(is)g(installed.)38 b(Users)28 b(should)f(therefore)i(only)f (use)g(these)241 4150 y(t)m(yp)s(es)i(when)g(appropriate.)39 b(An)30 b(empt)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(list)g(ma)m(y)i(also)g(b)s(e)e (omitted.)241 4313 y(All)g(user-de\014ned)g(pro)s(cedures)g(are)h (automatically)h(declared)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(op)s(erators.)241 4462 y(In)g(order)h(to)h(allo)m(w)f(users)g(relativ)m(ely)f(easy)i (access)h(to)f(the)g(whole)e(REDUCE)h(source)241 4562 y(program,)35 b(system)f(pro)s(cedures)e(are)j(not)f(protected)h (against)f(user)f(rede\014nition.)49 b(If)241 4661 y(a)31 b(pro)s(cedure)e(is)g(rede\014ned,)h(a)g(message)589 4867 y FH(***)43 b(<procedure)c(name>)j(REDEFINED)1667 5187 y FQ(185)p eop %%Page: 186 186 186 185 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(186)1537 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(14.)72 b(PR)m(OCEDURES)664 555 y FQ(is)31 b(prin)m(ted.)44 b(If)32 b(this)f(o)s(ccurs,)h(and)f (the)i(user)e(is)g(not)h(rede\014ning)e(his)h(o)m(wn)h(pro)s(cedure,) 664 668 y(he)42 b(is)f(w)m(ell)h(advised)f(to)h(rename)h(it,)i(and)c(p) s(ossibly)e(start)k(o)m(v)m(er)h(\(b)s(ecause)e(he)g(has)664 781 y FD(alr)-5 b(e)g(ady)36 b FQ(rede\014ned)25 b(some)h(in)m(ternal)f (pro)s(cedure)f(whose)i(correct)h(functioning)c(ma)m(y)k(b)s(e)664 894 y(required)i(for)h(his)f(job!\))664 1057 y(All)j(required)f(pro)s (cedures)h(should)f(b)s(e)h(de\014ned)g(at)h(the)g(top)h(lev)m(el,)f (since)g(they)g(ha)m(v)m(e)664 1170 y(global)i(scop)s(e)h(throughout)g (a)g(program.)57 b(In)35 b(particular,)h(an)g(attempt)h(to)f(de\014ne)g (a)664 1282 y(pro)s(cedure)29 b(within)f(a)j(pro)s(cedure)e(will)f (cause)j(an)f(error)g(to)h(o)s(ccur.)664 1437 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(14.1)136 b(Pro)t(cedure)44 b(Heading)664 1871 y FQ(Eac)m(h)28 b(pro)s(cedure)e(has)h(a)g(heading)f (consisting)g(of)i(the)f(w)m(ord)g FJ(PROCEDURE)d FQ(\(optionally)664 1984 y(preceded)35 b(b)m(y)g(the)h(w)m(ord)e FJ(ALGEBRAIC)p FQ(\),)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)f(pro)s(cedure) 664 2097 y(to)28 b(b)s(e)f(de\014ned,)g(and)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)i (its)e(formal)h(parameters)h({)f(the)h(sym)m(b)s(ols)e(that)i(will)664 2210 y(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(the)h(b)s(o)s(dy)e(of)i(the)h(de\014nition)c (to)k(illustrate)d(what)i(is)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(done.)39 b(There)664 2323 y(are)31 b(three)g(cases:)664 2410 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2547 a(1.)46 b(No)33 b(parameters.)45 b(Simply)29 b(follo)m(w)i(the)g(pro)s(cedure)g (name)h(with)e(a)i(terminator)891 2647 y(\(semicolon)e(or)h(dollar)e (sign\).)1240 2859 y FH(procedure)40 b(abc;)891 3084 y FQ(When)31 b(suc)m(h)g(a)h(pro)s(cedure)e(is)g(used)h(in)e(an)j (expression)d(or)j(command,)f FJ(abc\(\))p FQ(,)891 3196 y(with)f(empt)m(y)g(paren)m(theses,)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(written.)664 3252 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 3371 a(2.)46 b(One)38 b(parameter.)63 b(Enclose)37 b(it)g(in)f(paren)m (theses)i FD(or)48 b FQ(just)37 b(lea)m(v)m(e)i(at)g(least)f(one)891 3470 y(space,)32 b(then)e(follo)m(w)f(with)g(a)i(terminator.)1240 3682 y FH(procedure)40 b(abc\(x\);)891 3894 y FQ(or)1240 4106 y FH(procedure)g(abc)i(x;)664 4199 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 4317 a FQ(3.)k(More)30 b(than)f(one)g (parameter.)41 b(Enclose)29 b(them)g(in)f(paren)m(theses,)h(separated)h (b)m(y)891 4417 y(commas,)i(then)e(follo)m(w)f(with)g(a)i(terminator.) 1240 4629 y FH(procedure)40 b(abc\(x,y,z\);)p eop %%Page: 187 187 187 186 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(14.2.)72 b(PR)m(OCEDURE)31 b(BOD)m(Y)1704 b FQ(187)241 555 y(Referring)36 b(to)i(the)g(last)g(example,)h(if)d(later)i(in)e (some)i(expression)e(b)s(eing)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)241 668 y(the)28 b(sym)m(b)s(ols)f FJ(abc\(u,p*q,123\))d FQ(app)s(ear,)k(the)g (op)s(erations)g(of)g(the)g(pro)s(cedure)f(b)s(o)s(dy)241 781 y(will)32 b(b)s(e)i(carried)f(out)i(as)g(if)e FJ(X)i FQ(had)f(the)g(same)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(as)h FJ(U)g FQ(do)s(es,)g FJ(Y)f FQ(the)h(same)g(v)-5 b(alue)241 894 y(as)30 b FJ(p*q)f FQ(do)s(es,)g(and)h FJ(Z)f FQ(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(123.)42 b(The)29 b(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(of)h FJ(X)p FQ(,)g FJ(Y)p FQ(,)g FJ(Z)p FQ(,)f(after)i(the)f(pro)s(cedure)241 1007 y(b)s(o)s(dy)e(op)s(erations)g(are)i(completed)g(are)f(unc)m (hanged.)40 b(So,)30 b(normally)-8 b(,)29 b(are)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)241 1120 y(of)38 b FJ(U)p FQ(,)g FJ(P)p FQ(,)g FJ(Q)p FQ(,)g(and)g(\(of)h(course\))f(123.)66 b(\(This)37 b(is)g(tec)m(hnically)g(referred)h(to)h(as)f(call)g(b)m(y)241 1233 y(v)-5 b(alue.\))241 1395 y(The)32 b(reader)g(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)k (noted)f(the)g(w)m(ord)f FD(normal)5 b(ly)43 b FQ(a)33 b(few)f(lines)f(earlier.)46 b(The)32 b(call)241 1508 y(b)m(y)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(protections)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(b)m(ypassed)g (if)f(necessary)-8 b(,)31 b(as)g(describ)s(ed)d(elsewhere.)241 1661 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(14.2)135 b(Pro)t(cedure)45 b(Bo)t(dy)241 2095 y FQ(F)-8 b(ollo)m(wing)36 b(the)h(delimiter)e(that)i(ends)f(the)h(pro)s(cedure)f(heading)f(m)m (ust)i(b)s(e)f(a)i FD(single)241 2208 y FQ(statemen)m(t)33 b(de\014ning)c(the)i(action)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(p)s(erformed)g(or)h(the)g(v) -5 b(alue)30 b(to)i(b)s(e)f(deliv)m(ered.)241 2321 y(A)k(terminator)g (m)m(ust)g(follo)m(w)f(the)h(statemen)m(t.)57 b(If)35 b(it)f(is)h(a)g(semicolon,)h(the)f(name)g(of)241 2434 y(the)k(pro)s(cedure)f(just)h(de\014ned)f(is)g(prin)m(ted.)66 b(It)39 b(is)g(not)g(prin)m(ted)f(if)g(a)i(dollar)d(sign)h(is)241 2547 y(used.)241 2709 y(If)25 b(the)h(result)e(w)m(an)m(ted)j(is)d(giv) m(en)i(b)m(y)g(a)g(form)m(ula)e(of)i(some)g(kind,)f(the)h(b)s(o)s(dy)e (is)h(just)g(that)241 2822 y(form)m(ula,)30 b(using)e(the)j(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(in)g(the)i(pro)s(cedure)e(heading.)241 2985 y FD(Simple)k(Example:)241 3134 y FQ(If)21 b FJ(f\(x\))f FQ(is)h(to)i(mean)e FJ(\(x+5\)*\(x+6\)/\(x+7\))p FQ(,)e(the)j(en)m (tire)g(pro)s(cedure)e(de\014nition)f(could)241 3234 y(read)589 3440 y FH(procedure)40 b(f)j(x;)g(\(x+5\)*\(x+6\)/\(x+7\))o (;)241 3659 y FQ(Then)35 b FJ(f\(10\))g FQ(w)m(ould)f(ev)-5 b(aluate)37 b(to)g(240/17,)j FJ(f\(a-6\))35 b FQ(to)i FJ(A*\(A-1\)/\(A+1\))p FQ(,)d(and)h(so)241 3772 y(on.)241 3935 y FD(Mor)-5 b(e)33 b(Complic)-5 b(ate)g(d)35 b(Example:)241 4098 y FQ(Supp)s(ose)d(w)m(e)i(need)g(a)g(function)f FJ(p\(n,x\))f FQ(that,)k(for)d(an)m(y)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(in)m(teger)i FJ(N)p FQ(,)e(is)g(the)241 4210 y(Legendre)44 b(p)s(olynomial)d(of)j (order)g FD(n)p FQ(.)81 b(W)-8 b(e)45 b(can)g(de\014ne)e(this)g(op)s (erator)h(using)e(the)241 4323 y(textb)s(o)s(ok)31 b(form)m(ula)e (de\014ning)g(these)h(functions:)1003 4573 y FL(p)1049 4587 y FF(n)1096 4573 y FQ(\()p FL(x)p FQ(\))c(=)1367 4512 y(1)p 1350 4552 80 4 v 1350 4636 a FL(n)p FQ(!)1504 4512 y FL(d)1551 4479 y FF(n)p 1480 4552 143 4 v 1480 4636 a FL(dy)1575 4610 y FF(n)1962 4512 y FQ(1)p 1672 4552 626 4 v 1672 4657 a(\()p FL(y)1755 4631 y FO(2)1815 4657 y FP(\000)20 b FQ(2)p FL(xy)j FQ(+)d(1\))2252 4594 y Fy(1)p 2253 4606 31 4 v 2253 4648 a(2)2308 4426 y FB(\014)2308 4476 y(\014)2308 4526 y(\014)2308 4576 y(\014)2308 4625 y(\014)2335 4679 y FF(y)r FO(=0)241 4846 y FQ(Put)30 b(in)m(to)g(w)m(ords,)g(the)g(Legendre)g(p)s(olynomial)e FL(p)1951 4860 y FF(n)1997 4846 y FQ(\()p FL(x)p FQ(\))j(is)e(the)h (result)g(of)g(substituting)241 4959 y FL(y)40 b FQ(=)d(0)h(in)f(the)h FL(n)850 4926 y FF(th)957 4959 y FQ(partial)f(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)37 b(with)f(resp)s(ect)i(to)h FL(y)h FQ(of)e(a)g(certain)g (fraction)p eop %%Page: 188 188 188 187 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(188)1537 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(14.)72 b(PR)m(OCEDURES)664 555 y FQ(in)m(v)m(olving)29 b FL(x)h FQ(and)g FL(y)s FQ(,)g(then)h(dividing)c(that)k(b)m(y)f FL(n)p FQ(!.)664 705 y(This)f(v)m(erbal)h(form)m(ula)f(can)i(easily)e(b)s(e)h(written)g (in)f(REDUCE:)1013 911 y FH(procedure)40 b(p\(n,x\);)1144 1010 y(sub\(y=0,df\(1/\(y)o(^2-)o(2*)o(x*y)o(+1)o(\)^)o(\(1/)o(2\))o (,y,)o(n\))o(\))1318 1110 y(/\(for)h(i:=1:n)h(product)e(i\);)664 1316 y FQ(Ha)m(ving)31 b(input)d(this)h(de\014nition,)g(the)h (expression)f(ev)-5 b(aluation)1013 1522 y FH(2p\(2,w\);)664 1727 y FQ(w)m(ould)29 b(result)h(in)f(the)h(output)1144 1933 y FH(2)1013 2033 y(3*W)86 b(-)43 b(1)g(.)664 2252 y FQ(If)31 b(the)h(desired)e(pro)s(cess)h(is)f(b)s(est)h(describ)s(ed)f (as)i(a)f(series)g(of)h(steps,)g(then)f(a)h(group)f(or)664 2365 y(comp)s(ound)e(statemen)m(t)j(can)f(b)s(e)f(used.)p eop %%Page: 189 189 189 188 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(14.3.)72 b(USING)31 b(LET)e(INSIDE)h(PR)m(OCEDURES)1071 b FQ(189)241 555 y FD(Example:)241 705 y FQ(The)22 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i (Legendre)f(p)s(olynomial)e(example)h(can)h(b)s(e)g(rewritten)f(as)h(a) g(series)f(of)i(steps)241 804 y(instead)29 b(of)i(a)g(single)e(form)m (ula)g(as)i(follo)m(ws:)589 1010 y FH(procedure)40 b(p\(n,x\);)677 1110 y(begin)h(scalar)g(seed,deriv,top,fa)o(ct)o(;)895 1209 y(seed:=1/\(y^2)d(-)43 b(2*x*y)f(+1\)^\(1/2\);)895 1309 y(deriv:=df\(seed,)o(y,n)o(\);)895 1409 y(top:=sub\(y=0,de)o(riv)o (\);)895 1508 y(fact:=for)d(i:=1:n)j(product)e(i;)895 1608 y(return)h(top/fact)677 1708 y(end;)241 1913 y FQ(Pro)s(cedures)32 b(ma)m(y)i(also)f(b)s(e)g(de\014ned)f(recursiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)49 b(In)33 b(other)g(w)m(ords,)h(the)g(pro)s(cedure)241 2013 y(b)s(o)s(dy)27 b(can)i(include)d(references)j(to)g(the)g(pro)s (cedure)e(name)i(itself,)f(or)g(to)i(other)e(pro)s(ce-)241 2113 y(dures)c(that)i(themselv)m(es)f(reference)h(the)f(giv)m(en)g(pro) s(cedure.)38 b(As)25 b(an)g(example,)i(w)m(e)e(can)241 2212 y(de\014ne)k(the)i(Legendre)f(p)s(olynomial)e(through)i(its)g (standard)f(recurrence)h(relation:)589 2418 y FH(procedure)40 b(p\(n,x\);)720 2518 y(if)j(n<0)f(then)g(rederr)f("Invalid)g(argument)f (to)j(P\(N,X\)")764 2617 y(else)f(if)g(n=0)h(then)f(1)764 2717 y(else)g(if)g(n=1)h(then)f(x)764 2817 y(else)g (\(\(2*n-1\)*x*p\(n-1)o(,x)o(\)-)o(\(n-)o(1\))o(*p\()o(n-)o(2,)o(x\)\)) o(/n)o(;)241 3036 y FQ(The)31 b(op)s(erator)g FJ(REDERR)f FQ(in)g(the)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(example)e(pro)m(vides)f(for)h(a)h (simple)e(error)h(exit)241 3149 y(from)42 b(an)g(algebraic)h(pro)s (cedure)e(\(and)h(also)h(a)g(blo)s(c)m(k\).)77 b(It)43 b(can)g(tak)m(e)h(a)f(string)e(as)241 3262 y(argumen)m(t.)241 3424 y(It)25 b(should)e(b)s(e)h(noted)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)h(that)f(all)f (the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(de\014nitions)d(of)i FJ(p\(n,x\))e FQ(are)i(quite)241 3537 y(ine\016cien)m(t)i(if)h(extensiv)m(e)g(use)g (is)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(made)i(of)f(suc)m(h)g(p)s(olynomials,)e(since)i(eac) m(h)h(call)241 3650 y(e\013ectiv)m(ely)40 b(recomputes)f(all)e(lo)m(w)m (er)j(order)e(p)s(olynomials.)64 b(It)39 b(w)m(ould)e(b)s(e)i(b)s (etter)g(to)241 3763 y(store)28 b(these)h(expressions)e(in)g(an)h(arra) m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(and)f(then)g(use)f(sa)m(y)i(the)f(recurrence)g (relation)241 3876 y(to)h(compute)g(only)f(those)h(p)s(olynomials)d (that)j(ha)m(v)m(e)h(not)f(already)f(b)s(een)g(deriv)m(ed.)39 b(W)-8 b(e)241 3989 y(lea)m(v)m(e)32 b(it)d(as)i(an)f(exercise)h(for)f (the)h(reader)f(to)h(write)f(suc)m(h)g(a)g(de\014nition.)241 4126 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(14.3)135 b(Using)46 b(LET)e(Inside)i(Pro)t(cedures)241 4578 y FQ(By)32 b(using)e FJ(LET)g FQ(instead)h(of)h(an)f(assignmen)m(t)g(in)f (the)i(pro)s(cedure)e(b)s(o)s(dy)g(it)h(is)g(p)s(ossible)241 4691 y(to)36 b(b)m(ypass)g(the)g(call-b)m(y-v)-5 b(alue)35 b(protection.)58 b(If)35 b FJ(X)h FQ(is)f(a)h(formal)f(parameter)h(or)g (lo)s(cal)241 4804 y(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(of)h(the)h(pro)s(cedure)e (\(i.e.)55 b(is)34 b(in)g(the)i(heading)e(or)h(in)f(a)i(lo)s(cal)e (declaration\),)241 4917 y(and)c FJ(LET)f FQ(is)g(used)h(instead)g(of)g FJ(:=)g FQ(to)h(mak)m(e)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)f(to)h FJ(X)p FQ(,)f(e.g.)p eop %%Page: 190 190 190 189 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(190)1537 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(14.)72 b(PR)m(OCEDURES)1013 555 y FH(let)42 b(x)h(=)h(123;)664 799 y FQ(then)39 b(it)g(is)f(the)h (v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(that)i(is)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(of)g FJ(X)g FQ(that)g(is)g(c)m(hanged.)67 b(This)37 b(e\013ect)664 912 y(also)e(o)s(ccurs)f(with)f(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(de\014ned)g(in)g(a)i(blo)s(c)m(k.)53 b(If)34 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)h FJ(X)f FQ(is)g(not)664 1025 y(a)e(v)-5 b(ariable,)31 b(but)g(a)h(more)g(general)g(expression,) f(then)g(it)g(is)g(that)h(expression)f(that)h(is)664 1138 y(used)g(on)g(the)g(left-hand)f(side)g(of)i(the)f FJ(LET)f FQ(statemen)m(t.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)h(if)e FJ(X)h FQ(had)g(the)664 1251 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b FJ(p*q)p FQ(,)g(it)g(is)f(as)i(if)e FJ(let)47 b(p*q)g(=)g(123)30 b FQ(had)g(b)s(een)f(executed.)664 1408 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 179 x FE(14.4)136 b(LET)44 b(Rules)i(as)f(Pro)t (cedures)664 1840 y FQ(The)27 b FJ(LET)g FQ(statemen)m(t)j(o\013ers)e (an)f(alternativ)m(e)h(syn)m(tax)h(and)e(seman)m(tics)h(for)f(pro)s (cedure)664 1953 y(de\014nition.)664 2102 y(In)j(place)g(of)1013 2308 y FH(procedure)40 b(abc\(x,y,z\);)f(<procedure)g(body>;)664 2514 y FQ(one)31 b(can)g(write)1013 2720 y FH(for)42 b(all)h(x,y,z)e(let)h(abc\(x,y,z\))e(=)j(<procedure)c(body>;)664 2939 y FQ(There)30 b(are)h(sev)m(eral)g(di\013erences)e(to)i(note.)664 3089 y(If)e(the)h(pro)s(cedure)f(b)s(o)s(dy)f(con)m(tains)i(an)f (assignmen)m(t)h(to)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(formal)e(parame-)664 3188 y(ters,)j(e.g.)1013 3394 y FH(x)43 b(:=)g(123;)664 3613 y FQ(in)f(the)h FJ(PROCEDURE)d FQ(case)k(it)e(is)g(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(holding)g(a)i(cop)m(y)h(of)f(the)g(\014rst)f(actual)664 3726 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(that)g(is)e(c)m(hanged.)42 b(The)30 b(actual)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(not)g(c)m(hanged.)664 3889 y(In)21 b(the)h FJ(LET)f FQ(case,)k(the)d(actual)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)f (c)m(hanged.)39 b(Th)m(us,)22 b(if)f FJ(ABC)g FQ(is)g(de\014ned)f (using)664 4002 y FJ(LET)p FQ(,)33 b(and)g FJ(abc\(u,v,w\))d FQ(is)j(ev)-5 b(aluated,)34 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)h FJ(U)f FQ(c)m(hanges)h(to)g(123.)51 b(That)34 b(is,)664 4115 y(the)28 b FJ(LET)f FQ(form)g(of)h(de\014nition)e(allo)m(ws)h(the) h(user)f(to)h(b)m(ypass)f(the)h(protections)g(that)h(are)664 4228 y(enforced)c(b)m(y)h(the)f(call)f(b)m(y)i(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)j(of)e(standard)f FJ(PROCEDURE)f FQ(de\014nitions.)664 4377 y FD(Example:)54 b FQ(W)-8 b(e)37 b(tak)m(e)h(our)e(earlier)f FJ(FACTORIAL)f FQ(pro)s(cedure)h (and)h(write)g(it)f(as)i(a)g FJ(LET)664 4477 y FQ(statemen)m(t.)1013 4683 y FH(for)42 b(all)h(n)g(let)f(factorial)e(n)j(=)1536 4782 y(begin)e(scalar)h(m,s;)1536 4882 y(m:=1;)f(s:=n;)p eop %%Page: 191 191 191 190 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(14.4.)72 b(LET)30 b(R)m(ULES)g(AS)g(PR)m(OCEDURES)1257 b FQ(191)938 555 y FH(l1:)42 b(if)h(s=0)g(then)f(return)f(m;)1112 655 y(m:=m*s;)1112 754 y(s:=s-1;)1112 854 y(go)i(to)g(l1)938 954 y(end;)241 1173 y FQ(The)34 b(reader)h(will)e(notice)i(that)h(w)m (e)g(in)m(tro)s(duced)d(a)j(new)f(lo)s(cal)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b FJ(S)p FQ(,)g(and)g(set)241 1286 y(it)h(equal)f(to)i FJ(N)p FQ(.)g(The)e(original)g(form)h(of)g(the)h(pro)s(cedure)e(con)m (tained)h(the)h(statemen)m(t)241 1399 y FJ(n:=n-1;)p FQ(.)69 b(If)41 b(the)f(user)g(ask)m(ed)i(for)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)h FJ(factorial\(5\))c FQ(then)j FJ(N)h FQ(w)m(ould)241 1512 y(corresp)s(ond)28 b(to,)k(not)e(just)f(ha)m(v)m (e)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of,)g(5,)h(and)e(REDUCE)h(w)m(ould)f(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(to)241 1625 y(trying)e(to)i(execute)h(the)f(statemen)m(t)h (5)f(:=)f(5)21 b FP(\000)e FQ(1.)241 1774 y(If)30 b FJ(PQR)f FQ(is)h(a)g(pro)s(cedure)g(with)f(no)h(parameters,)589 1980 y FH(procedure)40 b(pqr;)720 2079 y(<procedure)g(body>;)241 2285 y FQ(it)30 b(can)g(b)s(e)g(written)g(as)g(a)h FJ(LET)e FQ(statemen)m(t)k(quite)c(simply:)589 2491 y FH(let)43 b(pqr)f(=)h(<procedure)d(body>;)241 2710 y FQ(T)-8 b(o)34 b(call)g FD(pr)-5 b(o)g(c)g(e)g(dur)g(e)44 b FJ(PQR)p FQ(,)33 b(if)g(de\014ned)g(in)g(the)h(latter)h(form,)f(the)h(empt)m(y)f (paren)m(theses)241 2823 y(w)m(ould)40 b(not)h(b)s(e)g(used:)61 b(use)41 b FJ(PQR)g FQ(not)g FJ(PQR\(\))f FQ(where)h(a)g(call)g(on)g (the)g(pro)s(cedure)f(is)241 2936 y(needed.)241 3086 y(The)25 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(notations)g(for)f(a)g(pro)s(cedure)f(with)g(no)h (argumen)m(ts)h(can)g(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined.)38 b FJ(PQR)241 3185 y FQ(can)30 b(b)s(e)g(de\014ned)f(in)g(the)i(standard)e FJ(PROCEDURE)f FQ(form.)41 b(Then)29 b(a)i FJ(LET)e FQ(statemen)m(t)589 3391 y FH(let)43 b(pqr)f(=)h(pqr\(\);)241 3610 y FQ(w)m(ould)29 b(allo)m(w)h(a)h(user)e(to)i(use)f FJ(PQR)g FQ(instead)g(of)g FJ(PQR\(\))f FQ(in)g(calling)g(the)h(pro)s(cedure.)241 3760 y(A)40 b(feature)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39 b(with)g FJ(LET)p FQ(-de\014ned)f(pro)s(cedures)h(and)g(not)h(with)f(pro)s (cedures)241 3859 y(de\014ned)29 b(in)g(the)i(standard)e(w)m(a)m(y)i (is)f(the)g(p)s(ossibilit)m(y)d(of)k(de\014ning)d(partial)h(functions.) 415 4065 y FH(for)42 b(all)h(x)g(such)f(that)g(numberp)f(x)i(let)f (uvw\(x\)=<procedur)o(e)c(body>;)241 4285 y FQ(No)m(w)c FJ(UVW)e FQ(of)i(an)f(in)m(teger)h(w)m(ould)e(b)s(e)g(calculated)i(as)f (prescrib)s(ed)e(b)m(y)i(the)h(pro)s(cedure)241 4397 y(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(,)38 b(while)d FJ(UVW)i FQ(of)g(a)h(general)f (argumen)m(t,)j(suc)m(h)d(as)g FJ(Z)g FQ(or)g FJ(p+q)g FQ(\(assuming)f(these)241 4510 y(ev)-5 b(aluate)32 b(to)g(themselv)m (es\))g(w)m(ould)e(simply)f(sta)m(y)k FJ(uvw\(z\))c FQ(or)j FJ(uvw\(p+q\))d FQ(as)j(the)f(case)241 4623 y(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e.)241 4778 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 192 192 192 191 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(192)1537 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(14.)72 b(PR)m(OCEDURES)664 555 y FE(14.5)136 b(REMEMBER)45 b(Statemen)l(t)664 795 y FQ(Setting)30 b(the)h(remem)m(b)s(er)f(option)f(for)i(an)f(algebraic) g(pro)s(cedure)f(b)m(y)882 1001 y FH(REMEMBER)40 b(\(PROCNAME:procedu)o (re\))o(;)664 1220 y FQ(sa)m(v)m(es)27 b(all)e(in)m(termediate)g (results)g(of)h(suc)m(h)f(pro)s(cedure)g(ev)-5 b(aluations,)26 b(including)c(recur-)664 1333 y(siv)m(e)34 b(calls.)50 b(Subsequen)m(t)32 b(calls)h(to)i(the)f(pro)s(cedure)e(can)i(then)g(b)s (e)f(determined)f(from)664 1446 y(the)k(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(results,)f(and)g (th)m(us)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(ev)-5 b(aluations)36 b(\(or)g(the)g(complexit)m(y\))664 1558 y(can)e(b)s(e)f(reduced.)50 b(This)32 b(mo)s(de)h(of)h(ev)-5 b(alation)34 b(costs)g(extra)h(memory) -8 b(,)35 b(of)f(course.)51 b(In)664 1671 y(addition,)29 b(the)i(pro)s(cedure)e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(free)g(of)h(side{e\013ects.) 664 1834 y(The)i(follo)m(wing)e(examples)i(sho)m(w)g(the)g(e\013ect)i (of)e(the)g(remem)m(b)s(er)g(statemen)m(t)i(on)e(t)m(w)m(o)664 1947 y(w)m(ell{kno)m(wn)d(examples.)664 2178 y FH(procedure)40 b(H\(n\);)259 b(\045)44 b(Hofstadter's)38 b(function)708 2277 y(if)43 b(numberp)d(n)j(then)708 2377 y(<<)g(cnn)f(:=)h(cnn)f(+1;) 129 b(\045)44 b(counts)d(the)h(calls)708 2477 y(if)h(n)g(<)g(3)g(then)f (1)h(else)f(H\(n-H\(n-1\)\)+H\(n-)o(H\(n)o(-2)o(\)\)>)o(>;)664 2676 y(remember)e(h;)664 2875 y(>)j(<<)g(cnn)f(:=)h(0;)g(H\(100\);)e (cnn>>;)664 3074 y(100)664 3274 y(\045)i(H)h(has)e(been)g(called)f(100) h(times)g(only.)664 3473 y(procedure)e(A\(m,n\);)171 b(\045)44 b(Ackermann)c(function)708 3672 y(if)j(m=0)f(then)g(n+1)g (else)751 3772 y(if)h(n=0)f(then)g(A\(m-1,1\))f(else)751 3871 y(A\(m-1,A\(m,n-1\)\);)664 4071 y(remember)f(a;)664 4270 y(A\(3,3\);)p eop %%Page: 193 193 193 192 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(15)241 1693 y FT(User)76 b(Con)-6 b(tributed)78 b(P)-6 b(ac)g(k)-13 b(ages)241 2187 y FQ(The)30 b(complete)h(REDUCE)f(system)h (includes)d(a)j(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages)32 b(con)m(tributed)241 2300 y(b)m(y)k(users)f(that)h(are)g(pro)m(vided)f (as)h(a)g(service)g(to)h(the)f(user)f(comm)m(unit)m(y)-8 b(.)58 b(Questions)241 2413 y(regarding)29 b(these)i(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages)32 b(should)d(b)s(e)h(directed)f(to)i(their)f(individual)c (authors.)241 2576 y(All)g(suc)m(h)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages)30 b(ha)m(v)m(e)f(b)s(een)e(precompiled)e(as)j(part)g(of)f(the)h (installation)e(pro)s(cess.)241 2689 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)k(man)m(y)d(m) m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014cally)e(loaded)i(b)s(efore)g(they)g(can)h (b)s(e)e(used.)39 b(\(Those)241 2802 y(that)27 b(are)f(loaded)g (automatically)h(are)f(so)h(noted)f(in)f(their)h(description.\))38 b(Y)-8 b(ou)26 b(should)241 2915 y(also)38 b(consult)f(the)h(user)f (notes)i(for)e(y)m(our)h(particular)f(implemen)m(tation)f(for)i (further)241 3028 y(information)32 b(on)h(whether)h(this)e(is)h (necessary)-8 b(.)52 b(If)33 b(it)g(is,)h(the)g(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)34 b(command)f(is)241 3141 y FJ(LOAD)p 439 3141 29 4 v 33 w(PACKAGE)p FQ(,)22 b(whic)m(h)f(tak)m(es)k(a)f(list)e(of)h (one)g(or)h(more)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)25 b(names)e(as)h(argumen)m(t,)241 3253 y(for)30 b(example:)589 3484 y FH(load_package)39 b(algint;)241 3728 y FQ(although)30 b(this)f(syn)m(tax)i(ma)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ary)30 b(from)g(implemen)m(tation)f(to)i(implemen)m(tation.)241 3891 y(Nearly)j(all)e(these)j(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages)36 b(come)f(with)d (separate)j(do)s(cumen)m(tation)f(and)g(test)h(\014les)241 4004 y(\(except)43 b(those)f(noted)g(here)g(that)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(no)f (additional)e(do)s(cumen)m(tation\),)45 b(whic)m(h)241 4117 y(is)33 b(included,)f(along)h(with)g(the)h(source)g(of)g(the)g (pac)m(k)-5 b(age,)36 b(in)d(the)h(REDUCE)f(system)241 4230 y(distribution.)61 b(These)38 b(items)g(should)e(b)s(e)i(studied)f (for)h(an)m(y)h(additional)d(details)i(on)241 4343 y(the)30 b(use)g(of)h(a)g(particular)d(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)241 4505 y(P)m(art)31 b(2)g(of)f(this)f(man)m(ual)h(con)m(tains)h(short)f(do)s (cumen)m(tation)g(for)g(the)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages)377 4743 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(ALGINT:)31 b(In)m(tegration)g(of)f(square)g(ro)s(ots) h(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(20)q(\);)377 4930 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(APPL)-8 b(YSYM:)27 b(In\014nitesimal)d (symmetries)h(of)i(di\013eren)m(tial)e(equations)i(\(c)m(hap-)1667 5187 y(193)p eop %%Page: 194 194 194 193 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(194)665 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(15.)72 b(USER)29 b(CONTRIBUTED)h(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GES)891 555 y FQ(ter)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(21)q(\);)801 743 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(ARNUM:)32 b(An)e(algebraic)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(22)q(\);)801 930 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(ASSIST:)29 b(Useful)g(utilities)f(for)i(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(applications)e(\(c)m(hapter)k @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(23)q(\);)801 1118 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(A)-10 b(VECTOR:)30 b(A)h(v)m(ector)h(algebra)e(and)g(calculus)f (pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(25)q(\);)801 1306 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(BOOLEAN:)31 b(A)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(for)d(b)s(o)s(olean)f(algebra)i(\(c)m (hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(26)q(\);)801 1493 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(CALI:)22 b(A)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)24 b(for)d(computational)h(comm)m(utativ)m(e)h(algebra)f(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(27)q(\);)801 1681 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(CAMAL:)31 b(Calculations)e(in)g(celestial)h(mec)m (hanics)g(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(28\);) 801 1869 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(CHANGEVR:)23 b(Change)f(of)f(Indep)s(enden)m (t)g(V)-8 b(ariable\(s\))21 b(in)g(DEs)h(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(30)q(\);)801 2056 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(COMP)-8 b(A)m(CT:)31 b(P)m(ac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(for)d(compacting)h(expressions)e(\(c)m(hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(31\);)801 2244 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(CONTFR:)31 b(Appro)m(ximation)f(of)i(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)e(b)m(y)h(con)m(tin)m(ued)g(fractions)g(\(c)m(hap-)891 2357 y(ter)g FN(??)q FQ(\);)801 2544 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(CRA)m(CK:)c (Solving)e(o)m(v)m(erdetermined)h(systems)h(of)g(PDEs)f(or)h(ODEs)f (\(c)m(hap-)891 2657 y(ter)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(32)q(\);)801 2845 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(CVIT:)30 b(F)-8 b(ast)32 b(calculation)e(of)g(Dirac)h(gamma)g(matrix)f(traces)h (\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(33)q(\);)801 3033 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(DEFINT:)31 b(A)g(de\014nite)e(in)m(tegration)h (in)m(terface)h(for)g(REDUCE)f(\(c)m(hapter)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(34)q(\);)801 3220 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(DESIR:)53 b(Di\013eren)m(tial)g(linear)e(homogeneous)j(equation)f (solutions)e(in)h(the)891 3333 y(neigh)m(b)s(orho)s(o)s(d)28 b(of)j(irregular)d(and)i(regular)g(singular)e(p)s(oin)m(ts)h(\(c)m (hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(35\);)801 3521 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(DFP)-8 b(AR)g(T:)32 b(Deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)31 b(of)g(generic)f(functions)f(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(36)q(\);)801 3708 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(DUMMY:)27 b(Canonical)c(form)i(of)f(expressions)g (with)f(dumm)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariables)23 b(\(c)m(hap-)891 3821 y(ter)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(37)q(\);)801 4009 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(EX)m(CALC:)31 b(A)f(di\013eren)m(tial)f (geometry)j(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(39)q(\);)801 4197 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(FPS:)31 b(Automatic)g(calculation)e(of)i(formal)e(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)i (series)f(\(c)m(hapter)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(41)q (\);)801 4384 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(FIDE:)23 b(Finite)e(di\013erence)h (metho)s(d)g(for)g(partial)f(di\013eren)m(tial)f(equations)i(\(c)m (hap-)891 4497 y(ter)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(40)q (\);)801 4685 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(GENTRAN:)31 b(A)g(co)s(de)f(generation) h(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(42)q(\);)801 4872 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(GNUPLOT:)31 b(Displa)m(y)e(of)i(functions)e(and)h(surfaces)g(\(c)m (hapter)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(44)q(\);)p eop %%Page: 195 195 195 194 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 2852 w FQ(195)377 555 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(GR)m(OEBNER:)31 b(A)g(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)29 b(basis)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(45)q(\);)377 743 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(IDEALS:)30 b(Arithmetic)g(for)g(p)s(olynomial)d (ideals)i(\(c)m(hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(46)q (\);)377 930 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(INEQ:)30 b(Supp)s(ort)e(for)j(solving)e (inequalities)e(\(c)m(hapter)32 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(47)q(\);)377 1118 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(INVBASE:)31 b(A)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(for)d(computing)f(in)m(v)m(olutiv)m(e)h (bases)g(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(48)q(\);) 377 1306 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(LAPLA)m(CE:)30 b(Laplace)h(and)f(in)m(v)m (erse)g(Laplace)h(transforms)e(\(c)m(hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(49\);)377 1493 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(LIE:)27 b(F)-8 b(unctions)27 b(for)g(the)h(classi\014cation)e(of)h (real)h(n-dimensional)c(Lie)j(algebras)468 1606 y(\(c)m(hapter)k @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(50)q(\);)377 1794 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(LIMITS:)30 b(A)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(for)f(\014nding)d(limits)g(\(c)m(hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(51)q(\);)377 1982 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(LINALG:)31 b(Linear)e(algebra)i(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(52)q(\);)377 2169 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(MODSR:)31 b(Mo)s(dular)d(solv)m(e)j(and)f(ro)s (ots)g(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(54)q(\);) 377 2357 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(NCPOL)-8 b(Y:)30 b(Non{comm)m(utativ)m(e)j (p)s(olynomial)28 b(ideals)h(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(56)q(\);)377 2544 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(NORMF)m(ORM:)32 b(Computation)d(of)i(matrix)e(normal)h(forms)f (\(c)m(hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(57)q(\);)377 2732 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(NUMERIC:)31 b(Solving)d(n)m(umerical)h(problems) g(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(58)q(\);)377 2920 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(ODESOL)-10 b(VE:)30 b(Ordinary)e(di\013eren)m (tial)g(equations)i(solv)m(er)h(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(59)q(\);)377 3107 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(OR)-8 b(THO)m(VEC:)30 b(Manipulation)f(of)h(scalars)g(and)g(v)m (ectors)i(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(60)q (\);)377 3295 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(PHYSOP:)30 b(Op)s(erator)g(calculus)f (in)g(quan)m(tum)h(theory)g(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(61)q(\);)377 3483 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(PM:)31 b(A)f(REDUCE)h(pattern)f(matc)m(her)h(\(c)m(hapter)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(62)q(\);)377 3670 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(RANDPOL)-8 b(Y:)31 b(A)g(random)e(p)s(olynomial)f (generator)k(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(64)q(\);)377 3858 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(REA)m(CTEQN:)32 b(Supp)s(ort)d(for)j(c)m(hemical)g(reaction)g(equation)g(systems)g(\(c) m(hap-)468 3971 y(ter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(66)q(\);) 377 4158 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(RESET:)29 b(Co)s(de)h(to)h(reset)g(REDUCE)g (to)g(its)e(initial)f(state)k(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(68)q(\);)377 4346 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(RESIDUE:)30 b(A)h(residue)e(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(69)q(\);)377 4534 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(RLFI:)31 b(REDUCE)f(LaT)-8 b(eX)31 b(form)m(ula)f(in)m(terface)h(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(70)q(\);)377 4721 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(RSOL)-10 b(VE:)29 b(Rational/in)m(teger)i(p)s(olynomial)d(solv)m (ers)i(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(72)q(\);) 377 4909 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(R)m(OOTS:)30 b(A)g(REDUCE)g(ro)s(ot)h (\014nding)d(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(71)q(\);)p eop %%Page: 196 196 196 195 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(196)665 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(15.)72 b(USER)29 b(CONTRIBUTED)h(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GES)801 555 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(SCOPE:)30 b(REDUCE)g(source)g (co)s(de)h(optimization)e(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(\(c)m(hapter)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(73)q(\);)801 743 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(SETS:)30 b(A)g(basic)g(set)h(theory)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(\(c)m(hapter)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(74)q (\);)801 930 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(SPDE:)27 b(A)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)29 b(for)d(\014nding)e(symmetry)j(groups)f(of)h(PDE's)g(\(c)m (hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(76)q(\);)801 1118 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(SPECFN:)30 b(P)m(ac)m(k)-5 b(age)34 b(for)c(sp)s(ecial)f(functions)g(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(77)q(\);)801 1306 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(SPECFN2:)c(P)m(ac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(for)d(sp)s(ecial)f(sp)s(ecial) g(functions)g(\(c)m(hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(78\);)801 1493 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(SUM:)31 b(A)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(for)e(series)g(summation)f(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(79)q(\);)801 1681 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(SYMMETR)-8 b(Y:)31 b(Op)s(erations)e(on)i(symmetric)e (matrices)i(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(81)q(\);)801 1869 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(T)-8 b(A)g(YLOR:)31 b(Manipulation)d(of)j(T)-8 b(a)m(ylor)31 b(series)e(\(c)m(hapter)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(82)q (\);)801 2056 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(TPS:)30 b(A)h(truncated)f(p)s(o)m(w)m (er)g(series)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(83)q(\);)801 2244 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(TRI:)30 b(T)-8 b(eX)31 b(REDUCE)g(in)m(terface)g(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(84)q(\);)801 2431 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(TRIGSIMP:)28 b(Simpli\014cation)d(and)j (factorization)i(of)e(trigonometric)h(and)f(h)m(y-)891 2544 y(p)s(erb)s(olic)g(functions)h(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(85)q(\);)801 2732 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(X)m(COLOR:)37 b(Calculation)e(of)j(the)f(color)g(factor)h(in)d (non-ab)s(elian)g(gauge)j(\014eld)891 2845 y(theories)31 b(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(87)q(\);)801 3033 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(XIDEAL:)31 b(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)30 b(Bases)h(for)f(exterior)h(algebra)f(\(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(88)q(\);)801 3220 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(WU:)32 b(W)-8 b(u)30 b(algorithm)g(for)g(p)s(olynomial)e(systems)i (\(c)m(hapter)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(86)q(\);)801 3408 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(ZEILBER)m(G:)36 b(A)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)38 b(for)d(inde\014nite)e(and)i(de\014nite)g(summation)f(\(c)m (hap-)891 3521 y(ter)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(89)q(\);) 801 3708 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(ZTRANS:)30 b FL(Z)7 b FQ(-transform)30 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(\(c)m(hapter)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(90)q(\);)p eop %%Page: 197 197 197 196 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(16)241 1693 y FT(Sym)-6 b(b)6 b(olic)76 b(Mo)6 b(de)241 2187 y FQ(A)m(t)24 b(the)g(system)g(lev)m(el,)h(REDUCE)f(is)f(based)g (on)h(a)g(v)m(ersion)f(of)h(the)g(programming)e(lan-)241 2300 y(guage)34 b(Lisp)e(kno)m(wn)h(as)g FD(Standar)-5 b(d)39 b(Lisp)g FQ(whic)m(h)32 b(is)g(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(J.)h(Marti,)h (Hearn,)241 2413 y(A.)e(C.,)g(Griss,)f(M.)h(L.)g(and)f(Griss,)g(C.,)h (\\Standard)f(LISP)f(Rep)s(ort")i(SIGPLAN)g(No-)241 2526 y(tices,)41 b(A)m(CM,)e(New)g(Y)-8 b(ork,)41 b(14,)h(No)d(10)g (\(1979\))i(48-68.)67 b(W)-8 b(e)39 b(shall)e(assume)h(in)g(this)241 2639 y(section)26 b(that)h(the)g(reader)f(is)f(familiar)f(with)h(the)i (material)f(in)f(that)i(pap)s(er.)38 b(This)25 b(also)241 2752 y(assumes)g(implicitly)c(that)26 b(the)f(reader)g(has)g(a)h (reasonable)f(kno)m(wledge)g(ab)s(out)g(Lisp)f(in)241 2865 y(general,)31 b(sa)m(y)h(at)g(the)f(lev)m(el)g(of)g(the)g(LISP)f (1.5)j(Programmer's)e(Man)m(ual)g(\(McCarth)m(y)-8 b(,)241 2978 y(J.,)33 b(Abrahams,)g(P)-8 b(.)34 b(W.,)g(Edw)m(ards,)e(D.)i(J.,) f(Hart,)h(T.)f(P)-8 b(.)33 b(and)g(Levin,)f(M.)h(I.,)h(\\LISP)241 3091 y(1.5)i(Programmer's)f(Man)m(ual",)i(M.I.T.)e(Press,)h(1965\))h (or)e(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)g(b)s(o)s(oks)g(men-)241 3204 y(tioned)29 b(at)i(the)f(end)g(of)g(this)f(section.)41 b(P)m(ersons)30 b(unfamiliar)d(with)i(this)g(material)g(will)241 3317 y(ha)m(v)m(e)i(some)g(di\016cult)m(y)e(understanding)f(this)h (section.)241 3479 y(Although)49 b(REDUCE)i(is)e(designed)g(primarily)e (for)j(algebraic)g(calculations,)55 b(its)241 3592 y(source)26 b(language)g(is)e(general)i(enough)g(to)g(allo)m(w)f(for)h(a)g(full)d (range)j(of)g(Lisp-lik)m(e)e(sym)m(b-)241 3705 y(olic)29 b(calculations.)40 b(T)-8 b(o)30 b(ac)m(hiev)m(e)h(this)e(generalit)m (y)-8 b(,)31 b(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)g(it)f(is)f(necessary)h(to)h(pro-)241 3818 y(vide)e(the)i(user)f(with)f(t)m(w)m(o)j(mo)s(des)e(of)h(ev)-5 b(aluation,)30 b(namely)g(an)h(algebraic)f(mo)s(de)g(and)241 3931 y(a)k(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(mo)s(de.)50 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(en)m(ter)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(user)f(t)m(yp)s(es)g FJ(symbolic;)68 b FQ(\(or)241 4044 y FJ(lisp;)p FQ(\))26 b(and)g(to)h(return)f(to)h(algebraic)f(mo)s(de)g(one)h(t)m(yp)s(es)f FJ(algebraic;)p FQ(.)37 b(Ev)-5 b(aluations)241 4157 y(pro)s(ceed)29 b(di\013eren)m(tly)f(in)g(eac)m(h)j(mo)s(de)e(so)h(the) g(user)e(is)h(advised)f(to)i(c)m(hec)m(k)i(what)d(mo)s(de)241 4270 y(he)h(is)f(in)g(if)h(a)h(puzzling)d(error)i(arises.)40 b(He)31 b(can)g(\014nd)e(his)f(mo)s(de)i(b)m(y)h(t)m(yping)589 4500 y FH(eval_mode;)241 4744 y FQ(The)f(curren)m(t)g(mo)s(de)g(will)d (then)k(b)s(e)e(prin)m(ted)g(as)i FJ(ALGEBRAIC)d FQ(or)i FJ(SYMBOLIC)p FQ(.)241 4907 y(Expression)i(ev)-5 b(aluation)34 b(ma)m(y)h(pro)s(ceed)g(in)e(either)h(mo)s(de)g(at)h(an)m(y)g(lev)m(el) f(of)g(a)h(calcu-)1667 5187 y(197)p eop %%Page: 198 198 198 197 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(198)1370 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(16.)72 b(SYMBOLIC)30 b(MODE)664 555 y FQ(lation,)h(pro)m(vided)f(the)i(results)e(are)i(passed)f(from)g (mo)s(de)g(to)i(mo)s(de)e(in)f(a)i(compatible)664 668 y(manner.)75 b(One)42 b(simply)e(pre\014xes)h(the)h(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)43 b(expression)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(appropriate)664 781 y(mo)s(de.)e(If)28 b(the)h(mo)s(de)f(name)h(pre\014xes)e(an)i (expression)e(at)j(the)e(top)h(lev)m(el,)g(it)f(will)e(then)664 894 y(b)s(e)k(handled)e(as)j(if)e(the)i(global)e(system)i(mo)s(de)f (had)f(b)s(een)h(c)m(hanged)h(for)f(the)g(scop)s(e)h(of)664 1007 y(that)g(particular)e(calculation.)664 1170 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)g(if)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(mo)s(de)g(is)f FJ(ALGEBRAIC)p FQ(,)f(then)i(the)h(commands)p eop %%Page: 199 199 199 198 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 2852 w FQ(199)589 555 y FH(symbolic)41 b(car)h('\(a\);)589 655 y(x+y;)241 886 y FQ(will)24 b(cause)k(the)f(\014rst)f(expression)g (to)i(b)s(e)e(ev)-5 b(aluated)28 b(and)e(prin)m(ted)g(in)f(sym)m(b)s (olic)h(mo)s(de)241 985 y(and)40 b(the)h(second)h(in)d(algebraic)i(mo)s (de.)72 b(Only)40 b(the)h(second)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)40 b(will)f(th)m(us)241 1085 y(a\013ect)32 b(the)e(expression)f(w)m (orkspace.)42 b(On)29 b(the)i(other)g(hand,)e(the)i(statemen)m(t)589 1291 y FH(x)44 b(+)f(symbolic)d(car)i('\(12\);)241 1510 y FQ(will)27 b(result)j(in)f(the)h(algebraic)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b FJ(X+12)p FQ(.)241 1673 y(The)38 b(use)g(of)g FJ(SYMBOLIC)e FQ(\(and)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(tly)37 b FJ(ALGEBRAIC)p FQ(\))f(in)h(this)g(manner)h(is)f(the)241 1786 y(same)26 b(as)g(an)m(y)g(op)s(erator.)39 b(That)26 b(means)g(that)g(paren)m (theses)g(could)f(b)s(e)g(omitted)h(in)e(the)241 1898 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)38 b(examples)e(since)g(the)h(meaning)f(is)g(ob)m (vious.)59 b(In)36 b(other)h(cases,)i(paren)m(theses)241 2011 y(m)m(ust)30 b(b)s(e)g(used,)g(as)g(in)589 2242 y FH(symbolic\(x)40 b(:=)j('a\);)241 2473 y FQ(Omitting)29 b(the)h(paren)m(theses,)h(as)g(in)589 2679 y FH(symbolic)41 b(x)i(:=)g(a;)241 2885 y FQ(w)m(ould)29 b(b)s(e)h(wrong,)g(since)g(it)g (w)m(ould)f(parse)h(as)589 3091 y FH(symbolic\(x\))39 b(:=)k(a;)241 3297 y FQ(F)-8 b(or)39 b(con)m(v)m(enience,)i(it)d(is)f (assumed)h(that)h(an)m(y)f(op)s(erator)h(whose)f FD(\014rst)48 b FQ(argumen)m(t)38 b(is)241 3396 y(quoted)26 b(is)f(b)s(eing)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)27 b(in)d(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(mo)s(de,)i(regardless)e(of)i(the)f (mo)s(de)g(in)f(e\013ect)241 3496 y(at)31 b(that)g(time.)40 b(Th)m(us,)30 b(the)g(\014rst)g(example)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(could)d(b)s (e)h(equally)f(w)m(ell)g(written:)589 3702 y FH(car)43 b('\(a\);)241 3921 y FQ(Except)25 b(where)f(explicit)f(limitations)g (ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)e(made,)i(most)f(REDUCE)g(algebraic)241 4034 y(constructions)c(carry)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(in)m(to)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)e (mo)s(de.)37 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)26 b(there)c(are)g(some)g(di\013er-) 241 4147 y(ences.)42 b(First,)30 b(expression)f(ev)-5 b(aluation)30 b(no)m(w)h(b)s(ecomes)g(Lisp)e(ev)-5 b(aluation.)41 b(Secondly)-8 b(,)241 4260 y(assignmen)m(t)37 b(statemen)m(ts)h(are)g (handled)d(di\013eren)m(tly)-8 b(,)38 b(as)f(w)m(e)g(shall)f(discuss)f (shortly)-8 b(.)241 4373 y(Thirdly)g(,)24 b(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariables)25 b(and)g(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(ts)g(are)h(initialized)22 b(to)27 b FJ(NIL)e FQ(rather)h(than)241 4485 y FJ(0)p FQ(.)39 b(\(In)27 b(fact,)j(an)m(y)e(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(not)i(explicitly)d(declared)i FJ(INTEGER)e FQ(are)j(also)g (initialized)241 4598 y(to)k FJ(NIL)f FQ(in)f(algebraic)i(mo)s(de,)g (but)f(the)h(algebraic)f(ev)-5 b(aluator)32 b(recognizes)g FJ(NIL)f FQ(as)h FJ(0)p FQ(.\))241 4711 y(Finally)-8 b(,)29 b(function)g(de\014nitions)f(follo)m(w)h(the)i(con)m(v)m(en)m (tions)g(of)g(Standard)e(Lisp.)241 4874 y(T)-8 b(o)34 b(b)s(egin)e(with,)h(w)m(e)h(men)m(tion)f(a)h(few)g(extensions)f(to)h (our)f(basic)g(syn)m(tax)h(whic)m(h)e(are)p eop %%Page: 200 200 200 199 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(200)1370 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(16.)72 b(SYMBOLIC)30 b(MODE)664 555 y FQ(designed)f(primarily)e(if)j(not)g(exclusiv)m(ely)f(for)h(sym)m (b)s(olic)f(mo)s(de.)664 708 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(16.1)136 b(Sym)l(b)t(olic)45 b(In\014x)f(Op)t (erators)664 1143 y FQ(There)22 b(are)h(three)g(binary)e(in\014x)g(op)s (erators)i(in)e(REDUCE)i(in)m(tended)e(for)h(use)h(in)e(sym)m(b-)664 1256 y(olic)32 b(mo)s(de,)g(namely)g(.)46 b FJ(\(CONS\),)f(EQ)j(and)f (MEMQ)p FQ(.)31 b(The)h(precedence)g(of)h(these)f(op)s(er-)664 1369 y(ators)f(w)m(as)g(giv)m(en)f(in)f(another)i(section.)664 1522 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(16.2)136 b(Sym)l(b)t(olic)45 b(Expressions)664 1956 y FQ(These)32 b(consist)f(of)h(scalar)g(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(and)g(op)s(erators)h (and)f(follo)m(w)g(the)i(normal)d(rules)664 2069 y(of)h(the)f(Lisp)f (meta)i(language.)664 2218 y FD(Examples:)1013 2424 y FH(x)1013 2524 y(car)42 b(u)h(.)h(reverse)c(v)1013 2624 y(simp)i(\(u+v^2\))664 2777 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(16.3)136 b(Quoted)45 b(Expressions)664 3211 y FQ(Because)30 b(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(ev)-5 b(aluation)28 b(requires)g(that)h(eac)m(h)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(or)h(expression)f (has)h(a)664 3324 y(v)-5 b(alue,)27 b(it)e(is)g(necessary)h(to)h(add)e (to)i(REDUCE)f(the)g(concept)h(of)f(a)g(quoted)g(expression)664 3437 y(b)m(y)39 b(analogy)h(with)e(the)i(Lisp)d FJ(QUOTE)h FQ(function.)67 b(This)37 b(is)i(pro)m(vided)e(b)m(y)j(the)f(single)664 3550 y(quote)31 b(mark)f FJ(')p FQ(.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)891 3779 y FJ('a)317 b FQ(represen)m(ts)30 b(the)g(Lisp)f(S-expression)g FJ(\(quote)46 b(a\))891 3892 y('\(a)h(b)h(c\))30 b FQ(represen)m(ts)g(the)g(Lisp)f (S-expression)g FJ(\(quote)46 b(\(a)h(b)h(c\)\))664 4109 y FQ(Note,)40 b(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)g(that)d(strings)f(are)h(constan)m (ts)h(and)e(therefore)h(ev)-5 b(aluate)37 b(to)h(them-)664 4208 y(selv)m(es)33 b(in)e(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(mo)s(de.)48 b(Th)m(us,)32 b(to)i(prin)m(t)d(the)i(string)e FJ("A)48 b(String")p FQ(,)31 b(one)i(w)m(ould)664 4308 y(write)1013 4514 y FH(prin2)41 b("A)i(String";)664 4733 y FQ(Within)32 b(a)j(quoted)f(expression,)f(iden)m(ti\014er)f(syn)m(tax)j(rules)d(are) i(those)h(of)f(REDUCE.)664 4846 y(Th)m(us)41 b FJ(\(A)48 b(!.)94 b(B\))42 b FQ(is)f(the)i(list)e(consisting)g(of)h(the)h(three)f (elemen)m(ts)h FJ(A)p FQ(,)f FJ(.)p FQ(,)j(and)d FJ(B)p FQ(,)664 4959 y(whereas)30 b FJ(\(A)48 b(.)f(B\))30 b FQ(is)f(the)i(dotted)g(pair)e(of)h FJ(A)g FQ(and)g FJ(B)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 201 201 201 200 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(16.4.)72 b(LAMBD)m(A)32 b(EXPRESSIONS)1511 b FQ(201)241 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(16.4)135 b(Lam)l(b)t(da)45 b(Expressions)241 808 y FJ(LAMBDA)27 b FQ(expressions)g(pro)m(vide)g(the)i(means)f(for)h(constructing)f (Lisp)f FJ(LAMBDA)f FQ(expres-)241 921 y(sions)j(in)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)g (mo)s(de.)40 b(They)30 b(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(in)f(algebraic)h (mo)s(de.)241 1070 y(Syn)m(tax:)589 1276 y FH(<LAMBDA)41 b(expression>)e(::=)938 1376 y(LAMBDA)i(<varlist><termina)o(to)o(r><)o (st)o(at)o(eme)o(nt)o(>)241 1582 y FQ(where)589 1788 y FH(<varlist>)f(::=)j(\(<variable>,...)o(,<v)o(ar)o(iab)o(le)o(>\))241 1994 y FQ(e.g.,)589 2199 y FH(lambda)f(\(x,y\);)f(car)h(x)h(.)g(cdr)g (y;)241 2405 y FQ(is)29 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)30 b(to)h(the)g(Lisp)d FJ(LAMBDA)h FQ(expression)589 2611 y FH(\(lambda)41 b(\(x)i(y\))g (\(cons)e(\(car)h(x\))h(\(cdr)f(y\)\)\))241 2830 y FQ(The)30 b(paren)m(theses)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(omitted)g(in)f(sp)s(ecifying)g(the) h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(list)g(if)h(desired.)241 2993 y FJ(LAMBDA)i FQ(expressions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)g(sym)m(b)s (olic)f(mo)s(de)h(in)g(place)g(of)h(pre\014x)f(op)s(er-)241 3106 y(ators,)e(or)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(reserv)m(ed)h (w)m(ord)f FJ(FUNCTION)p FQ(.)241 3255 y(In)24 b(those)i(cases)h(where) d(a)i FJ(LAMBDA)e FQ(expression)g(is)g(used)h(to)h(in)m(tro)s(duce)e (lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariables)241 3355 y(to)32 b(a)m(v)m(oid)f (recomputation,)h(a)f FJ(WHERE)f FQ(statemen)m(t)j(can)e(also)g(b)s(e)g (used.)42 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)241 3455 y(the)e(expression)589 3661 y FH(\(lambda)41 b(\(x,y\);)g(list\(car)g(x,cdr)g(x,car)h(y,cdr)f (y\)\))764 3760 y(\(reverse)f(u,reverse)g(v\))241 3966 y FQ(can)30 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(written)502 4172 y FH({car)42 b(x,cdr)g(x,car)f(y,cdr)h(y})h(where)e(x=reverse)f(u,y=reverse)f(v)241 4391 y FQ(Where)26 b(p)s(ossible,)e FJ(WHERE)h FQ(syn)m(tax)h(is)f 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2936 y Ft(REDUCE)i(Constructors)1011 3113 y FJ(.+)99 b FQ(add)30 b(a)h(term)f(to)h(a)g(p)s(olynomial)1011 3282 y FJ(./)99 b FQ(divide)28 b(\(t)m(w)m(o)k(p)s(olynomials)c(to)j (get)h(quotien)m(t\))1011 3452 y FJ(.*)99 b FQ(m)m(ultiply)28 b(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)i(b)m(y)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)i(to)f(pro)s(duce)e(term) 1011 3621 y FJ(.^)99 b FQ(raise)30 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(to)i(a)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)664 3874 y(F)-8 b(or)43 b(example,)i(to)e (\014nd)d(the)j(n)m(umerator)f(of)g(the)g(standard)g(quotien)m(t)g(ab)s (o)m(v)m(e,)47 b(one)664 3974 y(could)30 b(sa)m(y:)1013 4180 y FH(numr)42 b(z;)664 4386 y FQ(or)31 b(to)g(\014nd)d(the)j (leading)e(term)i(of)f(the)h(n)m(umerator:)1013 4592 y FH(lt)43 b(numr)f(z;)664 4811 y FQ(Con)m(v)m(ersion)28 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(v)-5 b(arious)28 b(data)h(structures)f(is)f (facilitated)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(use)f(of)h(a)f(set)664 4924 y(of)h(functions)e(de\014ned)g(for)h(this)f(purp)s(ose.)38 b(Those)29 b(curren)m(tly)e(implemen)m(ted)g(include:)p eop %%Page: 207 207 207 206 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(16.9.)72 b(COMMUNICA)-8 b(TING)31 b(WITH)g(ALGEBRAIC)f(MODE)566 b FQ(207)291 582 y FJ(!*A2F)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(an)e(algebraic)g(expression)f(to)i(a)g(standard)f(form.)40 b(If)30 b(result)629 695 y(is)f(rational,)h(an)g(error)g(results;)291 865 y FJ(!*A2K)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(erts)41 b(an)f(algebraic)f(expression) g(to)i(a)f(k)m(ernel.)69 b(If)39 b(this)g(is)g(not)629 978 y(p)s(ossible,)28 b(an)i(error)g(results;)291 1147 y FJ(!*F2A)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(erts)32 b(a)e(standard)g(form)g(to)h(an)f (algebraic)g(expression;)291 1316 y FJ(!*F2Q)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(a)f(standard)e(form)h(to)h(a)g(standard)e(quotien)m(t;)291 1486 y FJ(!*K2F)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(a)f(k)m(ernel)e(to)j(a)e (standard)g(form;)291 1655 y FJ(!*K2Q)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(a)f(k)m(ernel)e(to)j(a)e(standard)g(quotien)m(t;)291 1824 y FJ(!*P2F)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(a)f(standard)e(p)s(o)m(w)m (er)i(to)g(a)f(standard)g(form;)291 1994 y FJ(!*P2Q)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(a)f(standard)e(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)i(to)g(a)f (standard)g(quotien)m(t;)291 2163 y FJ(!*Q2F)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)34 b(a)f(standard)f(quotien)m(t)h(to)g(a)g(standard)f(form.)47 b(If)32 b(the)h(quo-)629 2276 y(tien)m(t)d(denominator)g(is)f(not)i(1,) g(an)f(error)g(results;)291 2445 y FJ(!*Q2K)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)24 b(a)e(standard)g(quotien)m(t)h(to)g(a)f(k)m(ernel.)38 b(If)22 b(this)f(is)g(not)i(p)s(ossible,)629 2558 y(an)30 b(error)g(results;)291 2728 y FJ(!*T2F)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(a)f(standard)e(term)i(to)g(a)f(standard)g(form)291 2897 y FJ(!*T2Q)98 b FQ(con)m(v)m(ert)32 b(a)f(standard)e(term)i(to)g (a)f(standard)g(quotien)m(t.)241 3073 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 127 x FR(16.9.2)112 b(P)m(assing)37 b(Sym)m(b)s(olic)f(Mo)s(de)i(V)-9 b(alues)37 b(to)g(Algebraic)f(Mo)s (de)241 3422 y FQ(In)29 b(order)g(to)i(pass)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(a)g(shared)f(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(from)g(sym)m(b)s (olic)g(mo)s(de)g(to)i(alge-)241 3534 y(braic)19 b(mo)s(de,)k(the)d (only)g(thing)f(to)i(do)g(is)e(mak)m(e)j(sure)d(that)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)20 b(in)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)g(mo)s(de)241 3647 y(is)26 b(a)i(pre\014x)e(expression.)39 b(E.g.,)29 b(one)e(uses)g FJ(\(expt)46 b(\(plus)h(a)g(b\))g(2\))27 b FQ(for)g FJ(\(a+b\)^2)p FQ(,)f(or)241 3760 y(the)j(format)g(\()p FJ(*sq)47 b(<standard)f (quotient>)f(t)p FQ(\))29 b(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)41 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)32 b(if)241 3873 y(y)m(ou)26 b(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s (een)d(w)m(orking)h(with)f(parts)h(of)g(a)h(standard)e(form)h(they)g (will)e(probably)g(not)241 3986 y(b)s(e)30 b(in)f(this)g(form.)40 b(In)30 b(that)h(case,)g(y)m(ou)g(can)g(do)f(the)h(follo)m(wing:)241 4081 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 4211 a(1.)46 b(If)40 b(it)f(is)h(a)g(standard)f(quotien)m(t,)44 b(call)39 b FJ(PREPSQ)f FQ(on)i(it.)70 b(This)38 b(tak)m(es)k(a)f (stand-)468 4324 y(ard)36 b(quotien)m(t)h(as)g(argumen)m(t,)i(and)d (returns)f(a)j(pre\014x)d(expression.)58 b(Alterna-)468 4437 y(tiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)48 b(y)m(ou)d(can)f(call)g FJ(MK!*SQ)e FQ(on)i(it,)k(whic)m(h)43 b(returns)g(a)h(pre\014x)f(form)h(lik)m(e)468 4550 y(\()p FJ(*SQ)j(<standard)f(quotient>)f(T\))30 b FQ(and)g(a)m(v)m(oids)h(translation)e(of)i(the)f(expres-)468 4663 y(sion)f(in)m(to)i(a)g(true)f(pre\014x)f(form.)241 4716 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 4846 a(2.)46 b(If)24 b(it)g(is)f(a)h(standard)g(form,)h(call)e FJ(PREPF)g FQ(on)h(it.)38 b(This)23 b(tak)m(es)j(a)e(standard)g(form)f (as)468 4959 y(argumen)m(t,)29 b(and)e(returns)f(the)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)27 b(pre\014x)g(expression.)38 b(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)p eop %%Page: 208 208 208 207 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(208)1370 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(16.)72 b(SYMBOLIC)30 b(MODE)891 555 y FQ(y)m(ou)h(can)g(con)m(v)m(ert)h(it)e(to)h(a)g(standard)e (quotien)m(t)i(and)e(then)i(call)e FJ(MK!*SQ)p FQ(.)664 610 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 743 a(3.)46 b(If)e(it)f(is)f(a)i(part)f(of)h(a)g(standard)f(form,)j(y)m(ou)e(m)m (ust)f(usually)f(\014rst)g(build)f(up)891 856 y(a)j(standard)e(form)g (out)h(of)g(it,)j(and)d(then)f(go)i(to)g(step)e(2.)79 b(The)43 b(con)m(v)m(ersion)891 969 y(functions)24 b(describ)s(ed)g (earlier)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(used)f(for)h(this)f(purp)s(ose.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(example,)664 1044 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 930 1156 a(\(a\))46 b(If)26 b FJ(Z)g FQ(is)f(an)h (expression)f(whic)m(h)g(is)g(a)i(term,)g FJ(!*T2F)46 b(Z)26 b FQ(is)f(a)i(standard)e(form.)664 1196 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 925 1302 a(\(b\))45 b(If)30 b FJ(Z)g FQ(is)g(a)h(standard)e(p)s(o)m(w)m(er,)i FJ(!*P2F)46 b(Z)30 b FQ(is)g(a)g(standard)g(form.)664 1342 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 935 1449 a(\(c\))46 b(If)30 b FJ(Z)g FQ(is)g(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(y)m(ou)i(can)f(pass)g(it)g (direct)g(to)h(algebraic)f(mo)s(de.)664 1673 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)g(to)f(pass)g(the)g(leading)f(term)h(of)h FJ(\(a+b\)^2)d 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y(the)k(declaration)f FJ(OPERATOR)e FQ(in)h(sym)m(b)s (olic)g(mo)s(de.)40 b(Th)m(us)p eop %%Page: 209 209 209 208 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(16.10.)73 b(RLISP)29 b('88)2135 b FQ(209)589 555 y FH(symbolic)41 b(operator)f(leadterm;)241 774 y FQ(w)m(ould)32 b(declare)g(the)i(pro)s(cedure)d FJ(LEADTERM)g FQ(as)i(an)g(algebraic)g (op)s(erator.)49 b(This)31 b(dec-)241 887 y(laration)g FD(must)41 b FQ(b)s(e)32 b(made)g(in)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)f(mo)s(de)i(as)g (the)h(e\013ect)g(in)e(algebraic)h(mo)s(de)f(is)241 1000 y(di\013eren)m(t.)40 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(suc)m(h)g(a)h (pro)s(cedure)e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(a)h(pre\014x)e(form.)241 1163 y(The)40 b(algebraic)g(pro)s(cessor)g(will)e(pass)i(argumen)m(ts)h (to)h(suc)m(h)e(pro)s(cedures)f(in)h(pre\014x)241 1276 y(form.)49 b(Therefore)34 b(if)e(y)m(ou)i(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)h(w)m(ork)e (with)f(the)i(argumen)m(ts)g(as)g(standard)e(quo-)241 1389 y(tien)m(ts)22 b(y)m(ou)g(m)m(ust)g(\014rst)f(con)m(v)m(ert)i 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(traditionally)f(used)h(for)241 4329 y(the)37 b(supp)s(ort)e(of)i (REDUCE.)g(It)g(is)f(fully)f(do)s(cumen)m(ted)i(in)e(the)j(b)s(o)s(ok)e (Marti,)j(J.B.,)241 4442 y(\\RLISP)f('88:)60 b(An)39 b(Ev)m(olutionary)f(Approac)m(h)i(to)g(Program)f(Design)g(and)g (Reuse",)241 4555 y(W)-8 b(orld)34 b(Scien)m(ti\014c,)g(Singap)s(ore)g (\(1993\).)55 b(Rlisp)32 b('88)k(adds)d(to)i(the)g(traditional)e(Rlisp) 241 4668 y(the)d(follo)m(wing)f(facilities:)241 4772 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 4905 a(1.)46 b(more)21 b(general)f(v)m(ersions)g(of)h(the)f(lo)s(oping)f(constructs) i FJ(for)p FQ(,)h FJ(repeat)d FQ(and)h FJ(while)p FQ(;)p eop %%Page: 210 210 210 209 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(210)1370 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(16.)72 b(SYMBOLIC)30 b(MODE)664 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 555 a FQ(2.)46 b(supp)s(ort)29 b(for)h(a)h(bac)m(kquote)h(construct;)664 610 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 743 a(3.)46 b(supp)s(ort)29 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4157 y FH(p)1013 4256 y(2*q/3)1013 4356 y(2*x*y*p)41 b(-)i(p.q*q/\(3*q.q\))664 4575 y FQ(whereas)30 b FJ(p*q)g FQ(and)g FJ(p/q)f FQ(are)i(not.)664 4722 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 215 215 215 214 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(17.4.)72 b(TRA)m(CE)30 b(CALCULA)-8 b(TIONS)1508 b FQ(215)241 555 y FR(17.3.2)112 b(Dirac)37 b(Expressions)241 777 y FQ(These)j(denote)i(those)f(expressions)e(whic)m(h)h(in)m(v)m (olv)m(e)h FL(\015)46 b FQ(matrices.)72 b(A)40 b FL(\015)46 b FQ(matrix)40 b(is)241 890 y(implicitly)31 b(a)k(4)h FP(\002)e FQ(4)i(matrix,)g(and)e(so)h(the)g(pro)s(duct,)h(sum)e(and)g (di\013erence)h(of)g(suc)m(h)241 1002 y(expressions,)26 b(or)h(the)g(pro)s(duct)f(of)h(a)g(scalar)g(and)g(Dirac)g(expression)e (is)h(again)h(a)g(Dirac)241 1115 y(expression.)38 b(There)25 b(are)h(no)f(Dirac)h(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b(in)g(the)i(system,)h(so)f (whenev)m(er)g(a)g(scalar)241 1228 y(v)-5 b(ariable)33 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y(Cimen)m(to)g(X,)h(30,)i(426)f (\(1963\))h(and)d(Kahane,)i(J.,)g(Journal)d(Math.)56 b(Ph)m(ys.)g(9,)38 b(1732)241 3561 y(\(1968\).)241 3710 y(It)31 b(is)e(p)s(ossible)f(to)k(prev)m(en)m(t)f(the)g(trace)h (calculation)e(o)m(v)m(er)i(an)m(y)f(line)e(iden)m(ti\014er)g(b)m(y)h (the)241 3810 y(declaration)g FJ(NOSPUR)p FQ(.)f(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)589 4016 y FH(nospur)42 b(l1,l2;)241 4221 y FQ(will)e(mean)k(that)f(no)h(traces)g(are)f(tak)m(en)i(of)e FL(\015)48 b FQ(matrix)43 b(terms)g(in)m(v)m(olving)f(the)h(line)241 4321 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)26 b FJ(L1)h FQ(and)g FJ(L2)p FQ(.)39 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)31 b(in)26 b(some)i(calculations)f(in)m(v)m (olving)f(more)i(than)f(one)241 4421 y(line,)i(a)h(catastrophic)h (error)589 4627 y FH(This)42 b(NOSPUR)f(option)h(not)g(implemented)241 4846 y FQ(can)32 b(o)s(ccur)g(\(for)h(the)f(reason)g(stated!\))48 b(If)31 b(y)m(ou)i(encoun)m(ter)g(this)e(error,)h(please)g(let)g(us)241 4959 y(kno)m(w!)p eop %%Page: 216 216 216 215 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(216)192 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(17.)72 b(CALCULA)-8 b(TIONS)29 b(IN)h(HIGH)h(ENER)m(GY)g(PHYSICS)664 555 y FQ(A)j(trace)h(of)f(a)g FL(\015)k FQ(matrix)33 b(expression)g(in)m(v)m(olving)f(a)i(line)e (iden)m(ti\014er)g(whic)m(h)g(has)i(b)s(een)664 668 y(declared)c FJ(NOSPUR)f FQ(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(later)i(tak)m(en)g(b)m(y)f(making)g (the)h(declaration)f FJ(SPUR)p FQ(.)664 831 y(See)h(also)f(the)h(CVIT)e (pac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(for)d(an)g(alternativ)m(e)h(mec)m(hanism)f(\(c)m (hapter)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(33)q(\).)664 991 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 176 x FE(17.5)136 b(Mass)45 b(Declarations)664 1407 y FQ(It)34 b(is)e(often)i(necessary)g (to)g(put)f(a)h(particle)e(\\on)i(the)g(mass)f(shell")f(in)h(a)g (calculation.)664 1506 y(This)c(can,)i(of)f(course,)h(b)s(e)f (accomplished)f(with)g(a)i FJ(LET)e FQ(command)h(suc)m(h)g(as)1013 1712 y FH(let)42 b(p.p=)g(m^2;)664 1918 y FQ(but)29 b(an)g(alternativ)m 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b(has)h(no)h(preassigned)e(mass.)664 4032 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(17.6)136 b(Example)664 4466 y FQ(W)-8 b(e)36 b(giv)m(e)e(here)g(as)h(an)f(example)g(of)g(a)g (simple)f(calculation)g(in)g(high)g(energy)h(ph)m(ysics)664 4579 y(the)24 b(computation)f(of)h(the)g(Compton)f(scattering)h (cross-section)g(as)g(giv)m(en)f(in)f(Bjork)m(en)664 4692 y(and)30 b(Drell)f(Eqs.)41 b(\(7.72\))32 b(through)e(\(7.74\).)43 b(W)-8 b(e)31 b(wish)e(to)i(compute)g(the)f(trace)i(of)p eop %%Page: 217 217 217 216 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(17.6.)72 b(EXAMPLE)2133 b FQ(217)475 650 y FL(\013)533 617 y FO(2)p 475 690 98 4 v 501 774 a FQ(2)608 592 y FB(\022)679 650 y FL(k)729 617 y Fu(0)p 679 690 74 4 v 690 774 a FL(k)762 592 y FB(\023)823 606 y FO(2)878 592 y FB(\022)949 649 y FL(\015)5 b(:p)1072 664 y FF(f)1138 649 y FQ(+)20 b FL(m)p 949 690 360 4 v 1066 774 a FQ(2)p FL(m)1318 592 y FB(\023)c(\022)1466 650 y FL(\015)5 b(:e)1585 617 y Fu(0)1609 650 y FL(\015)g(:e\015)g(:k)1852 664 y FF(i)p 1466 690 416 4 v 1576 774 a FQ(2)p FL(k)s(:p)1742 788 y FF(i)1911 711 y FQ(+)2012 649 y FL(\015)g(:e\015)g(:e)2250 616 y Fu(0)2275 649 y FL(\015)g(:k)2399 664 y FF(f)p 2012 690 433 4 v 2120 774 a FQ(2)p FL(k)2215 747 y Fu(0)2239 774 y FL(:p)2310 788 y FF(i)2455 592 y FB(\023)15 b(\022)2602 650 y FL(\015)5 b(:p)2725 664 y FF(i)2774 650 y FQ(+)20 b FL(m)p 2602 690 343 4 v 2711 774 a FQ(2)p FL(m)2954 592 y FB(\023)1174 847 y(\022)1245 905 y FL(\015)5 b(:k)1369 919 y FF(i)1398 905 y FL(\015)g(:e\015)g(:e)1636 872 y Fu(0)p 1245 945 416 4 v 1356 1029 a FQ(2)p FL(k)s(:p)1522 1043 y FF(i)1691 966 y FQ(+)1792 904 y FL(\015)g(:k)1916 919 y FF(f)1962 904 y FL(\015)g(:e)2081 871 y Fu(0)2105 904 y FL(\015)g(:e)p 1792 945 433 4 v 1899 1029 a FQ(2)p FL(k)1994 1002 y Fu(0)2018 1029 y FL(:p)2089 1043 y FF(i)2235 847 y FB(\023)241 1202 y FQ(where)36 b FL(k)557 1216 y FF(i)622 1202 y FQ(and)g FL(k)852 1217 y FF(f)934 1202 y 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FL(\015)g(:e\015)g(:k)1640 1897 y FF(i)p 1254 1923 416 4 v 1364 2006 a FQ(2)p FL(k)s(:p)1530 2020 y FF(i)1700 1944 y FQ(+)1801 1882 y FL(\015)g(:e\015)g(:e)2039 1849 y Fu(0)2063 1882 y FL(\015)g(:k)2187 1897 y FF(f)p 1801 1923 433 4 v 1908 2006 a FQ(2)p FL(k)2003 1980 y Fu(0)2027 2006 y FL(:p)2098 2020 y FF(i)2243 1825 y FB(\023)2320 1944 y FQ(\()p FL(\015)g(:p)2478 1958 y FF(i)2527 1944 y FQ(+)19 b FL(m)p FQ(\))1174 2098 y FB(\022)1245 2156 y FL(\015)5 b(:k)1369 2170 y FF(i)1398 2156 y FL(\015)g(:e\015)g(:e) 1636 2123 y Fu(0)p 1245 2196 416 4 v 1356 2279 a FQ(2)p FL(k)s(:p)1522 2293 y FF(i)1691 2217 y FQ(+)1792 2155 y FL(\015)g(:k)1916 2170 y FF(f)1962 2155 y FL(\015)g(:e)2081 2122 y Fu(0)2105 2155 y FL(\015)g(:e)p 1792 2196 433 4 v 1899 2279 a FQ(2)p FL(k)1994 2253 y Fu(0)2018 2279 y FL(:p)2089 2293 y FF(i)2235 2098 y FB(\023)241 2453 y FQ(A)39 b(straigh)m(tforw)m(ard)g(REDUCE)g(program)g(for)g(this,)i (with)d(appropriate)g(substitu-)241 2553 y(tions)29 b(\(using)h FJ(P1)f FQ(for)i 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b(60*A1)e(+)i(17)795 4218 y(sqrt2;)1231 4417 y(5)566 b(4)610 b(3)g(2)795 4517 y(48/1187*A1)83 b(+)43 b(45/1187*A1)83 b(-)43 b(320/1187*A1)83 b(-)43 b(780/1187*A1)83 b(+)795 4816 y(735/1187*A1)39 b(-)k(1820/1187)p eop %%Page: 241 241 241 240 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(22.2.)72 b(SPLIT)p 772 299 28 4 v 32 w(FIELD)2014 b FQ(241)372 555 y FH(sqrt2**2;)372 754 y(2)241 891 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 200 x FE(22.2)135 b(SPLIT)p 1014 1091 41 4 v 48 w(FIELD)241 1343 y FQ(The)27 b(function)g FJ(SPLIT)p 1025 1343 29 4 v 33 w(FIELD)g FQ(calculates)h(a)g(primitiv)m(e)e(elemen)m(t)i(of)h(minimal)c(degree) 241 1456 y(for)30 b(whic)m(h)f(a)i(giv)m(en)f(p)s(olynomial)e(splits)g (in)m(to)j(linear)d(factors.)372 1687 y FH(split_field\(x**)o(3-)o(3*x) o(+7)o(\);)372 1886 y(***)42 b(Splitting)e(field)h(is)i(generated)d (by:)459 2086 y(6)348 b(4)g(2)372 2185 y(A5)86 b(-)43 b(18*A5)85 b(+)43 b(81*A5)85 b(+)44 b(1215)764 2584 y(4)435 b(2)372 2683 y({1/126*A5)83 b(-)43 b(5/42*A5)84 b(-)44 b(1/2*A5)d(+)i(2/7,)851 2982 y(4)435 b(2)415 3082 y(-)43 b(\(1/63*A5)84 b(-)43 b(5/21*A5)85 b(+)43 b(4/7\),)720 3381 y(4)436 b(2)372 3480 y(1/126*A5)83 b(-)44 b(5/42*A5)84 b(+)43 b(1/2*A5)e(+)i(2/7})372 3779 y(for)f(each)g(j)h(in)g(ws)f (product)f(\(x-j\);)415 3979 y(3)372 4078 y(X)86 b(-)43 b(3*X)g(+)g(7)p eop %%Page: 242 242 242 241 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(242)117 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(22.)72 b(ARNUM:)31 b(AN)g(ALGEBRAIC)g (NUMBER)g(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)p eop %%Page: 243 243 243 242 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(23)241 1693 y FT(ASSIST:)76 b(V)-19 b(arious)76 b(Useful)241 1942 y(Utilities)1453 2415 y Fx(Hub)r(ert)25 b(Caprasse)950 2506 y(D)n(\023)-36 b(epartemen)n(t)24 b(d'Astronomie)h(et)h(d'Astroph) n(ysique)1075 2598 y(Institut)f(de)h(Ph)n(ysique,)f(B{5,)i(Sart)f (Tilman)1285 2689 y(B{4000)i(LIEGE)e(1,)h(Belgium)1199 2810 y(e{mail:)35 b(caprasse@vm1.ulg.ac.b)r(e)241 3054 y FQ(The)30 b FJ(ASSIST)e FQ(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(pro)m(vides)c(a)i(n) m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(general)f(purp)s(ose)f(functions)g(whic)m(h)241 3167 y(adapt)d(REDUCE)h(to)g(v)-5 b(arious)25 b(calculational)h (strategies.)40 b(All)25 b(the)i(examples)e(in)h(this)241 3280 y(section)k(require)f(the)i FJ(ASSIST)e FQ(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(to)f(b)s(e)f(loaded.)241 3435 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(23.1)135 b(Con)l(trol)46 b(of)g(Switc)l(hes)241 3869 y FQ(The)27 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(functions)d FJ(SWITCHES,)45 b(SWITCHORG)53 b FQ(ha)m(v)m(e)29 b(no)e(argumen)m(t)h (and)f(are)h(called)241 3982 y(as)i(if)g(they)g(w)m(ere)h(mere)g(iden)m (ti\014ers.)241 4145 y FJ(SWITCHES)d FQ(displa)m(ys)i(the)h(curren)m(t) f(status)i(of)f(the)g(most)g(often)h(used)e(switc)m(hes)g(when)241 4258 y(manipulating)h(rational)h(functions;)i FJ(EXP)p FQ(,)f FJ(DIV)p FQ(,)g FJ(MCD)p FQ(,)g FJ(GCD)p FQ(,)g FJ(ALLFAC)p FQ(,)f FJ(INTSTR)p FQ(,)g FJ(RAT)p FQ(,)241 4371 y FJ(RATIONAL)p FQ(,)f FJ(FACTOR)p FQ(.)h(The)i(switc)m(h)f FJ(DISTRIBUTE)d FQ(whic)m(h)j(con)m(trols)h(the)f(handling)e(of)241 4483 y(distributed)c(p)s(olynomials)h(is)h(included)f(as)i(w)m(ell)g (\(see)h(section)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(23.8)q(\).)241 4646 y FJ(SWITCHORG)37 b FQ(resets)j(\(almost\))g FD(al)5 b(l)41 b FQ(switc)m(hes)e(in)f(the)i(status)g(they)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(when) e FN(en-)241 4759 y(tering)50 b FQ(in)m(to)g(REDUCE.)g(\(See)h(also)f FJ(RESET)p FQ(,)f(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(68)q(\).)101 b(The)49 b(new)h(switc)m(h)241 4872 y FJ(DISTRIBUTE)27 b FQ(facilitates)j(c)m(hanging)h(p)s (olynomials)c(to)k(a)g(distributed)d(form.)1667 5187 y(243)p eop %%Page: 244 244 244 243 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(244)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)664 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(23.2)136 b(Manipulation)45 b(of)h(the)f(List)g(Structure)664 808 y FQ(F)-8 b(unctions)23 b(for)h(list)e(manipulation)f(are)j(pro)m(vided)f(and)g(are)h (generalised)f(to)h(deal)f(with)664 921 y(the)31 b(new)f(structure)g FJ(BAG)p FQ(.)795 1122 y(i.)45 b(Generation)34 b(of)g(a)g(list)e(of)h (length)g FL(n)g FQ(with)f(its)h(elemen)m(ts)h(initialised)29 b(to)35 b(0)f(and)891 1222 y(also)d(to)g(app)s(end)e(to)i(a)f(list)f FL(l)k FQ(su\016cien)m(t)d(zeros)h(to)g(mak)m(e)g(it)f(of)g(length)g FL(n)p FQ(:)1240 1406 y FH(MKLIST)41 b(n;)435 b(\045\045)43 b(n)g(is)g(an)g(INTEGER)1240 1506 y(MKLIST\(l,n\);)300 b(\045\045)43 b(l)g(is)g(List-like,)c(n)44 b(is)e(an)h(INTEGER)770 1690 y FQ(ii.)h(Generation)28 b(of)g(a)g(list)e(of)i(sublists)d(of)i (length)g FL(n)g FQ(con)m(taining)g FL(p)g FQ(elemen)m(ts)h(equal)891 1790 y(to)k(0)e(and)g FL(n)20 b FP(\000)g FL(p)30 b FQ(elemen)m(ts)h (equal)e(to)j(1.)1240 1974 y FH(SEQUENCES)40 b(2;)j(==>)f ({{0,0},{0,1},{1,)o(0},)o({1)o(,1})o(})891 2159 y FQ(The)25 b(function)g FJ(KERNLIST)e FQ(transforms)i(an)m(y)h(pre\014x)e(of)i(a)g (k)m(ernel)f(in)m(to)g(the)h FJ(list)891 2258 y FQ(pre\014x.)40 b(The)30 b(output)g(list)f(is)g(a)i(cop)m(y:)1240 2443 y FH(KERNLIST)40 b(\(<kernel>\);)f(==>)k({<kernel)d(arguments>})891 2627 y FQ(There)f(are)h(four)f(functions)f(to)i(delete)g(elemen)m(ts)f (from)g(lists.)67 b(The)39 b FJ(DELETE)891 2727 y FQ(function)44 b(deletes)h(the)g(\014rst)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)g(its)f(\014rst)g (argumen)m(t)h(from)g(the)891 2826 y(second,)29 b(while)d FJ(REMOVE)g FQ(remo)m(v)m(es)j(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)d(elemen)m(t.)40 b FJ(DELETE)p 3258 2826 29 4 v 33 w(ALL)27 b FQ(elim-)891 2926 y(inates)39 b(from)g(a)h(list)d FD(al)5 b(l)40 b FQ(elemen)m(ts)g(equal)e(to)i(its)f(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t.)68 b FJ(DELPAIR)891 3026 y FQ(acts)40 b(on)e(list)e(of)j(pairs)d(and)i (eliminates)e(from)i(it)g(the)g FD(\014rst)h FQ(pair)e(whose)h(\014rst) 891 3125 y(elemen)m(t)31 b(is)f(equal)g(to)h(its)f(\014rst)f(argumen)m (t:)1240 3310 y FH(DELETE\(x,{a,b,x,f)o(,x)o(}\))o(;)38 b(==>)k({a,b,f,x})1240 3409 y(REMOVE\({a,b,x,f,x)o(},)o(3\))o(;)c(==>)k ({a,b,f,x})1240 3509 y(DELETE_ALL\(x,{a,b)o(,x)o(,f)o(,x})o(\);)37 b(==>)42 b({a,b,f})1240 3609 y(DELPAIR\(a,{{a,1},)o({b)o(,2)o(},{)o(c,) o(3}})o(;)37 b(==>)43 b({{b,2},{c,3}})748 3793 y FQ(iv.)h(The)28 b(function)f FJ(ELMULT)g FQ(returns)g(an)i FD(inte)-5 b(ger)28 b FQ(whic)m(h)f(is)h(the)h FD(multiplicity)g FQ(of)g(its)891 3893 y(\014rst)j(argumen)m(t)h(in)e(the)h(list)g(whic)m (h)f(is)g(its)h(second)g(argumen)m(t.)47 b(The)32 b(function)891 3992 y FJ(FREQUENCY)40 b FQ(giv)m(es)j(a)g(list)e(of)i(pairs)e(whose)i (second)f(elemen)m(t)h(indicates)f(the)891 4092 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)30 b(of)g(times)g(the)h(\014rst)e(elemen)m(t)i(app)s(ears)f(inside)e(the)i (original)f(list:)1240 4276 y FH(ELMULT\(x,{a,b,x,f)o(,x)o(}\))37 b(==>)42 b(2)1240 4376 y(FREQUENCY\({a,b,c,)o(a})o(\);)37 b(==>)42 b({{a,2},{b,1},{c,1)o(}})773 4560 y FQ(v.)j(The)35 b(function)g FJ(INSERT)e FQ(inserts)i(a)h(giv)m(en)f(ob)5 b(ject)37 b(in)m(to)e(a)h(list)e(at)i(the)g(w)m(an)m(ted)891 4660 y(p)s(osition.)60 b(The)37 b(functions)f FJ(INSERT)p 2181 4660 V 32 w(KEEP)p 2405 4660 V 34 w(ORDER)g FQ(and)g FJ(MERGE)p 3138 4660 V 33 w(LIST)g FQ(k)m(eep)j(a)891 4759 y(giv)m(en)22 b(ordering)d(when)h(inserting)g(one)h(elemen)m(t)g (inside)e(a)j(list)d(or)i(when)g(merging)891 4859 y(t)m(w)m(o)26 b(lists.)38 b(Both)25 b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(3)f(argumen)m(ts.)39 b(The)24 b(last)g(one)h(is)f(the)g(name)h(of)g(a)g(binary)891 4959 y(b)s(o)s(olean)30 b(ordering)f(function:)p eop %%Page: 245 245 245 244 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.2.)72 b(MANIPULA)-8 b(TION)31 b(OF)f(THE)g(LIST)f(STR)m(UCTURE) 627 b FQ(245)817 555 y FH(ll:={1,2,3}$)817 655 y(INSERT\(x,ll,3\);)37 b(==>)42 b({1,2,x,3})817 754 y(INSERT_KEEP_ORDE)o(R\()o(5,)o(ll,)o(le)o (ssp)o(\);)37 b(==>)42 b({1,2,3,5})817 854 y(MERGE_LIST\(ll,ll)o(,l)o (es)o(sp\))o(;)37 b(==>)43 b({1,1,2,2,3,3})324 1075 y FQ(vi.)i(Algebraic)38 b(lists)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(read)h(from)f(righ)m(t)h (to)g(left)g(or)g(left)g(to)g(righ)m(t.)66 b(They)468 1187 y FD(lo)-5 b(ok)32 b FQ(symmetrical.)42 b(It)31 b(is)f(sometimes)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(functions)e (whic)m(h)468 1300 y(re\015ect)k(this.)50 b(So,)35 b(as)f(w)m(ell)f(as) h FJ(FIRST)e FQ(and)h FJ(REST)g FQ(this)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)36 b(pro)m(vides)c(the)468 1413 y(functions)21 b FJ(LAST)g FQ(and)g FJ(BELAST)p FQ(.)g FJ(LAST)g FQ(giv)m(es)i(the)f (last)g(elemen)m(t)h(of)f(the)h(list)d(while)468 1526 y FJ(BELAST)29 b FQ(giv)m(es)h(the)h(list)e FD(without)j FQ(its)d(last)i(elemen)m(t.)468 1639 y(V)-8 b(arious)49 b(additional)f(functions)g(are)j(pro)m(vided.)97 b(They)49 b(are:)80 b FJ(CONS)p FQ(,)49 b FJ(\(.\))p FQ(,)468 1752 y FJ(POSITION)p FQ(,)43 b FJ(DEPTH)p FQ(,)g FJ(PAIR)p FQ(,)h FJ(APPENDN)p FQ(,)e FJ(REPFIRST)p FQ(,)h FJ(REPLAST)131 b FQ(The)44 b(tok)m(en)468 1865 y(\\dot")f(needs)f(a)g(sp)s(ecial)e (commen)m(t.)77 b(It)42 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FQ(returns)i(the)g(p)s(osition)f(of)h(the)h(\014rst)f(o)s(ccurrence)g (of)h(x)f(in)g(a)h(list)e(or)h(a)468 3357 y(message)i(if)d(x)i(is)f (not)g(presen)m(t)h(in)e(it.)40 b FJ(DEPTH)26 b FQ(returns)g(an)i FD(inte)-5 b(ger)28 b FQ(equal)f(to)h(the)468 3456 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g (of)h(lev)m(els)f(where)h(a)g(list)e(is)h(found)g(if)g(and)g(only)g(if) g(this)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)h(the)468 3556 y FD(same)g FQ(for)e(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)f(of)g(the)g(list)f(otherwise)g(it)g (returns)g(a)h(message)h(telling)468 3656 y(the)33 b(user)f(that)i (list)d(is)h(of)h FD(une)-5 b(qual)35 b(depth)p FQ(.)49 b FJ(PAIR)32 b FQ(has)g(t)m(w)m(o)j(argumen)m(ts)e(whic)m(h)468 3755 y(m)m(ust)24 b(b)s(e)f(lists.)37 b(It)25 b(returns)d(a)j(list)d (whose)i(elemen)m(ts)h(are)f FD(lists)j(of)g(two)h(elements.)468 3855 y FQ(The)35 b FL(n)715 3822 y FF(th)821 3855 y FQ(sublist)e(con)m (tains)j(the)f FL(n)1693 3822 y FF(th)1799 3855 y FQ(elemen)m(t)h(of)g (the)g(\014rst)f(list)f(and)h(the)h FL(n)3160 3822 y FF(th)468 3955 y FQ(elemen)m(t)e(of)h(the)f(second)g(list.)50 b(These)33 b(t)m(yp)s(es)h(of)g(lists)f(are)h(called)f FD(asso)-5 b(ciation)468 4054 y(lists)33 b FQ(or)f(ALISTS)f(in)f(the)j (follo)m(wing.)44 b FJ(APPENDN)31 b FQ(has)h FD(any)g FQ(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(lists)d(as)468 4154 y(argumen)m(ts,)f(and)f (app)s(ends)f(them)h(all.)39 b FJ(REPFIRST)27 b FQ(has)h(t)m(w)m(o)i (argumen)m(ts.)40 b(The)468 4253 y(\014rst)d(one)h(is)e(an)m(y)i(ob)5 b(ject,)40 b(the)e(second)g(one)f(is)g(a)h(list.)61 b(It)37 b(replaces)h(the)f(\014rst)468 4353 y(elemen)m(t)30 b(of)g(the)g(list)f (b)m(y)g(the)h(ob)5 b(ject.)41 b FJ(REPREST)28 b FQ(has)i(also)f(t)m(w) m(o)j(argumen)m(ts.)40 b(It)468 4453 y(replaces)32 b(the)g(rest)g(of)g (the)g(list)e(b)m(y)i(its)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h(and)f(returns)g (the)h(new)468 4552 y(list)d(without)g(destro)m(ying)i(the)f(original)f (list.)817 4759 y FH(ll:={{a,b}}$)817 4859 y(ll1:=ll.1;)737 b(==>)42 b({a,b})817 4959 y(ll.0;)957 b(==>)42 b(list)p eop %%Page: 246 246 246 245 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(246)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)1240 555 y FH(0)43 b(.)g(ll;)871 b(==>)42 b({0,{a,b}})1240 655 y(DEPTH)g(ll;)783 b(==>)42 b(2)1240 754 y(PAIR\(ll1,ll1\);)561 b(==>)42 b({{a,a},{b,b}})1240 854 y(REPFIRST{new,ll\);)429 b(==>)42 b({new})1240 954 y(ll3:=APPENDN\(ll1,)o(ll)o(1,)o(ll1)o(\);)37 b(==>)42 b({a,b,a,b,a,b})1240 1053 y(POSITION\(b,ll3\);)473 b(==>)42 b(2)1240 1153 y(REPREST\(new,ll3\);)429 b(==>)42 b({a,new})722 1365 y FQ(vii.)i(The)57 b(functions)e FJ(ASFIRST)p FQ(,)g FJ(ASLAST)p FQ(,)g FJ(ASREST)p FQ(,)g FJ(ASFLIST)p FQ(,)g FJ(ASSLIST)p FQ(,)g(and)891 1464 y FJ(RESTASLIST)34 b FQ(act)k(on)f(ALISTS)e(or)i(on)f(list)g(of)h(lists)e(of)i(w)m(ell)e (de\014ned)h(depths)891 1564 y(and)d(ha)m(v)m(e)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(argumen)m (ts.)49 b(The)33 b(\014rst)f(is)g(the)h(k)m(ey)h(ob)5 b(ject)34 b(whic)m(h)d(one)i(seeks)891 1664 y(to)d(asso)s(ciate)g(in)d (some)j(w)m(a)m(y)f(to)h(an)f(elemen)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(asso)s(ciation)g (list)e(whic)m(h)h(is)891 1763 y(the)i(second)g(argumen)m(t.)41 b FJ(ASFIRST)28 b FQ(returns)h(the)g(pair)g(whose)h(\014rst)f(elemen)m (t)h(is)891 1863 y(equal)21 b(to)h(the)f(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t.)38 b FJ(ASLAST)20 b FQ(returns)g(the)h(pair)f(whose)h(last)f(elemen)m(t) 891 1962 y(is)j(equal)g(to)h(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t.)39 b FJ(ASREST)22 b FQ(needs)h(a)h FD(list)g FQ(as)f(its)g(\014rst)g (argumen)m(t.)891 2062 y(The)k(function)f(seeks)i(the)f(\014rst)f (sublist)f(of)i(a)h(list)e(of)h(lists)f(\(whic)m(h)g(is)g(its)h(second) 891 2162 y(argumen)m(t\))k(equal)d(to)j(its)d(\014rst)h(argumen)m(t)h (and)f(returns)f(it.)40 b FJ(RESTASLIST)26 b FQ(has)891 2261 y(a)35 b FD(list)i(of)f(keys)f FQ(as)f(its)g(\014rst)g(argumen)m (ts.)53 b(It)34 b(returns)f(the)i(collection)f(of)g(pairs)891 2361 y(whic)m(h)29 b(meet)i(the)f(criterion)f(of)h FJ(ASREST)p FQ(.)e FJ(ASFLIST)g FQ(returns)h(a)h(list)e(con)m(taining)891 2461 y FD(al)5 b(l)36 b(p)-5 b(airs)34 b FQ(whic)m(h)d(satisfy)h(to)h (the)g(criteria)f(of)g(the)h(function)e FJ(ASFIRST)p FQ(.)g(So)i(the)891 2560 y(output)27 b(is)f(also)i(an)f(ALIST)f(or)h(a) g(list)f(of)i(lists.)38 b FJ(ASSLIST)25 b FQ(returns)h(a)h(list)f(whic) m(h)891 2660 y(con)m(tains)38 b FD(al)5 b(l)39 b(p)-5 b(airs)38 b FQ(whic)m(h)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(their)e(second)h(elemen)m(t)g (equal)g(to)h(the)f(\014rst)891 2759 y(argumen)m(t.)1240 2971 y FH(lp:={{a,1},{b,2},)o({c)o(,3)o(}}$)1240 3071 y(ASFIRST\(a,lp\);)561 b(==>)42 b({a,1})1240 3170 y(ASLAST\(1,lp\);)605 b(==>)42 b({a,1})1240 3270 y(ASREST\({1},lp\);)517 b(==>)42 b({a,1})1240 3370 y(RESTASLIST\({a,b},)o(lp)o(\);)255 b(==>)42 b({{1},{2}})1240 3469 y(lpp:=APPEND\(lp,lp)o(\)$)1240 3569 y(ASFLIST\(a,lpp\);)517 b(==>)42 b({{a,1},{a,1}})1240 3669 y(ASSLIST\(1,lpp\);)517 b(==>)42 b({{a,1},{a,1}})664 3824 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(23.3)136 b(The)47 b(Bag)g(Structure)g(and)g(its)h(Asso)t(ciated)g(F)-11 b(unc-)1038 4154 y(tions)664 4394 y FQ(The)25 b(LIST)f(structure)h(of)g (REDUCE)h(is)e(v)m(ery)i(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)g(for)f(manipulating)e (groups)664 4493 y(of)40 b(ob)5 b(jects)39 b(whic)m(h)f(are,)k FD(a)g(priori)p FQ(,)h(unkno)m(wn.)65 b(This)38 b(structure)g(is)h (endo)m(w)m(ed)g(with)664 4593 y(other)f(prop)s(erties)d(suc)m(h)i(as)h (\\mapping")e FD(i.e.)i FQ(the)g(fact)g(that)g(if)e FJ(OP)g FQ(is)h(an)g(op)s(erator)664 4693 y(one)31 b(gets,)g(b)m(y)g(default,) 1013 4898 y FH(OP\({x,y}\);)39 b(==>)k({OP\(x\),OP\(y\)})p eop %%Page: 247 247 247 246 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.3.)61 b(THE)22 b(BA)m(G)h(STR)m(UCTURE)e(AND)i(ITS)e(ASSOCIA)-8 b(TED)21 b(FUNCTIONS)p FQ(247)241 555 y(It)34 b(is)g(not)g(p)s (ermitted)f(to)i(submit)e(lists)f(to)j(the)g(op)s(erations)f(v)-5 b(alid)32 b(on)i(rings)f(so)i(that)241 668 y(lists)d(cannot)j(b)s(e)e (indeterminates)f(of)i(p)s(olynomials.)49 b(F)-8 b(requen)m(tly)34 b(pro)s(cedure)e(argu-)241 781 y(men)m(ts)f(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(lists.)42 b(A)m(t)32 b(the)f(other)g(extreme,)i(so)e(to)h(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(one)e(has)g(the)g FJ(KERNEL)241 894 y FQ(structure)i(asso)s (ciated)g(to)i(the)e(algebraic)g(declaration)g FJ(operator)p FQ(.)47 b(This)32 b(structure)241 1007 y(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)j(as)h(an)f (\\un)m(break)-5 b(able")35 b(one)g(and,)h(for)f(that)g(reason,)i(b)s (eha)m(v)m(es)f(lik)m(e)e(an)h(or-)241 1120 y(dinary)d(iden)m (ti\014er.)51 b(It)35 b(ma)m(y)g(generally)e(b)s(e)h(b)s(ound)e(to)j (all)f(non-n)m(umeric)f(pro)s(cedure)241 1233 y(parameters)24 b(and)f(it)h(ma)m(y)g(app)s(ear)g(as)g(an)f(ordinary)g(indeterminate)f (inside)g(p)s(olynom-)241 1346 y(ials.)241 1458 y(The)39 b FJ(BAG)h FQ(structure)f(is)g(in)m(termediate)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(a)f (list)f(and)h(an)g(op)s(erator.)70 b(F)-8 b(rom)241 1571 y(the)28 b(op)s(erator)h(it)f(b)s(orro)m(ws)f(the)i(prop)s(ert)m(y)f (to)h(b)s(e)f(a)g FJ(KERNEL)f FQ(and,)i(therefore,)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)241 1684 y(an)38 b(indeterminate)e(of)i(a)h(p)s(olynomial.)60 b(F)-8 b(rom)39 b(the)f(list)e(structure)i(it)f(b)s(orro)m(ws)g(the)241 1797 y(prop)s(ert)m(y)29 b(to)j(b)s(e)d(a)i FD(c)-5 b(omp)g(osite)33 b FQ(ob)5 b(ject.)241 1952 y FN(De\014nition)p FQ(:)p 241 1965 479 4 v 241 2098 a(A)30 b(bag)h(is)e(an)i(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(endo)m(w)m(ed)g(with)e(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(prop)s(erties:) 241 2198 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 2329 a(1.)46 b(It)c(is)f(a)i FJ(KERNEL)d FQ(comp)s(osed)i(of)g(an)g (atomic)g(pre\014x)f(\(its)h(en)m(v)m(elop)s(e\))h(and)e(its)468 2442 y(con)m(ten)m(t)32 b(\(miscellaneous)d(ob)5 b(jects\).)241 2501 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 2627 a(2.)46 b(Its)35 b(con)m(ten)m(t)h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)i(in)d (an)i(analogous)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(as)f(the)g(con)m(ten)m(t)h(of)f(a)468 2740 y(list.)k(During)29 b(these)i(manipulations)d(the)i(name)h(of)f (the)h(bag)g(is)e FD(c)-5 b(onserve)g(d)p FQ(.)241 2794 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 2925 a(3.)46 b(Prop)s(erties)20 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)g(to)h(the)g(en)m(v)m (elop)s(e.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)22 b(instance,)h(one)f(ma)m(y)g(declare)468 3038 y(it)30 b FJ(NONCOM)f FQ(or)h FJ(SYMMETRIC)e FQ(etc.)k FL(:)15 b(:)g(:)241 3311 y FN(Av)-6 b(ailable)35 b(F)-9 b(unctions)p FQ(:)p 241 3324 925 4 v 372 3530 a(i.)45 b(A)34 b(default)e(bag)i(en)m(v)m(elop)s(e)f FJ(BAG)g FQ(is)f(de\014ned.)49 b(It)33 b(is)g(a)g(reserv)m(ed)h(iden)m (ti\014er.)48 b(An)468 3629 y(iden)m(ti\014er)35 b(other)j(than)e FJ(LIST)g FQ(or)h(one)g(whic)m(h)f(is)g(already)h(asso)s(ciated)g(with) f(a)468 3729 y(b)s(o)s(olean)31 b(function)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f (de\014ned)f(as)i(a)g(bag)g(en)m(v)m(elop)s(e)g(through)f(the)h(com-) 468 3828 y(mand)e FJ(PUTBAG)p FQ(.)f(In)h(particular,)f(an)m(y)j(op)s (erator)f(ma)m(y)g(also)f(b)s(e)h(declared)f(to)h(b)s(e)468 3928 y(a)38 b(bag.)65 b FN(When)43 b(and)h(only)g(when)38 b FQ(the)g(iden)m(ti\014er)e(is)h(not)i(an)f(already)f(de-)468 4028 y(\014ned)25 b(function)h(do)s(es)g FJ(PUTBAG)f FQ(puts)h(on)g(it)g(the)h(prop)s(ert)m(y)f(of)h(an)f(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)468 4127 y(PREFIX.)31 b(The)e(command:)817 4332 y FH(PUTBAG)41 b(id1,id2,....idn;)468 4536 y FQ(declares)25 b FJ(id1,.....,idn)d FQ(as)k(bag)f(en)m(v)m(elop)s(es.)40 b(Analogously)-8 b(,)26 b(the)g(command)817 4741 y FH(CLEARBAG)40 b(id1,...idn;)468 4959 y FQ(eliminates)29 b(the)h(bag)h(prop)s(ert)m(y) f(on)g FJ(id1,...,idn)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 248 248 248 247 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(248)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)770 555 y FQ(ii.)44 b(The)30 b(b)s(o)s(olean)g(function)f FJ(BAGP)g FQ(detects)j(the)e(bag) h(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(.)1240 767 y FH(aa:=bag\(x,y,z\)$)1240 867 y(if)43 b(BAGP)f(aa)h(then)f("ok";)215 b(==>)43 b(ok)745 1078 y FQ(iii.)g(Most)c(functions)d(de\014ned)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(for)e (lists)f(do)i(also)f(w)m(ork)h(for)f(bags.)63 b(More-)891 1178 y(o)m(v)m(er)39 b(functions)c(subsequen)m(tly)h(de\014ned)g(for)g (SETS)g(\(see)i(section)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(23.4)r (\))g(also)891 1277 y(w)m(ork.)44 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)34 b(b)s(ecause)d(of)h(the)g(conserv)-5 b(ation)31 b(of)h(the)f(en)m(v)m (elop)s(e,)h(they)g(act)891 1377 y(somewhat)f(di\013eren)m(tly)-8 b(.)1240 1589 y FH(PUTBAG)41 b(op;)522 b(==>)42 b(T)1240 1688 y(aa:=op\(x,y,z\)$)1240 1788 y(FIRST)g(op\(x,y,z\);)257 b(==>)42 b(op\(x\))1240 1888 y(REST)g(op\(x,y,z\);)301 b(==>)42 b(op\(y,z\))1240 1987 y(BELAST)f(op\(x,y,z\);)214 b(==>)42 b(op\(x,y\))1240 2087 y(APPEND\(aa,aa\);)343 b(==>)42 b(op\(x,y,z,x,y,z\))1240 2187 y(LENGTH)f(aa;)522 b(==>)42 b(3)1240 2286 y(DEPTH)g(aa;)565 b(==>)42 b(1)891 2511 y FQ(When)f(\\app)s(ending")f(t)m(w)m(o)i(bags)f(with)f FD(di\013er)-5 b(ent)42 b FQ(en)m(v)m(elop)s(es,)i(the)d(resulting)891 2624 y(bag)30 b(gets)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(the)g(one)f(b)s(ound)f(to)j (the)e(\014rst)g(parameter)i(of)e FJ(APPEND)p FQ(.)891 2737 y(The)24 b(function)e FJ(LENGTH)g FQ(giv)m(es)i(the)g(actual)g(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(v)-5 b(ariables)22 b(on)h(whic)m(h)g(the)891 2850 y(op)s(erator)35 b(\(or)g(the)f(function\))f(dep)s(ends.)51 b(The)34 b(NAME)h(of)f(the)h(ENVELOPE)891 2963 y(is)30 b(k)m(ept)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(functions)e FJ(FIRST)p FQ(,)g FJ(SECOND)p FQ(,)g FJ(LAST)g FQ(and)h FJ(BELAST)p FQ(.)748 3137 y(iv.)44 b(The)33 b(connection)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)g(list)e (and)h(the)h(bag)h(structures)e(is)f(made)i(easy)891 3237 y(thanks)f(to)g FJ(KERNLIST)e FQ(whic)m(h)g(transforms)h(a)h(bag)g (in)m(to)f(a)i(list)d(and)h(thanks)g(to)891 3336 y(the)i(co)s(ercion)g (function)e FJ(LISTBAG)p FQ(.)f(This)h(function)g(has)h(2)h(argumen)m (ts)g(and)f(is)891 3436 y(used)e(as)h(follo)m(ws:)1240 3648 y FH(LISTBAG\(<list>,<i)o(d>)o(\);)37 b(==>)42 b (<id>\(<arg_list>\))891 3873 y FQ(The)28 b(iden)m(ti\014er)f FJ(<id>)g FQ(if)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(is)e(automatically)h(declared)g(as)h (a)g(bag)f(en)m(v)m(e-)891 3986 y(lop)s(e)i(or)g(an)h(error)f(message)h (is)e(generated.)891 4136 y(Finally)-8 b(,)30 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(b)s(o)s (olean)d(functions)g(whic)m(h)h(w)m(ork)g(b)s(oth)g(for)h(bags)f(and)g (lists)g(are)891 4249 y(pro)m(vided.)43 b(They)31 b(are)h FJ(BAGLISTP)d FQ(and)i FJ(ABAGLISTP)p FQ(.)e(They)i(return)g(T)g(or)g (NIL)891 4362 y(\(in)c(a)i(conditional)d(statemen)m(t\))k(if)d(their)g (argumen)m(t)i(is)d(a)j(bag)f(or)g(a)g(list)f(for)h(the)891 4475 y(\014rst)e(one,)i(if)e(their)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(a)h(list)e(of)i (sublists)d(or)i(a)h(bag)g(con)m(taining)g(bags)891 4588 y(for)k(the)f(second)h(one.)p eop %%Page: 249 249 249 248 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.4.)72 b(SETS)29 b(AND)i(THEIR)f(MANIPULA)-8 b(TION)31 b(FUNCTIONS)456 b FQ(249)241 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(23.4)135 b(Sets)46 b(and)e(their)i(Manipulation)f (F)-11 b(unctions)241 808 y FQ(The)37 b(ASSIST)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)40 b(mak)m(es)f(the)f(Standard)f(LISP)g(set)h(functions)f(a)m(v) -5 b(ailable)37 b(in)241 921 y(algebraic)h(mo)s(de)g(and)g(also)g FD(gener)-5 b(alises)39 b FQ(them)g(so)f(that)h(they)g(can)g(b)s(e)e (applied)g(on)241 1034 y(bag{lik)m(e)30 b(ob)5 b(jects)31 b(as)g(w)m(ell.)372 1244 y(i.)45 b(The)21 b(constructor)g FJ(MKSET)f FQ(transforms)g(a)h(list)f(or)h(bag)g(in)m(to)g(a)h(set)f(b) m(y)g(eliminating)468 1344 y(duplicates.)817 1539 y FH (MKSET\({1,a,a1}\);)255 b(==>)42 b({1,a})817 1639 y(MKSET)f (bag\(1,a,a1\);)170 b(==>)42 b(bag\(1,a\))468 1848 y FJ(SETP)29 b FQ(is)h(a)g(b)s(o)s(olean)g(function)f(whic)m(h)g (recognises)h(set{lik)m(e)h(ob)5 b(jects.)347 2030 y(ii.)44 b(The)26 b(standard)g(functions)g(are)h FJ(UNION)p FQ(,)f FJ(INTERSECT)p FQ(,)e FJ(DIFFSET)h FQ(and)h FJ(SYMDIFF)p FQ(.)468 2143 y(They)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(argumen)m(ts)g(whic)m (h)e(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)h(sets;)i(otherwise)e(an)g(error)f(mes-)468 2256 y(sage)32 b(is)d(issued.)241 2408 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(23.5)135 b(General)46 b(Purp)t(ose)f(Utilit)l(y)i(F)-11 b(unctions)372 2842 y FQ(i.)45 b(The)34 b(functions)e FJ(MKIDNEW)p FQ(,)h FJ(DELLASTDIGIT)p FQ(,)d FJ(DETIDNUM)p FQ(,)j FJ(LIST)p 2719 2842 29 4 v 33 w(TO)p 2848 2842 V 34 w(IDS)g FQ(han-)468 2955 y(dle)d(iden)m(ti\014ers.)38 b FJ(MKIDNEW)29 b FQ(is)g(a)i(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)30 b(of)h FJ(MKID)p FQ(.)468 3089 y FJ(MKIDNEW)g FQ(has)i(either)g(0)g(or)g(1)h(argumen)m(t.)50 b(It)33 b(generates)h(an)f(iden)m(ti\014er)f(whic)m(h)468 3189 y(has)e(not)h(y)m(et)g(b)s(een)f(used)g(b)s(efore.)817 3384 y FH(MKIDNEW\(\);)39 b(==>)k(g0001)817 3484 y(MKIDNEW\(a\);)c(==>) j(ag0002)468 3679 y FJ(DELLASTDIGIT)31 b FQ(tak)m(es)k(an)f(in)m(teger) g(as)h(argumen)m(t,)g(it)f(strips)e(it)i(from)f(its)h(last)468 3779 y(digit.)817 3974 y FH(DELLASTDIGIT)k(45;)43 b(==>)f(4)468 4169 y FJ(DETIDNUM)p FQ(,)26 b(determines)g(the)i(trailing)d(in)m (teger)j(from)f(an)h(iden)m(ti\014er.)38 b(It)27 b(is)g(con-)468 4269 y(v)m(enien)m(t)c(when)e(one)i(w)m(an)m(ts)g(to)h(mak)m(e)f(a)g (do)g(lo)s(op)e(starting)i(from)f(a)h(set)g(of)f(indices)468 4369 y FL(a)516 4383 y FO(1)556 4369 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(;)f(a)805 4383 y FF(n)853 4369 y FQ(.)817 4564 y FH(DETIDNUM)40 b(a23;)i(==>)g(23)468 4759 y FJ(LIST)p 666 4759 V 33 w(to)p 795 4759 V 34 w(IDS)23 b FQ(generalises)g(the)h(function)e FJ(MKID)h FQ(to)h(a)g(list)e(of)i(atoms.)39 b(It)24 b(creates)468 4859 y(and)e(in)m(terns)f(an)h(iden)m(ti\014er)e(from)i(the)g (concatenation)i(of)e(the)h(atoms.)39 b(The)21 b(\014rst)468 4959 y(atom)31 b(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(an)g(in)m(teger.)p eop %%Page: 250 250 250 249 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(250)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)1240 555 y FH(LIST_TO_IDS)39 b({a,1,id,10};)g(==>)j(a1id10)891 763 y FQ(The)30 b(function)f FJ(ODDP)h FQ(detects)h(o)s(dd)e(in)m(tegers.)891 897 y(The)24 b(function)f FJ(FOLLOWLINE)e FQ(is)i(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j (when)d(using)f(the)j(function)d FJ(PRIN2)891 997 y FQ(for)31 b(con)m(trolling)e(la)m(y)m(out.)1240 1191 y FH(<<prin2)41 b(2;)i(prin2)e(5>>$)891 1291 y(25)1240 1391 y(<<prin2)g(2;)i (followline\(3\);)37 b(prin2)42 b(5>>$)891 1490 y(2)1022 1590 y(5)891 1785 y FQ(The)25 b(function)e FJ(RANDOMLIST)f FQ(generates)k(a)f(list)e(of)i(p)s(ositiv)m(e)e(random)h(n)m(um)m(b)s (ers.)891 1884 y(It)g(tak)m(es)h(t)m(w)m(o)f(argumen)m(ts)g(whic)m(h)e (are)i(b)s(oth)e(in)m(tegers.)39 b(The)23 b(\014rst)f(one)i(indicates) 891 1984 y(the)36 b(range)f(inside)d(whic)m(h)i(the)h(random)f(n)m(um)m (b)s(ers)f(are)j(c)m(hosen.)54 b(The)35 b(second)891 2083 y(one)c(indicates)e(ho)m(w)i(man)m(y)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(are)i (to)g(b)s(e)f(generated.)1240 2278 y FH(RANDOMLIST\(10,5\);)37 b(==>)42 b({2,1,3,9,6})891 2473 y FJ(MKRANDTABL)24 b FQ(generates)j(a)f(table)g(of)g(random)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)38 b(This)24 b(table)i(is)e(either)891 2572 y(a)30 b(one)f(or)h(t)m(w)m(o) g(dimensional)c(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)42 b(The)28 b(base)h(of)h(random)e(n)m (um)m(b)s(ers)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)891 2672 y(either)37 b(an)h(in)m(teger)g (or)f(a)h(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)61 b(In)37 b(this)f(latter)i(case)h(the)891 2772 y(switc)m(h)30 b FJ(rounded)f FQ(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(ON.)g(The)g(function)f(has)i(three) f(argumen)m(ts.)41 b(The)891 2871 y(\014rst)e(is)f(either)g(a)h(one)g (in)m(teger)h(or)f(a)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(in)m(teger)f(list.)65 b(The)39 b(second)g(is)f(the)891 2971 y(base)29 b(c)m(hosen)g(to)g (generate)g(the)g(random)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)39 b(The)27 b(third)g(is)g(the)h(c)m(hosen)891 3070 y(name)d(for)f(the)g(generated) h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)40 b(In)23 b(the)h(example)g(b)s(elo)m(w)g(a)g(t)m(w) m(o-dimensional)891 3170 y(table)k(of)g(in)m(teger)h(random)e(n)m(um)m (b)s(ers)f(is)h(generated)i(as)f(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)h(of)f(the)891 3270 y(iden)m(ti\014er)h FJ(a)p FQ(r.)1240 3464 y FH (MKRANDTABL\({3,4},)o(10)o(,a)o(r\);)37 b(==>)1545 3564 y(***)43 b(array)e(ar)i(redefined)1850 3664 y({3,4})891 3871 y FQ(The)30 b(output)g(is)g(the)g(arra)m(y)h(dimension.)891 4019 y FJ(COMBNUM\(n,p\))c FQ(giv)m(es)k(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i (com)m(binations)e(of)h FL(n)g FQ(ob)5 b(jects)31 b(tak)m(en)g FL(p)891 4132 y FQ(at)h(a)e(time.)41 b(It)30 b(has)g(the)h(t)m(w)m(o)h (in)m(teger)e(argumen)m(ts)h FL(n)f FQ(and)g FL(p)p FQ(.)891 4266 y FJ(PERMUTATIONS\(n\))38 b FQ(giv)m(es)k(the)f(list)f(of)i(p)s (erm)m(utations)e(on)i FL(n)f FQ(ob)5 b(jects,)45 b(eac)m(h)891 4366 y(p)s(erm)m(utation)39 b(b)s(eing)f(represen)m(ted)h(as)h(a)g (list.)66 b FJ(CYCLICPERMLIST)36 b FQ(giv)m(es)k(the)891 4465 y(list)25 b(of)g FD(cyclic)h FQ(p)s(erm)m(utations.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(b)s(oth)f(functions,)g(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(ma)m(y)g (also)891 4565 y(b)s(e)k(a)h FJ(bag)p FQ(.)1240 4759 y FH(PERMUTATIONS)39 b({1,2})i(==>)i({{1,2},{2,1}})1240 4859 y(CYCLICPERMLIST)38 b({1,2,3})j(==>)1589 4959 y({{1,2,3},{2,3,1})o (,{)o(3,1)o(,2)o(}})p eop %%Page: 251 251 251 250 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.5.)72 b(GENERAL)31 b(PURPOSE)e(UTILITY)g(FUNCTIONS)667 b FQ(251)468 555 y FJ(COMBINATIONS)31 b FQ(giv)m(es)k(a)g(list)e(of)h (com)m(binations)g(on)g FL(n)g FQ(ob)5 b(jects)35 b(tak)m(en)h FL(p)e FQ(at)h(a)468 655 y(time.)68 b(The)38 b(\014rst)h(argumen)m(t)h (is)e(a)i(list)e(\(or)i(a)g(bag\))g(and)f(the)g(second)h(is)e(the)468 754 y(in)m(teger)31 b FL(p)p FQ(.)817 959 y FH(COMBINATIONS\({1,)o(2,)o (3})o(,2\))37 b(==>)42 b({{2,3},{1,3},{1,2)o(}})468 1177 y FJ(REMSYM)22 b FQ(is)h(a)i(command)e(that)i(erases)f(the)h(REDUCE)e (commands)h FJ(symmetric)468 1289 y FQ(or)30 b FJ(antisymmetric)p FQ(.)468 1425 y FJ(SYMMETRIZE)21 b FQ(is)h(a)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(erful)e (function)g(whic)m(h)h(generate)i(a)f(symmetric)e(expres-)468 1525 y(sion.)38 b(It)24 b(has)g(3)h(argumen)m(ts.)39 b(The)24 b(\014rst)g(is)f(a)i(list)e(\(or)h(a)h(list)e(of)i(lists\))e (con)m(taining)468 1625 y(the)i(expressions)e(whic)m(h)h(will)e(app)s (ear)i(as)h(v)-5 b(ariables)23 b(for)i(a)g(k)m(ernel.)38 b(The)24 b(second)468 1724 y(argumen)m(t)33 b(is)f(the)g(k)m (ernel-name)h(and)f(the)h(third)e(is)g(a)i(p)s(erm)m(utation)f (function)468 1824 y(whic)m(h)24 b(either)h(exist)g(in)f(the)i (algebraic)f(or)g(in)f(the)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(mo)s(de.)38 b(This)24 b(func-)468 1923 y(tion)30 b(ma)m(y)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f (constructed)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(user.)40 b(Within)29 b(this)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(the)468 2023 y(t)m(w)m(o)g(functions)d FJ(PERMUTATIONS)e FQ(and)i FJ(CYCLICPERMLIST)e FQ(ma)m(y)k(b)s(e)f(used.)817 2227 y FH(ll:={a,b,c}$)817 2327 y(SYMMETRIZE\(ll,op)o(,c)o(yc)o(lic)o (pe)o(rml)o(is)o(t\))o(;)38 b(==>)1165 2427 y(OP\(A,B,C\))i(+)j (OP\(B,C,A\))d(+)j(OP\(C,A,B\))817 2526 y(SYMMETRIZE\(list)37 b(ll,op,cyclicperm)o(lis)o(t\))o(;)h(==>)1165 2626 y(OP\({A,B,C}\))h(+) 44 b(OP\({B,C,A}\))39 b(+)k(OP\({C,A,B}\))468 2830 y FQ(Notice)31 b(that)f(taking)g(for)g(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h(a)g (list)f(of)h(lists)e(giv)m(es)i(rise)f(to)i(an)468 2930 y(expression)36 b(where)g(eac)m(h)i(k)m(ernel)f(has)g(a)g FD(list)i(as)g(ar)-5 b(gument)p FQ(.)62 b(Another)37 b(p)s(ecu-)468 3030 y(liarit)m(y)c(of)h(this)g(function)f(is)g(that,)j (unless)d(a)i(pattern)f(matc)m(hing)h(is)e(made)i(on)468 3129 y(the)c(op)s(erator)f FJ(OP)p FQ(,)g(it)g(needs)g(to)h(b)s(e)f (reev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(Here)31 b(is)e(an)i(illustration:)817 3334 y FH(op\(a,b,c\):=a*b*c)o($)817 3433 y(SYMMETRIZE\(ll,op)o(,c)o (yc)o(lic)o(pe)o(rml)o(is)o(t\))o(;)38 b(==>)1209 3533 y(OP\(A,B,C\))i(+)j(OP\(B,C,A\))d(+)j(OP\(C,A,B\))817 3633 y(for)f(all)g(x)i(let)e(op\(x,a,b\)=sin\(x*)o(a*)o(b\);)817 3732 y(SYMMETRIZE\(ll,op)o(,c)o(yc)o(lic)o(pe)o(rml)o(is)o(t\))o(;)c (==>)1253 3832 y(OP\(B,C,A\))h(+)44 b(SIN\(A*B*C\))39 b(+)k(OP\(A,B,C\))468 4050 y FQ(The)d(functions)f FJ(SORTNUMLIST)f FQ(and)i FJ(SORTLIST)f FQ(are)i(functions)e(whic)m(h)g(sort)468 4162 y(lists.)g(They)30 b(use)g FD(bubblesort)h FQ(and)f FD(quicksort)g FQ(algorithms.)468 4312 y FJ(SORTNUMLIST)35 b FQ(tak)m(es)k(as)f(argumen)m(t)g(a)g(list)e(of)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)61 b(It)37 b(sorts)h(it)f(in)f(in-)468 4424 y(creasing)30 b(order.)468 4560 y FJ(SORTLIST)36 b FQ(is)h(a)i(generalisation)e(of)h (the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(function.)63 b(It)38 b(sorts)g(the)h(list)468 4660 y(according)d(to)i(an)m(y)e(w)m(ell)g(de\014ned)f(ordering.)58 b(Its)36 b(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)e(the)i(list)468 4759 y(and)44 b(its)h(second)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(the)g(ordering)f (function.)83 b(The)44 b(con)m(ten)m(t)j(of)468 4859 y(the)33 b(list)e(is)h(not)h(necessary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(but)h(m)m (ust)g(b)s(e)g(suc)m(h)h(that)g(the)g(ordering)468 4959 y(function)c(has)h(a)h(meaning.)p eop %%Page: 252 252 252 251 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(252)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)1240 555 y FH(l:={1,3,4,0}$)82 b(SORTNUMLIST)39 b(l;)261 b(==>)42 b({0,1,3,4})1240 655 y(ll:={1,a,tt,z}$)c(SORTLIST\(ll,ord)o(p\))o(;)g(==>)k({a,z,tt,1})891 880 y FQ(Note:)e(using)23 b(these)i(functions)e(for)h(k)m(ernels)g(or)h (bags)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(dangerous)h(since)891 993 y(they)33 b(are)f(destructiv)m(e.)47 b(If)31 b(it)h(is)f(needed,)i(it)f(is)f (recommended)h(\014rst)f(to)i(apply)891 1106 y FJ(KERNLIST)c FQ(on)h(them.)891 1243 y(The)39 b(function)g FJ(EXTREMUM)e FQ(is)h(a)i(generalisation)f(of)g(the)h(functions)e FJ(MIN)h FQ(and)891 1342 y FJ(MAX)d FQ(to)h(include)d(general)i(orderings.)57 b(It)36 b(is)g(a)g(2)h(argumen)m(ts)f(function.)57 b(The)891 1442 y(\014rst)32 b(is)g(the)h(list)f(and)g(the)h(second)f(is)g(the)h (ordering)f(function.)46 b(With)32 b(the)h(list)891 1542 y FJ(ll)d FQ(de\014ned)f(in)g(the)i(last)f(example,)g(one)h(gets)1240 1753 y FH(EXTREMUM\(ll,ordp\))o(;)37 b(==>)43 b(1)745 1965 y FQ(iii.)g(There)30 b(are)h(four)f(functions)f(to)i(iden)m(tify)e (dep)s(endencies.)39 b FJ(FUNCVAR)29 b FQ(tak)m(es)j(an)m(y)891 2065 y(expression)38 b(as)g(argumen)m(t)h(and)f(returns)f(the)i(set)f (of)h(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(on)h(whic)m(h)f(it)891 2164 y(dep)s(ends.)i(Constan)m(ts)31 b(are)g(eliminated.)1240 2376 y FH(FUNCVAR\(e+pi+sin\()o(lo)o(g\()o(y\)\))o(;)37 b(==>)43 b({y})891 2588 y FJ(DEPATOM)31 b FQ(has)i(an)g FN(atom)e FQ(as)i(argumen)m(t.)49 b(It)33 b(returns)e(its)h(argumen)m (t)i(if)d(it)i(is)f(a)891 2687 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)c(or)g(if)f(no)i(dep)s (endency)e(has)h(previously)e(b)s(een)h(declared.)40 b(Otherwise,)891 2787 y(it)45 b(returns)f(the)h(list)f(of)h(v)-5 b(ariables)44 b(on)h(whic)m(h)f(in)g(dep)s(ends)f(as)j(declared)e(in) 891 2886 y(v)-5 b(arious)30 b FJ(DEPEND)e FQ(declarations.)1240 3098 y FH(DEPEND)41 b(a,x,y;)1240 3198 y(DEPATOM)g(a;)304 b(==>)42 b({x,y})891 3409 y FQ(The)36 b(functions)f FJ(EXPLICIT)f FQ(and)i FJ(IMPLICIT)e FQ(mak)m(e)j(explicit)d(or)j(implicit)c(the)891 3509 y(dep)s(endencies.)1240 3721 y FH(depend)41 b(a,x;)h(depend)f (x,y,z;)1240 3820 y(EXPLICIT)f(a;)261 b(==>)42 b(a\(x\(y,z\)\))1240 3920 y(IMPLICIT)e(ws;)217 b(==>)42 b(a)891 4145 y FQ(These)34 b(are)f(useful)f(when)g(one)i(do)s(es)f(not)h(kno)m(w)f(the)h(names)f (of)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariables)891 4258 y(and)30 b(\(or\))h(the)g(nature)f (of)h(the)f(dep)s(endencies.)891 4395 y FJ(KORDERLIST)g FQ(is)i(a)h(zero)g(argumen)m(t)g(function)f(whic)m(h)f(displa)m(y)g (the)i(actual)g(or-)891 4495 y(dering.)1240 4706 y FH(KORDER)41 b(x,y,z;)1240 4806 y(KORDERLIST;)257 b(==>)42 b(\(x,y,z\))p eop %%Page: 253 253 253 252 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.6.)72 b(PR)m(OPER)-8 b(TIES)30 b(AND)h(FLA)m(GS)1434 b FQ(253)324 555 y(iv.)45 b(A)32 b(function)f FJ(SIMPLIFY)f FQ(whic)m(h)h(tak)m(es)i(an)f(arbitrary)f(expression)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)468 655 y(whic)m(h)39 b FD(for)-5 b(c)g(es)41 b FQ(do)m(wn-to-the-b)s(ottom)h(simpli\014cation)36 b(of)k(an)g (expression.)68 b(It)468 754 y(is)31 b(useful)f(with)h FJ(SYMMETRIZE)p FQ(.)e(It)k(has)e(also)h(pro)m(v)m(ed)h(useful)d(to)j (simplify)28 b(some)468 854 y(output)i(expressions)f(of)i(the)f(pac)m (k)-5 b(age)32 b(EX)m(CALC)f(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(39)q(\).)817 1058 y FH(l:=op\(x,y,z\)$)817 1158 y(op\(x,y,z\):=x*y*z)o($)817 1258 y(SYMMETRIZE\(l,op,)o(cy)o(cl)o (icp)o(er)o(mli)o(st)o(\);)37 b(==>)1776 1357 y(op\(x,y,z\)+op\(y,)o (z,x)o(\)+)o(op\()o(z,)o(x,)o(y\))817 1457 y(SIMPLIFY)j(ws;)260 b(==>)43 b(op\(y,z,x\)+op\(z,)o(x,y)o(\)+)o(x*y)o(*z)349 1675 y FQ(v.)j(Filtering)29 b(functions)g(for)h(lists.)468 1824 y FJ(CHECKPROLIST)d FQ(is)i(a)h(b)s(o)s(olean)f(function)g(whic)m (h)f(c)m(hec)m(ks)k(if)d(the)h(elemen)m(ts)g(of)g(a)468 1937 y(list)19 b(ha)m(v)m(e)j(a)f(de\014nite)e(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(.)38 b(Its)20 b(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)e(the)i(list,)h(and)d(its) h(second)468 2050 y(argumen)m(t)43 b(is)f(a)h(b)s(o)s(olean)f(function) f(\()p FJ(FIXP)47 b(NUMBERP)f FL(:)15 b(:)g(:)q FQ(\))43 b(or)g(an)g(ordering)468 2162 y(function)29 b(\(as)i FJ(ORDP)p FQ(\).)468 2298 y FJ(EXTRACTLIST)25 b FQ(extracts)k(from)f (the)g(list)e(giv)m(en)i(as)g(its)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h(the)g(ele-) 468 2398 y(men)m(ts)c(whic)m(h)e(satisfy)h(the)g(b)s(o)s(olean)g (function)f(giv)m(en)h(as)h(its)e(second)i(argumen)m(t.)817 2602 y FH(l:={1,a,b,"st"\)$)817 2702 y(EXTRACTLIST\(l,fi)o(xp)o(\);)168 b(==>)42 b({1})817 2802 y(EXTRACTLIST\(l,st)o(ri)o(ng)o(p\);)37 b(==>)42 b({st})241 2956 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(23.6)135 b(Prop)t(erties)46 b(and)f(Flags)241 3389 y FQ(It)38 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(useful)e(to)i(pro)m(vide)f (analogous)i(functions)d(in)h(algebraic)g(mo)s(de)h(to)g(the)241 3502 y(prop)s(erties)j(and)h(\015ags)h(of)g(LISP)-8 b(.)42 b(Just)g(using)f(the)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(mo)s(de)i(functions)e(to)241 3615 y(alter)26 b(prop)s(ert)m(y)h(lists)e(of)i(ob)5 b(jects)27 b(ma)m(y)g(easily)f(destro)m(y)i(the)f(in)m(tegrit)m(y)f(of) h(the)g(system.)241 3728 y(The)40 b(functions)f(whic)m(h)g(are)i(here)g (describ)s(ed)d FN(do)47 b(ignore)41 b FQ(the)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)f(list)f (and)241 3841 y(\015ags)44 b(already)f(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)i(the)g (system)g(itself.)79 b(They)43 b(generate)i(and)e(trac)m(k)i(the)241 3954 y FD(additional)38 b(pr)-5 b(op)g(erties)39 b(and)d(\015ags)f FQ(that)f(the)g(user)g(issues)e(using)h(them.)51 b(They)33 b(o\013er)241 4067 y(the)d(p)s(ossibilit)m(y)d(of)k(w)m(orking)e(on)i (prop)s(ert)m(y)e(lists)g(in)g(an)i(algebraic)f(con)m(text.)241 4298 y FN(i.)46 b(Flags)g FQ(T)-8 b(o)33 b(a)g(giv)m(en)f(iden)m (ti\014er,)g(one)h(ma)m(y)g(asso)s(ciates)g(another)g(one)g(link)m(ed)e (to)i(it)468 4411 y(\\in)27 b(the)h(bac)m(kground".)40 b(The)27 b(three)h(functions)e FJ(PUTFLAG)p FQ(,)g FJ(DISPLAYFLAG)e FQ(and)468 4524 y FJ(CLEARFLAG)k FQ(handle)h(them.)468 4660 y FJ(PUTFLAG)i FQ(has)i(3)g(argumen)m(ts.)48 b(The)33 b(\014rst)f(is)g(the)h(iden)m(ti\014er)e(or)i(a)g(list)f(of)h(iden-)468 4759 y(ti\014ers,)k(the)g(second)f(is)g(the)h(name)f(of)h(the)f (\015ag,)j(the)e(third)d(is)i(T)g(\(true\))h(or)f(0)468 4859 y(\(zero\).)42 b(When)29 b(the)g(third)e(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(T,)h (it)f(creates)j(the)e(\015ag,)h(when)e(it)g(is)g(0)468 4959 y(it)i(destro)m(ys)h(it.)p eop %%Page: 254 254 254 253 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(254)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)1240 555 y FH(PUTFLAG\(z1,flag_n)o(am) o(e,)o(t\);)298 b(==>)43 b(flag_name)1240 655 y(PUTFLAG\({z1,z2},f)o (la)o(g1)o(_na)o(me)o(,t\))o(;)37 b(==>)43 b(t)1240 754 y(PUTFLAG\(z2,flag1_)o(na)o(me)o(,0\))o(;)255 b(==>)891 966 y FJ(DISPLAYFLAG)28 b FQ(allo)m(ws)h(to)j(extract)f(\015ags.)41 b(Con)m(tin)m(uing)29 b(the)i(example:)1240 1178 y FH(DISPLAYFLAG)39 b(z1;)173 b(==>)43 b({flag_name,flag)o(1_n)o(am)o(e})1240 1277 y(DISPLAYFLAG)c(z2;)173 b(==>)43 b({})891 1502 y FJ(CLEARFLAG)26 b FQ(is)h(a)h(command)g(whic)m(h)f(clears)h FD(al)5 b(l)28 b FQ(\015ags)h(asso)s(ciated)f(to)h(the)f(iden-)891 1615 y(ti\014ers)i FL(id)1223 1629 y FO(1)1263 1615 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(;)f(id)1542 1629 y FF(n)1590 1615 y FQ(.)664 1790 y FN(ii.)47 b(Prop)s(erties)f FJ(PUTPROP)32 b FQ(has)h(four)g(argumen)m(ts.)51 b(The)33 b(second)h(argumen)m(t)g (is)f(the)891 1889 y FD(indic)-5 b(ator)38 b FQ(of)e(the)g(prop)s(ert)m (y)-8 b(.)56 b(The)36 b(third)d(argumen)m(t)k(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f FD(any)j(valid)g(ex-)891 1989 y(pr)-5 b(ession)p FQ(.)43 b(The)30 b(fourth)f(one)i(is)e(also)i(T)f(or)g(0.)1240 2201 y FH(PUTPROP\(z1,proper)o(ty)o(,x)o(^2,)o(t\))o(;)38 b(==>)k(z1)891 2412 y FQ(In)30 b(general,)h(one)f(en)m(ter)1240 2624 y FH(PUTPROP\(LIST\(idp1)o(,i)o(dp)o(2,.)o(.\))o(,<p)o(ro)o(pn)o (ame)o(>,)o(<va)o(lu)o(e>,)o(T\))o(;)891 2836 y FQ(If)k(the)g(last)g (argumen)m(t)h(is)e(0)i(then)f(the)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)f(is)h(remo)m(v)m (ed.)53 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(displa)m(y)f(a)891 2935 y(sp)s(eci\014c)h(prop) s(ert)m(y)-8 b(,)37 b(one)e(uses)g FJ(DISPLAYPROP)d FQ(whic)m(h)h(tak)m (es)k(t)m(w)m(o)f(argumen)m(ts.)891 3035 y(The)g(\014rst)f(is)g(the)h (name)g(of)h(the)f(iden)m(ti\014er,)g(the)g(second)g(is)f(the)h (indicator)f(of)891 3135 y(the)c(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(.)3027 3346 y FH(2)1240 3446 y(DISPLAYPROP\(z1,pr)o(op)o(er)o(ty\))o(;)37 b(==>)43 b({property,x)82 b(})891 3671 y FQ(Finally)-8 b(,)27 b FJ(CLEARPROP)d FQ(is)i(a)h(nary)f(commmand)h(whic)m(h)e (clears)i FD(al)5 b(l)27 b FQ(prop)s(erties)f(of)891 3784 y(the)31 b(iden)m(ti\014ers)d(whic)m(h)i(app)s(ear)f(as)i(argumen) m(ts.)664 3939 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(23.7)136 b(Con)l(trol)46 b(F)-11 b(unctions)664 4373 y FQ(The)32 b(ASSIST)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)34 b(also)f(pro)m(vides)e (additional)g(functions)g(whic)m(h)g(impro)m(v)m(e)i(the)664 4486 y(user)d(con)m(trol)h(of)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)795 4710 y(i.)45 b(The)40 b(\014rst)f(set)i(of)f(functions)f(is)g(comp)s (osed)h(of)g(unary)f(and)h(binary)e(b)s(o)s(olean)891 4810 y(functions.)i(They)30 b(are:)p eop %%Page: 255 255 255 254 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.7.)72 b(CONTR)m(OL)30 b(FUNCTIONS)1552 b FQ(255)817 555 y FH(ALATOMP)40 b(x;)174 b(x)43 b(is)g(anything.)817 655 y(ALKERNP)d(x;)174 b(x)43 b(is)g(anything.)817 754 y(DEPVARP\(x,v\);)38 b(x)43 b(is)g(anything.)1427 854 y(\(v)g(is)f(an)h(atom)f(or)h(a)g(kernel\))468 1044 y FJ(ALATOMP)27 b FQ(has)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(T)g(i\013)g(x)g(is)f (an)i(in)m(teger)f(or)h(an)f(iden)m(ti\014er)f FD(after)i FQ(it)f(has)468 1157 y(b)s(een)h(ev)-5 b(aluated)30 b(do)m(wn)g(to)h (the)g(b)s(ottom.)468 1302 y FJ(ALKERNP)i FQ(has)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(T)g(i\013)f(x)h(is)f(a)i(k)m(ernel)f FD(after)g FQ(it)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)468 1414 y(do)m(wn)30 b(to)h(the)g(b)s(ottom.)468 1559 y FJ(DEPVARP)d FQ(returns)i(T)g(i\013) f(the)i(expression)e(x)h(dep)s(ends)f(on)h(v)g(at)h FN(an)m(y)k(lev)m (el)p FQ(.)468 1703 y(The)27 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(functions)e(together)i (with)e FJ(PRECP)g FQ(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)f(declared)f(op)s(erator)468 1816 y(functions)j(to)i(ease)g(the)g(v)m(eri\014cation)f(of)h(their)e (v)-5 b(alue.)468 1961 y FJ(NORDP)34 b FQ(is)h(essen)m(tially)g(equiv) -5 b(alen)m(t)35 b(to)h FJ(notORDP)e FQ(when)h(inside)e(a)j (conditional)468 2074 y(statemen)m(t.)43 b(Otherwise,)29 b(it)h(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)g(while)e FJ(notORDP)h FQ(cannot.)347 2236 y(ii.)44 b(The)28 b(next)g(functions)f(allo)m(w)h(one)h(to)g FD(analyse)g FQ(and)f(to)h FD(cle)-5 b(an)29 b FQ(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m (t)468 2336 y(of)i(REDUCE)f(whic)m(h)f(is)g(created)i(b)m(y)g(the)f (user)g(while)e(w)m(orking)i(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)468 2436 y(Tw)m(o)31 b(functions)e(are)h(pro)m(vided:)468 2535 y FJ(SHOW)j FQ(allo)m(ws)g(to)h(get)h(the)f(v)-5 b(arious)32 b(iden)m(ti\014ers)g(already)h(assigned)g(and)g(to)i(see) 468 2635 y(their)j(t)m(yp)s(e.)65 b FJ(SUPPRESS)37 b FQ(selectiv)m(ely)h(clears)h(the)g(used)e(iden)m(ti\014ers)g(or)i (clears)468 2735 y(them)34 b(all.)49 b(It)34 b(is)e(to)j(b)s(e)d (stressed)i(that)g(iden)m(ti\014ers)e(assigned)h(from)g(the)g(input)468 2834 y(of)c(\014les)f(are)i FN(ignored)p FQ(.)40 b(Both)30 b(functions)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(one)f(argumen)m(t)h(and)e(the)h(same)468 2934 y(options)h(for)g(this)f(argumen)m(t:)773 3111 y FH(SHOW)42 b(\(SUPPRESS\))e(all)773 3210 y(SHOW)i(\(SUPPRESS\))e (scalars)773 3310 y(SHOW)i(\(SUPPRESS\))e(lists)773 3409 y(SHOW)i(\(SUPPRESS\))e(saveids)171 b(\(for)42 b(saved)f(expressions\)) 773 3509 y(SHOW)h(\(SUPPRESS\))e(matrices)773 3609 y(SHOW)i (\(SUPPRESS\))e(arrays)773 3708 y(SHOW)i(\(SUPPRESS\))e(vectors)1471 3808 y(\(contains)f(vector,)i(index)h(and)g(tvector\))773 3908 y(SHOW)g(\(SUPPRESS\))e(forms)468 4084 y FQ(The)28 b(option)g FJ(all)f FQ(is)h(the)g(most)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)g(for)f FJ(SHOW)g FQ(but)f(it)h(ma)m(y)h(tak)m(es)h(time)468 4184 y(to)j(get)f(the)g(answ)m(er)g(after)g(one)g(has)g(w)m(ork)m(ed)g (sev)m(eral)g(hours.)44 b(When)32 b(en)m(tering)468 4284 y(REDUCE)e(the)h(option)f FJ(all)f FQ(for)h FJ(SHOW)g FQ(giv)m(es:)817 4461 y FH(SHOW)42 b(all;)390 b(==>)43 b(scalars)d(are:)i(NIL)1776 4560 y(arrays)f(are:)h(NIL)1776 4660 y(lists)f(are:)h(NIL)1776 4759 y(matrices)e(are:)i(NIL)1776 4859 y(vectors)e(are:)i(NIL)1776 4959 y(forms)f(are:)h(NIL)p eop %%Page: 256 256 256 255 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(256)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)891 555 y FQ(It)e(is)e(a)h(con)m(v)m (enien)m(t)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)g(remem)m(b)s(er)f(the)g(v)-5 b(arious)26 b(options.)39 b(Starting)26 b(from)891 655 y(a)31 b(fresh)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)1240 864 y FH(a:=b:=1$)1240 964 y(SHOW)42 b(scalars;)215 b(==>)86 b(scalars)40 b(are:)i(\(A)h(B\)) 1240 1063 y(SUPPRESS)d(scalars;)h(==>)h(t)1240 1163 y(SHOW)g(scalars;) 215 b(==>)86 b(scalars)40 b(are:)i(NIL)745 1385 y FQ(iii.)h(The)e FJ(CLEAR)e FQ(function)g(of)i(the)f(system)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(do)g(a)g (complete)g(cleaning)891 1498 y(of)31 b FJ(OPERATORS)d FQ(and)i FJ(FUNCTIONS)p FQ(.)f(The)h(follo)m(wing)f(t)m(w)m(o)j (functions)d(do)i(a)g(more)891 1611 y(complete)f(cleaning)f(and,)g (also)g(automatically)g(tak)m(es)i(in)m(to)f(accoun)m(t)g(the)g FD(user)891 1724 y FQ(\015ag)d(and)f(prop)s(erties)e(that)j(the)f (functions)f FJ(PUTFLAG)f FQ(and)i FJ(PUTPROP)e FQ(ma)m(y)j(ha)m(v)m(e) 891 1837 y(in)m(tro)s(duced.)891 1973 y(Their)40 b(names)h(are)g FJ(CLEAROP)e FQ(and)i FJ(CLEARFUNCTIONS)p FQ(.)c FJ(CLEAROP)i FQ(tak)m(es)k(one)891 2073 y(op)s(erator)27 b(as)f(its)f(argumen)m(t.) 40 b FJ(CLEARFUNCTIONS)22 b FQ(is)j(a)i(nary)e(command.)39 b(If)26 b(one)891 2173 y(issues)1240 2382 y FH(CLEARFUNCTIONS)38 b(a1,a2,)j(...)h(,)i(an)e($)891 2604 y FQ(The)31 b(functions)e(with)h (names)79 b FJ(a1,a2,)46 b(...)h(,an)30 b FQ(are)h(cleared.)42 b(One)31 b(should)891 2717 y(b)s(e)20 b(careful)g(when)f(using)g(this)h (facilit)m(y)f(since)h(the)h(only)e(functions)g(whic)m(h)g(cannot)891 2830 y(b)s(e)30 b(erased)h(are)f(those)h(whic)m(h)e(are)i(protected)h (with)d(the)h FJ(lose)f FQ(\015ag.)664 2984 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(23.8)136 b(Handling)45 b(of)g(P)l(olynomials)664 3418 y FQ(The)39 b(mo)s(dule)g(con)m(tains)g (some)i(utilit)m(y)d(functions)g(to)j(handle)d(standard)h(quotien)m(ts) 664 3531 y(and)30 b(sev)m(eral)h(new)f(facilities)e(to)j(manipulate)e (p)s(olynomials.)795 3753 y(i.)45 b(Tw)m(o)d(functions)d FJ(ALG)p 1659 3753 29 4 v 34 w(TO)p 1789 3753 V 34 w(SYMB)g FQ(and)i FJ(SYMB)p 2434 3753 V 33 w(TO)p 2563 3753 V 34 w(ALG)f FQ(allo)m(w)h(the)g(c)m(hanging)g(of)891 3853 y(an)f(expression)e(whic)m(h)g(is)h(in)f(the)i(algebraic)f(standard)g (quotien)m(t)h(form)f(in)m(to)891 3953 y(a)i(pre\014x)d(lisp)g(form)h (and)g(vice-v)m(ersa.)70 b(This)37 b(is)i(made)h(in)e(suc)m(h)i(a)g(w)m (a)m(y)g(that)891 4052 y(the)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)d FJ(list)h FQ(whic)m(h)g(app)s(ears)g(in)g(the)h(algebraic)g(mo)s(de)f(disapp)s (ear)f(in)891 4152 y(the)44 b(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(form)h(\(there)h(it)f(b) s(ecomes)h(a)g(paren)m(thesis)e(\\\(\)")j(\))f(and)f(it)g(is)891 4251 y(rein)m(tro)s(duced)30 b(in)h(the)g(translation)g(from)g(a)h(sym) m(b)s(olic)d(pre\014x)i(lisp)e(expression)891 4351 y(to)f(an)e (algebraic)g(one.)39 b(The)26 b(follo)m(wing)f(example)h(sho)m(ws)g(ho) m(w)h(the)f(w)m(ell-kno)m(wn)891 4451 y(lisp)21 b(function)g FJ(FLATTENS)g FQ(can)i(b)s(e)f(trivially)e(transp)s(ortd)h(in)m(to)i (algebraic)f(mo)s(de:)1109 4660 y FH(algebraic)40 b(procedure)g(ecrase) h(x;)1109 4759 y(lisp)h(symb_to_alg)d(flattens1)h(alg_to_symb)f (algebraic)h(x;)1153 4959 y(symbolic)g(procedure)g(flattens1)g(x;)p eop %%Page: 257 257 257 256 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.8.)72 b(HANDLING)32 b(OF)e(POL)-8 b(YNOMIALS)1220 b FQ(257)730 555 y FH(\045)43 b(ll;)f(==>)g(\(\(A)h(B\))g(\(\(C)f(D\))h (E\)\))730 655 y(\045)g(flattens1)d(ll;)i(\(A)h(B)g(C)g(D)g(E\))817 754 y(if)f(atom)g(x)i(then)e(list)f(x)j(else)817 854 y(if)e(cdr)h(x)g(then)991 954 y(append\(flattens1)37 b(car)42 b(x,)h(flattens1)d(cdr)i(x\))904 1053 y(else)g(flattens1)e (car)i(x;)468 1265 y FQ(giv)m(es,)31 b(for)f(instance,)817 1477 y FH(ll:={a,{b,{c},d,)o(e})o(,{)o({{z)o(}})o(}}$)817 1576 y(ECRASE)41 b(ll;)h(==>)h({A,)f(B,)h(C,)f(D,)h(E,)g(Z})347 1788 y FQ(ii.)h FJ(LEADTERM)37 b FQ(and)h FJ(REDEXPR)f FQ(are)i(the)h(algebraic)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(of)g(the)g(sym)m(b) s(olic)468 1888 y(functions)d FJ(LT)g FQ(and)h FJ(RED)p FQ(.)f(They)h(giv)m(e)g(the)h FD(le)-5 b(ading)40 b(term)d FQ(and)g(the)g FD(r)-5 b(e)g(ductum)468 1987 y FQ(of)29 b(a)h(p)s(olynomial.)37 b(They)29 b(also)g(w)m(ork)g(for)g(rational)f (functions.)39 b(Their)27 b(in)m(terest)468 2087 y(lies)k(in)g(the)i (fact)g(that)g(they)f(do)g(not)h(require)e(to)i(extract)h(the)e(main)f (v)-5 b(ariable.)468 2187 y(They)30 b(w)m(ork)g(according)h(to)g(the)f (curren)m(t)h(ordering)e(of)h(the)h(system:)817 2398 y FH(pol:=x+y+z$)817 2498 y(LEADTERM)40 b(pol;)i(==>)g(x)817 2598 y(korder)f(y,x,z;)817 2697 y(LEADTERM)f(pol;)i(==>)g(y)817 2797 y(REDEXPR)e(pol;)i(==>)h(x)g(+)g(z)468 3022 y FQ(By)f(default,)i (the)e(represen)m(tation)g(of)f(m)m(ultiv)-5 b(ariate)41 b(p)s(olynomials)e(is)i(recur-)468 3135 y(siv)m(e.)81 b(With)44 b(suc)m(h)f(a)i(represen)m(tation,)i(the)d(function)f FJ(LEADTERM)f FQ(do)s(es)h(not)468 3248 y(necessarily)28 b(extract)i(a)e(true)h(monom.)40 b(It)28 b(extracts)i(a)f(monom)g(in)e (the)i(leading)468 3361 y(indeterminate)c(m)m(ultiplied)d(b)m(y)k(a)g (p)s(olynomial)e(in)g(the)i(other)h(indeterminates.)468 3473 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)35 b(v)m(ery)e(often)g(one)g(needs)f(to)i (handle)d(true)h(monoms)g(separately)-8 b(.)48 b(In)468 3586 y(that)37 b(case,)i(one)e(needs)f(a)h(p)s(olynomial)c(in)j FD(distributive)g FQ(form.)58 b(Suc)m(h)36 b(a)h(form)468 3699 y(is)i(pro)m(vided)f(b)m(y)i(the)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)42 b(GR)m(OEBNER)f(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(45\).)70 b(The)39 b(facilit)m(y)468 3812 y(there)29 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(to)s(o)i(in)m(v)m(olv)m(ed)f(and)g(the)h (need)f(to)h(load)f(an)g(additional)e(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)468 3925 y(can)37 b(b)s(e)e(a)i(problem.)57 b(So,)38 b(a)f(new)f(switc)m(h) f(is)h(created)h(to)g(handle)e FD(distribute)-5 b(d)468 4038 y FQ(p)s(olynomials.)38 b(It)29 b(is)g(called)g FJ(DISTRIBUTE)d FQ(and)j(a)h(new)f(function)f FJ(DISTRIBUTE)468 4151 y FQ(puts)c(a)i(p)s(olynomial)c(in)i(distributiv)m(e)e(form.)39 b(With)24 b(the)i(switc)m(h)e FN(on)p FQ(,)j FJ(LEADTERM)468 4264 y FQ(giv)m(es)k FN(true)f FQ(monoms.)468 4414 y FJ(MONOM)f FQ(transforms)g(a)i(p)s(olynomial)d(in)m(to)i(a)h(list)e(of) h(monoms.)41 b(It)30 b(w)m(orks)g(what-)468 4527 y(ev)m(er)h(the)g (setting)f(of)h(the)f(switc)m(h)g FJ(DISTRIBUTE)p FQ(.)468 4677 y FJ(SPLITTERMS)h FQ(is)i(analoguous)h(to)h FJ(MONOM)d FQ(except)j(that)g(it)f(giv)m(es)g(a)g(list)f(of)h(t)m(w)m(o)468 4790 y(lists.)68 b(The)39 b(\014rst)h(sublist)d(con)m(tains)j(the)g(p)s (ositiv)m(e)f(terms)h(while)e(the)i(second)468 4903 y(sublist)28 b(con)m(tains)i(the)h(negativ)m(e)h(terms.)p eop %%Page: 258 258 258 257 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(258)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)891 555 y FJ(SPLITPLUSMINUS)21 b FQ(giv)m(es)k(a)g(list)e(whose)h(\014rst)g(elemen)m(t)h(is)e(an)i (expression)e(of)i(the)891 668 y(p)s(ositiv)m(e)32 b(part)f(of)i(the)f (p)s(olynomial)d(and)j(its)f(second)i(elemen)m(t)f(is)f(its)h(negativ)m (e)891 781 y(part.)745 969 y(iii.)43 b(Tw)m(o)c(complemen)m(tary)f (functions)f FJ(LOWESTDEG)e FQ(and)j FJ(DIVPOL)e FQ(are)j(pro)m(vided.) 891 1082 y(The)30 b(\014rst)g(tak)m(es)i(a)f(p)s(olynomial)c(as)k(its)f (\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(and)e(the)i(name)f(of)h(an)891 1194 y(indeterminate)g(as)i(its)e(second)h(argumen)m(t.)47 b(It)32 b(returns)f(the)i FD(lowest)i(de)-5 b(gr)g(e)g(e)33 b FQ(in)891 1307 y(that)k(indeterminate.)56 b(The)35 b(second)h(function)f(tak)m(es)i(t)m(w)m(o)g(p)s(olynomials)d(and)891 1420 y(returns)c(b)s(oth)f(the)i(quotien)m(t)f(and)g(its)g(remainder.) 664 1575 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(23.9)136 b(Handling)45 b(of)g(T)-11 b(ranscenden)l(tal)46 b(F)-11 b(unctions)664 1996 y FQ(The)29 b(functions)e FJ(TRIGREDUCE)f FQ(and)i FJ(TRIGEXPAND)e FQ(and)j(the)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)28 b(ones)h(for)g(h)m(y-)664 2096 y(p)s(erb)s(olic)i (functions)g FJ(HYPREDUCE)g FQ(and)h FJ(HYPEXPAND)f FQ(mak)m(e)j(the)f (transformations)f(to)664 2195 y(m)m(ultiple)26 b(argumen)m(ts)j(and)f (from)h(m)m(ultiple)d(argumen)m(ts)j(to)g(elemen)m(tary)g(argumen)m (ts.)1013 2401 y FH(aa:=sin\(x+y\)$)1013 2501 y(TRIGEXPAND)39 b(aa;)k(==>)f(SIN\(X\)*COS\(Y\))c(+)43 b(SIN\(Y\)*COS\(X\))1013 2600 y(TRIGREDUCE)c(ws;)k(==>)f(SIN\(Y)g(+)h(X\))664 2806 y FQ(When)38 b(a)g(trigonometric)f(or)h(h)m(yp)s(erb)s(olic)d (expression)h(is)h(symmetric)g(with)f(resp)s(ect)664 2906 y(to)55 b(the)g(in)m(terc)m(hange)g(of)f FJ(SIN)47 b(\(SINH\))53 b FQ(and)h FJ(COS)47 b(\(COSH\))p FQ(,)53 b(the)h(application)f(of)664 3006 y FJ(TRIG\(HYP\)REDUCE)28 b FQ(ma)m(y)33 b(often)f(lead)g(to)h(great)g(simpli\014cations.)42 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)35 b(if)c(it)h(is)664 3105 y(highly)h(asymmetric,)j (the)f(rep)s(eated)g(application)e(of)i FJ(TRIG\(HYP\)REDUCE)30 b FQ(follo)m(w)m(ed)664 3205 y(b)m(y)42 b(the)g(use)g(of)g FJ(TRIG\(HYP\)EXPAND)c FQ(will)i(lead)h(to)i FD(mor)-5 b(e)44 b FQ(complicated)d(but)h(more)664 3304 y(symmetric)30 b(expressions:)1013 3510 y FH(aa:=\(sin\(x\)^2+co)o(s\()o(x\)^)o(2\))o (^3$)1013 3610 y(TRIGREDUCE)39 b(aa;)k(==>)f(1)1013 3710 y(bb:=1+sin\(x\)^3$)1013 3809 y(TRIGREDUCE)d(bb;)k(==>)1362 3909 y(-)g(SIN\(3*X\))d(+)j(3*SIN\(X\))d(+)k(4)1318 4008 y(----------------)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(-)1841 4108 y(4)1056 4307 y(TRIGEXPAND)c(ws;)i(==>)1362 4407 y(3)784 b(2)1100 4507 y(SIN\(X\))85 b(-)43 b(3*SIN\(X\)*COS\(X\))81 b(+)43 b(3*SIN\(X\))d(+)j(4)1100 4606 y(----------------)o(---)o(--)o (---)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(---)1928 4706 y(4)664 4925 y FQ(See)31 b(also)f(the)h(TRIGSIMP)e(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)33 b(\(c)m(hapter)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(85)q (\).)p eop %%Page: 259 259 259 258 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.10.)73 b(COER)m(CION)29 b(FR)m(OM)i(LISTS)e(TO)g(ARRA)-8 b(YS)31 b(AND)g(CONVERSE)95 b FQ(259)241 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(23.10)136 b(Co)t(ercion)45 b(from)g(lists)h(to)f(arra)l(ys)h(and)f(con)l(v)l(erse)241 808 y FQ(Sometimes)36 b(when)f(a)i(list)e(is)g(v)m(ery)i(long)f(and)g (esp)s(ecially)f(if)g(frequen)m(t)h(access)i(to)f(its)241 921 y(elemen)m(ts)h(are)h(needed)f(it)g(is)f(adv)-5 b(an)m(tageous)40 b(\(temp)s(orarily\))d(to)i(transform)f(it)g(in)m(to)241 1034 y(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)65 b FJ(LIST)p 862 1034 29 4 v 33 w(TO)p 991 1034 V 34 w(ARRAY)37 b FQ(has)h(three)g(argumen)m (ts.)65 b(The)38 b(\014rst)f(is)h(the)g(list.)63 b(The)241 1147 y(second)44 b(is)f(an)h(in)m(teger)h(whic)m(h)d(indicates)h(the)i (arra)m(y)f(dimension)e(required.)80 b(The)241 1260 y(third)27 b(is)i(the)h(name)f(of)h(an)f(iden)m(ti\014er)f(whic)m(h)g(will)f(pla)m (y)i(the)h(role)f(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)h(name)241 1372 y(generated)42 b(b)m(y)f(it.)72 b(If)41 b(the)g(c)m(hosen)h(dimension)d (is)h(not)h(compatible)g(with)f(the)h(list)241 1485 y(depth)e(and)g (structure)h(an)g(error)f(message)i(is)e(issued.)68 b FJ(ARRAY)p 2501 1485 V 33 w(TO)p 2630 1485 V 34 w(LIST)39 b FQ(do)s(es)g(the)241 1598 y(opp)s(osite)29 b(co)s(ercion.)41 b(It)31 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(e\016ciency)g(of)h(the)f(system.)61 b(This)241 4516 y(small)24 b(mo)s(dule)g(together)j(with)d(the)i(declaration)f(of)h(an) m(tisymmetry)f(for)h(op)s(erators)f(is)241 4629 y(enough)g(to)h(deal)f (with)f(most)i(calculations.)38 b(The)25 b(reason)h(is,)g(that)g(a)g (pro)s(duct)e(of)h(sim-)241 4742 y(ilar)g(an)m(ticomm)m(uting)i(k)m (ernels)g(can)g(easily)f(b)s(e)h(transformed)f(in)m(to)h(an)g(an)m (tisymmetric)241 4855 y(op)s(erator)37 b(with)f(as)h(man)m(y)h(indices) d(as)i(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(these)h(k)m(ernels.)60 b(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)p eop %%Page: 260 260 260 259 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(260)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)664 555 y FQ(one)j(ma)m(y)g(also)g (issue)e(pattern)i(matc)m(hing)f(rules)f(to)j(implemen)m(t)d(the)h(an)m (ticomm)m(uta-)664 668 y(tivit)m(y)e(of)g(the)h(pro)s(duct.)39 b(The)30 b(functions)f(in)g(this)g(mo)s(dule)g(represen)m(t)h(the)h (minim)m(um)664 781 y(functionalit)m(y)26 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b(are)h(additional)d(facilities)h(for)h(matrices.)795 4355 y(i.)45 b(Often)30 b(one)g(needs)g(to)g(construct)h(some)f FJ(UNIT)f FQ(matrix)g(of)h(a)g(giv)m(en)g(dimension.)891 4454 y(This)i(construction)h(is)f(p)s(erformed)g(b)m(y)i(the)f (function)f FJ(UNITMAT)p FQ(.)g(It)h(is)g(a)g(nary)891 4554 y(function.)40 b(The)30 b(command)g(is)1240 4750 y FH(UNITMAT)41 b(M1\(n1\),)g(M2\(n2\),)f(.....Mi\(ni\))f(;)891 4959 y FQ(where)j FJ(M1,...Mi)f FQ(are)h(names)h(of)f(matrices)h(and)89 b FJ(n1,)47 b(n2,)g(...,)g(ni)42 b FQ(are)p eop %%Page: 261 261 261 260 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(23.13.)73 b(HANDLING)31 b(OF)g(MA)-8 b(TRICES)1367 b FQ(261)468 555 y(in)m(tegers.)468 692 y FJ(MKIDM)42 b FQ(is)f(a)j(generalisation)e(of)h FJ(MKID)p FQ(.)f(It)h(allo)m(ws)f (the)h(indexing)e(of)i(matrix)468 792 y(names.)76 b(If)41 b FJ(u)h FQ(and)f FJ(u1)h FQ(are)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(matrices,)h(one)d(can)h (go)g(from)e(one)i(to)f(the)468 891 y(other:)817 1103 y FH(matrix)f(u\(2,2\);$)84 b(unitmat)40 b(u1\(2\)$)817 1203 y(u1;)i(==>)1165 1302 y([1)87 b(0])1165 1402 y([)174 b(])1165 1502 y([0)87 b(1])817 1701 y(mkidm\(u,1\);)39 b(==>)1165 1801 y([1)87 b(0])1165 1900 y([)174 b(])1165 2000 y([0)87 b(1])468 2225 y FQ(Note:)44 b(MKIDM\(V,1\))33 b(will)28 b(fail)i(ev)m(en)i(if)e(the)h(matrix)g(V1)h(exists,)f(unless) e(V)i(is)468 2338 y(also)f(a)h(matrix.)468 2475 y(This)h(function)h (allo)m(ws)h(to)h(mak)m(e)g(lo)s(ops)e(on)h(matrices)g(lik)m(e)g(the)g (follo)m(wing.)51 b(If)468 2574 y FJ(U,)c(U1,)g(U2,..,)f(U5)30 b FQ(are)h(matrices:)817 2786 y FH(FOR)42 b(I:=1:5)f(DO)i (U:=U-MKIDM\(U,I\);)347 3011 y FQ(ii.)h(The)28 b(next)h(functions)e (map)h(matrices)g(on)m(to)i(bag-lik)m(e)f(or)f(list-lik)m(e)f(ob)5 b(jects)29 b(and)468 3124 y(con)m(v)m(ersely)i(they)g(generate)h (matrices)e(from)g(bags)g(or)h(lists.)468 3261 y FJ(COERCEMAT)d FQ(transforms)h(the)i(matrix)f(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)i(in)m(to)f(a)h (list)e(of)i(lists.)817 3473 y FH(COERCEMAT\(U,id\))468 3698 y FQ(When)36 b FJ(id)f FQ(is)f FJ(list)h FQ(the)h(matrix)f(is)g (transformed)f(in)m(to)i(a)g(list)f(of)g(lists.)56 b(Oth-)468 3810 y(erwise)34 b(it)h(transforms)f(it)h(in)m(to)g(a)g(bag)g(of)h (bags)f(whose)g(en)m(v)m(elop)s(e)g(is)f(equal)h(to)468 3923 y FJ(id)p FQ(.)468 4060 y FJ(BAGLMAT)19 b FQ(do)s(es)i(the)h(in)m (v)m(erse.)37 b(The)21 b FN(\014rst)g FQ(argumen)m(t)h(is)e(the)i (bag-lik)m(e)f(or)g(list-lik)m(e)468 4160 y(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(while)e(the)h(second)h(argumen)m(t)f(is)g(the)g(matrix)g(iden)m (ti\014er.)860 4372 y FH(BAGLMAT\(bgl,U\))468 4597 y FJ(bgl)42 b FQ(b)s(ecomes)h(the)h(matrix)e FJ(U)p FQ(.)h(The)g (transformation)f(is)g FN(not)h FQ(done)g(if)f FJ(U)g FQ(is)468 4710 y FD(alr)-5 b(e)g(ady)39 b FQ(the)d(name)g(of)g(a)h (previously)d(de\014ned)h(matrix,)i(to)f(a)m(v)m(oid)h(acciden)m(tal) 468 4823 y(rede\014nition)28 b(of)j(that)g(matrix.)p eop %%Page: 262 262 262 261 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(262)497 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(23.)72 b(ASSIST:)29 b(V)-10 b(ARIOUS)30 b(USEFUL)g(UTILITIES)770 555 y FQ(ii.)44 b(The)25 b(functions)f FJ(SUBMAT)p FQ(,)g FJ(MATEXTR)p FQ(,)g FJ(MATEXTC)f FQ(tak)m(e)k(parts)e(of)g(a)h(giv)m(en)f(matrix.) 891 692 y FJ(SUBMAT)k FQ(has)h(three)h(argumen)m(ts.)1284 899 y FH(SUBMAT\(U,nr,nc\))891 1120 y FQ(The)22 b(\014rst)f(is)g(the)i (matrix)e(name,)j(and)e(the)g(other)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(are)e(the)g(ro)m(w)h (and)e(column)891 1233 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)43 b(It)31 b(giv)m(es)h(the)f(submatrix)f(obtained)g(from)h FJ(U)g FQ(deleting)g(the)g(ro)m(w)h FJ(nr)891 1346 y FQ(and)i(the)h(column)e FJ(nc)p FQ(.)52 b(When)34 b(one)g(of)h(them)f(is)g(equal)f(to)j(zero)f (only)e(column)891 1459 y FJ(nc)d FQ(or)h(ro)m(w)f FJ(nr)g FQ(is)f(deleted.)891 1595 y FJ(MATEXTR)k FQ(and)i FJ(MATEXTC)e FQ(extract)j(a)g(ro)m(w)f(or)g(a)g(column)f(and)g(place)h(it)g(in)m(to) g(a)891 1695 y(list-lik)m(e)29 b(or)i(bag-lik)m(e)f(ob)5 b(ject.)1240 1902 y FH(MATEXTR\(U,VN,nr\))1240 2002 y (MATEXTC\(U,VN,nc\))891 2223 y FQ(where)26 b FJ(U)f FQ(is)f(the)i 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b(\(a)i(or)f(b)i(implies)c(c\);)1536 4128 y(->)882 4228 y(boolean\(not\(a\)/\\)o(not)o(\(b)o(\))e(\\/)k(c\)) 664 4427 y(boolean)f(\(a)i(or)f(b)i(implies)c(c,)j(and\);)1536 4527 y(->)882 4627 y(boolean\(\(not\(a\))37 b(\\/)43 b(c\)/\\\(not\(b\))c(\\/)k(c\)\))664 4846 y FQ(Usually)30 b(the)h(result)g(is)f(a)i(fully)d(reduced)i(disjunctiv)m(e)e(or)i (conjun)m(tiv)m(e)h(normal)e(form,)664 4959 y(where)g(all)f(redundan)m (t)g(elemen)m(ts)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)d(eliminated)g(follo)m(wing)g (the)h(rules)p eop %%Page: 279 279 279 278 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(26.2.)72 b(NORMAL)31 b(F)m(ORMS)1822 b FQ(279)241 555 y FL(a)20 b FP(^)g FL(b)g FP(_)g(:)p FL(a)g FP(^)g FL(b)25 b FP( )-15 b(!)25 b FL(b)241 718 y(a)20 b FP(_)g FL(b)g FP(^)g(:)p FL(a)g FP(_)g FL(b)25 b FP( )-15 b(!)25 b FL(b)241 881 y FQ(In)m(ternally)41 b(the)i(full)e(normal)h(forms)g (are)i(computed)f(as)g(in)m(termediate)f(result;)49 b(in)241 994 y(these)35 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@setspecial @endspecial 180 x FE(29.7)135 b(Switc)l(h)32 b(CGBREAL:)g(Computing)g(o)l(v)l(er)h (the)f(Real)614 1340 y(Num)l(b)t(ers)241 1593 y FQ(All)27 b(computations)h(considered)f(so)h(far)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(tak)m(en)f(place) f(o)m(v)m(er)i(the)e(complex)g(n)m(um-)241 1705 y(b)s(ers,)f(more)h (precisely)-8 b(,)27 b(o)m(v)m(er)i(algebraically)d(closed)h(\014elds.) 38 b(Ov)m(er)28 b(the)g(real)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)241 1818 y(certain)40 b(branc)m(hes)g(of)h(the)f Fq(cgb)g FQ(computation)h(can)f(b)s(ecome)h(inconsiten)m(t)f(though)241 1931 y(they)32 b(are)h(not)f(inconsisten)m(t)f(o)m(v)m(er)j(the)e (complex)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)44 b(Consider,)31 b(e.g.,)j(a)f(con-)241 2044 y(dition)28 b FL(a)551 2011 y FO(2)611 2044 y FQ(+)20 b(1)26 b(=)f(0.)241 2207 y(When)36 b(turning)f(on)i(the)g(switc)m(h)f FJ(CGBREAL)p FQ(,)f(all)h(simpli\014cations)d(of)k(conditions)e(are)241 2320 y(p)s(erformed)30 b(o)m(v)m(er)k(the)e(real)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)44 b(The)32 b(metho)s(ds)f(used)g(for)h(this)f(are)i(describ)s(ed)241 2433 y(in)c([)p @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(7)q(].)241 2726 y FR(Example:)241 2934 y FH(torder\({x,y},lex)o(\)$)241 3034 y(off)42 b(cgbreal;)241 3133 y(gsys)g({a*x+y,x-a*y};)372 3333 y(2)241 3432 y({{a)86 b(+)43 b(1)g(<>)g(0)g(and)f(a)h(<>)g(0,)1156 3631 y(2)328 3731 y({a*x)f(+)h(y,x)f(-)i(a*y,\(a)84 b(+)43 b(1\)*y}},)851 3930 y(2)284 4030 y({a)g(<>)g(0)g(and)f(a)87 b(+)43 b(1)g(=)h(0,{a*x)d(+)i(y,x)f(-)h(a*y}},)284 4229 y({a)g(=)g(0,{a*x)e(+)j(y,x)e(-)h(a*y}}})241 4428 y(on)g(cgbreal;)241 4528 y(gsys\({a*x+y,x-a*)o(y})o(\);)241 4727 y({{a)f(<>)h(0,)1156 4927 y(2)p eop %%Page: 294 294 294 293 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(294)273 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(29.)72 b(CGB:)31 b(COMPREHENSIVE)e(GR)3012 276 y(\177)2995 299 y(OBNER)i(BASES)751 555 y FH({a*x)42 b(+)h(y,x)g(-)g(a*y,\(a)85 b(+)43 b(1\)*y}},)708 754 y({a)g(=)g(0,{a*x)e(+)i(y,x)f(-)h(a*y}}})664 910 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(29.8)136 b(Switc)l(hes)664 1343 y FJ(CGBREAL)44 b FQ(Compute)30 b(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)g(real)f(n)m (um)m(b)s(ers.)39 b(See)31 b(Section)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(29.7)i(for)e(details.)664 1531 y FJ(CGBGS)44 b FQ(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)38 b(simpli\014cation)e(of)j(the) g(condition.)65 b(The)38 b(switc)m(h)g FJ(CGBGS)f FQ(can)j(b)s(e)891 1644 y(turned)25 b(on)h(for)g(applying)d(adv)-5 b(anced)26 b(algebraic)g(simpli\014cation)d(tec)m(hniques)i(to)891 1757 y(the)31 b(conditions.)39 b(This)28 b(will,)g(in)g(general,)j(slo) m(w)f(do)m(wn)f(the)h(computation,)h(but)891 1870 y(lead)f(to)h(a)g (simpler)d(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)30 b(system.)664 2057 y FJ(CGBSTAT)44 b FQ(Statistics)20 b(of)h(the)g(CGB)g(run.)36 b(The)20 b(switc)m(h)g FJ(CGBSTAT)f FQ(toggles)j(the)f(creation)891 2170 y(and)29 b(output)f(of)i(statistical)e(information)g(on)g(the)i (CGB)f(run.)39 b(The)28 b(statistical)891 2283 y(information)h(is)h (prin)m(ted)e(at)k(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(run.)664 2471 y FJ(CGBFULLRED)43 b FQ(F)-8 b(ull)40 b(reduction.)74 b(By)42 b(default,)i(the)e(CGB)g(functions)f(p)s(erform)f(full)891 2584 y(reductions)21 b(in)e(con)m(trast)k(to)f(pure)e(top)i (reductions.)36 b(By)22 b(turning)d(o\013)j(the)f(switc)m(h)891 2697 y FJ(CGBFULLRED)p FQ(,)28 b(reduction)i(can)g(b)s(e)g(restricted)g (to)h(top)g(reductions.)p eop %%Page: 295 295 295 294 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(30)241 1693 y FT(CHANGEVR:)74 b(Change)k(of)241 1942 y(Indep)6 b(enden)-6 b(t)78 b(V)-19 b(ariables)75 b(in)241 2191 y(DEs)1564 2664 y Fx(G.)1681 2645 y(\177)1671 2664 y(U\030)-34 b(coluk)769 2755 y(Departmen)n(t)24 b(of)j(Ph)n(ysics,)f (Middle)g(East)h(T)-6 b(ec)n(hnical)26 b(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)1473 2847 y(Ank)l(ara,)f(T)-6 b(urk)n(ey)1233 2968 y(e{mail:)35 b(ucoluk@trmetu.bitnet)241 3212 y FQ(The)30 b(function)f FJ(CHANGEVAR)f FQ(has)i(\(at)h(least\))g(four)f(di\013eren)m(t)g (argumen)m(ts.)377 3449 y FP(\017)46 b FN(FIRST)35 b(AR)m(GUMENT)468 3562 y FQ(is)25 b(a)i(list)d(of)j(the)f(dep)s(enden)m(t)f(v)-5 b(ariables)25 b(of)h(the)g(di\013eren)m(tial)f(equation.)39 b(If)25 b(there)468 3675 y(is)k(only)h(one)h(dep)s(enden)m(t)e(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(it)h(can)h(b)s(e)e(giv)m(en)i(directly)-8 b(,)30 b(not)g(as)h(a)g(list.)377 3863 y FP(\017)46 b FN(SECOND)34 b(AR)m(GUMENT)468 3976 y FQ(is)d(a)h(list)f(of)h(the)g FN(new)f FQ(indep)s(enden)m(t)f(v)-5 b(ariables,)31 b(or)h(in)f(the)h (case)h(of)f(only)f(one,)468 4089 y(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)377 4276 y FP(\017)46 b FN(THIRD)35 b(AR)m(GUMENT,)g(F)m(OUR)-9 b(TH)35 b Fo(etc.)468 4389 y FQ(are)c(equations)f(is)f(of)i(the)f(form) 668 4577 y Fn(old)47 b(variable)e FJ(=)j Fn(a)f(function)f(in)h(new)g (variables)468 4765 y FQ(The)35 b(left)g(hand)f(side)g(cannot)i(b)s(e)e (a)i(non-k)m(ernel)e(structure.)55 b(These)35 b(giv)m(e)g(the)468 4877 y(old)30 b(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(in)g(terms)h(of)g(the)h(new)f (ones.)1667 5187 y(295)p eop %%Page: 296 296 296 295 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(296)119 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(30.)72 b(CHANGEVR:)31 b(CHANGE)f(OF)h(V) -10 b(ARIABLES)30 b(IN)g(DES)801 555 y FP(\017)45 b FN(LAST)35 b(AR)m(GUMENT)891 668 y FQ(is)c(a)h(list)e(of)i(algebraic)g (expressions)e(whic)m(h)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)33 b(to)f(di\013eren)m(tial)e (equat-)891 781 y(ions)39 b(in)e(the)j(usual)d(list)h(notation.)68 b(Again)39 b(it)f(is)g(p)s(ossible)f(to)j(omit)f(the)g(list)891 894 y(form)30 b(if)g(there)g(is)g(only)f FN(one)i FQ(di\013eren)m(tial) e(equation.)664 1131 y(If)h(the)h(last)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)e(a)i(list)e (then)h(the)h(result)e(of)h FJ(CHANGEVAR)e FQ(is)i(a)g(list)f(to)s(o.) 664 1294 y(It)k(is)f(p)s(ossible)f(to)j(displa)m(y)d(the)i(en)m(tries)g (of)h(the)f(in)m(v)m(erse)g(Jacobian.)48 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(do)f(so,)h(turn)664 1407 y FJ(ON)c FQ(the)g(\015ag)h FJ(DISPJACOBIAN)p FQ(.)664 1562 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(30.1)136 b(An)44 b(example:)61 b(the)46 b(2-D)f(Laplace)g(Equation)664 1996 y FQ(The)30 b(2-dimensional)e (Laplace)j(equation)f(in)f(Cartesian)h(co)s(ordinates)g(is:)1865 2189 y FL(@)1918 2156 y FO(2)1958 2189 y FL(u)p 1865 2230 145 4 v 1865 2313 a(@)5 b(x)1970 2287 y FO(2)2040 2251 y FQ(+)2141 2189 y FL(@)2194 2156 y FO(2)2234 2189 y FL(u)p 2141 2230 V 2143 2313 a(@)g(y)2244 2287 y FO(2)2321 2251 y FQ(=)25 b(0)664 2493 y(No)m(w)k(assume)f(w)m(e)h(w)m(an)m(t)g (to)g(obtain)f(the)h(p)s(olar)e(co)s(ordinate)h(form)g(of)g(Laplace)h (equat-)664 2606 y(ion.)40 b(The)30 b(c)m(hange)h(of)g(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(is:)1605 2811 y FL(x)d FQ(=)e FL(r)18 b FQ(cos)e FL(\022)s(;)267 b(y)28 b FQ(=)d FL(r)18 b FQ(sin)c FL(\022)664 3001 y FQ(The)30 b(solution)f(using)g FJ(CHANGEVAR)f FQ(is)664 3207 y FH(CHANGEVAR\({u},{r,)o(th)o(et)o(a},)o ({x)o(=r*)o(co)o(s)38 b(theta,y=r*sin)g(theta},)1667 3307 y({df\(u\(x,y\),x,2\))o(+df)o(\(u)o(\(x,)o(y\))o(,y)o(,2\))o(})f (\);)664 3513 y FQ(Here)26 b(w)m(e)g(could)f(omit)g(the)h(curly)e (braces)i(in)e(the)i(\014rst)e(and)h(last)h(argumen)m(ts)g(\(b)s (ecause)664 3613 y(those)d(lists)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(only)f(one)g(mem)m(b)s (er\))g(and)g(the)g(curly)f(braces)i(in)e(the)h(third)e(argumen)m(t)664 3712 y(\(b)s(ecause)j(they)g(are)h(optional\),)g(but)e(not)h(in)f(the)h (second.)38 b(So)23 b(one)g(could)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(tly)664 3812 y(write)664 4018 y FH(CHANGEVAR\(u,{r,th)o(et)o(a})o(,x=)o(r*)o (cos)37 b(theta,y=r*sin)h(theta,)1579 4117 y(df\(u\(x,y\),x,2\)+df)o (\(u\()o(x,)o(y\),)o(y,)o(2\))f(\);)664 4336 y FQ(The)h FJ(u\(x,y\))e FQ(op)s(erator)i(will)d(b)s(e)i(c)m(hanged)i(to)f FJ(u\(r,theta\))d FQ(in)i(the)h(result)f(as)h(one)664 4449 y(w)m(ould)22 b(do)h(with)e(p)s(encil)g(and)h(pap)s(er.)38 b FJ(u\(r,theta\))20 b FQ(represen)m(ts)i(the)i(the)f(transformed)664 4562 y(dep)s(enden)m(t)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)p eop %%Page: 297 297 297 296 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(31)241 1693 y FT(COMP)-19 b(A)-6 b(CT:)74 b(P)-6 b(ac)g(k)-13 b(age)77 b(for)241 1942 y(compacting)h(expressions)1425 2424 y Fx(An)n(thon)n(y)23 b(C.)k(Hearn)1620 2515 y(RAND)1505 2607 y(San)n(ta)e(Monica)1346 2698 y(CA)h(90407-2138,)j(U.S.A.)1334 2819 y(e{mail:)35 b(hearn@rand.org)241 3063 y FQ(COMP)-8 b(A)m(CT)35 b(is)g(a)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)37 b(of)f(functions)e(for)h (the)h(reduction)e(of)i(a)g(p)s(olynomial)d(in)241 3176 y(the)25 b(presence)g(of)g(side)f(relations.)38 b(The)24 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)27 b(de\014nes)d(one)h(op)s(erator)h(COMP)-8 b(A)m(CT)241 3289 y(whose)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(is:)468 3551 y FN(COMP)-9 b(A)m(CT)p FQ(\()p FL(<)p FD(expr)k(ession)p FL(>)p FQ(,)32 b FL(<)p FD(list)p FL(>)p FQ(\):)p FL(<)p FD(expr)-5 b(ession)p FL(>)241 3814 y(<)p FD(expr)g(ession)p FL(>)36 b FQ(can)g(b)s(e)f(an)m(y)h(w)m(ell-formed)f(algebraic)g (expression,)h(and)f FL(<)p FD(list)p FL(>)h FQ(an)241 3927 y(expression)d(whose)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(is)g(a)h(list)e(of)h (either)g(expressions)f(or)i(equations.)53 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(ex-)241 4040 y(ample)415 4270 y FH(compact\(x**2+y**)o(3*x)o(-5)o (y,{)o(x+)o(y-z)o(,x)o(-y)o(-z1)o(}\))o(;)415 4370 y (compact\(sin\(x\)**)o(10*)o(co)o(s\(x)o(\)*)o(*3+)o(si)o(n\()o(x\)*)o (*8)o(*co)o(s\()o(x\))o(**5)o(,)764 4470 y({cos\(x\)**2+sin\(x)o(\)*)o (*2=)o(1})o(\);)415 4569 y(let)42 b(y)i(=)f({cos\(x\)**2+sin\(x)o(\)*)o (*2-)o(1})o(;)415 4669 y(compact\(sin\(x\)**)o(10*)o(co)o(s\(x)o(\)*)o (*3+)o(si)o(n\()o(x\)*)o(*8)o(*co)o(s\()o(x\))o(**5)o(,y)o(\);)241 4913 y FQ(COMP)-8 b(A)m(CT)42 b(applies)e(the)i(relations)f(to)i(the)f (expression)e(so)j(that)f(an)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)1667 5187 y(297)p eop %%Page: 298 298 298 297 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(298)334 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(31.)72 b(COMP)-8 b(A)m(CT:)30 b(COMP)-8 b(A)m(CTING)31 b(EXPRESSIONS)664 555 y FQ(expression)c (results)f(with)g(as)i(few)g(terms)f(as)h(p)s(ossible.)38 b(The)27 b(metho)s(d)g(used)g(is)g(brie\015y)664 668 y(as)k(follo)m(ws:)664 780 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 930 a(1.)46 b(Side)34 b(relations)g(are)h(applied)e (separately)i(to)h(n)m(umerator)f(and)f(denominator,)891 1043 y(so)e(that)h(the)e(problem)f(is)h(reduced)g(to)h(the)g(reduction) f(of)g(a)h(p)s(olynomial)d(with)891 1156 y(resp)s(ect)i(to)g(a)g(set)g (of)f(p)s(olynomial)e(side)h(relations.)664 1211 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1344 a(2.)46 b(Reduction)37 b(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(sequen)m(tially)-8 b(,)39 b(so)f(that)g(the)f (problem)f(is)h(reduced)891 1457 y(further)27 b(to)i(the)g(reduction)e (of)h(a)h(p)s(olynomial)c(with)i(resp)s(ect)i(to)f(a)h(single)e(p)s (oly-)891 1570 y(nomial)i(relation.)664 1607 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1757 a(3.)46 b(The)30 b(p)s(olynomial)d(b)s (eing)i(reduced)g(is)g(reordered)g(so)i(that)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(\(k)m(er-)891 1870 y(nels\))h(o)s(ccurring)f(in)g(the)i (side)e(relation)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(least)g(precedence.)664 1930 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2058 a(4.)46 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)f(of)g(the)f(remaining)f(k)m (ernels)h(\(whic)m(h)g(no)m(w)g(only)g(con)m(tain)h(the)891 2171 y(k)m(ernels)j(in)e(the)i(side)e(relation\))i(is)f(reduced)f(with) h(resp)s(ect)h(to)g(that)g(side)f(rela-)891 2284 y(tion.)664 2321 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2471 a(5.)46 b(A)32 b(p)s(olynomial)c(quotien)m(t/remainder)i(calculation)g (is)g(p)s(erformed)g(on)h(the)g(co-)891 2584 y(e\016cien)m(t.)48 b(The)32 b(remainder)f(is)g(used)h(instead)f(of)i(the)g(original)d(if)i (it)f(has)i(few)m(er)891 2697 y(terms.)664 2735 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2885 a(6.)46 b(The)31 b(remaining)f (expression)g(is)g(reduced)h(with)f(resp)s(ect)i(to)g(the)f(side)g (relation)891 2998 y(using)e(a)i(\\nearest)g(neigh)m(b)s(our")e (approac)m(h.)p eop %%Page: 299 299 299 298 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(32)241 1693 y FT(CRA)-6 b(CK:)76 b(Solving)241 1942 y(o)-6 b(v)g(erdetermined)76 b(systems)g(of)241 2191 y(PDEs)g(or)i(ODEs)1510 2664 y Fx(Thomas)26 b(W)-6 b(olf)580 2755 y(Sc)n(ho)r(ol)27 b(of)f(Mathematical)h(Sciences,)f(Queen)f(Mary)h (and)f(W)-6 b(est\014eld)26 b(College)1380 2847 y(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)f (of)h(London)1306 2938 y(London)f(E1)h(4NS,)g(England)1161 3059 y(e{mail:)35 b(T.W)-6 b(olf@maths.qm)n(w.ac.uk)1480 3211 y(Andreas)26 b(Brand)1356 3302 y(Institut)f(f)r(\177)-41 b(ur)27 b(Informatik)1161 3393 y(F)-6 b(riedric)n(h)25 b(Sc)n(hiller)h(Univ)n(ersit\177)-38 b(at)26 b(Jena)1372 3485 y(07740)h(Jena,)g(German)n(y)1176 3606 y(e{mail:)35 b(maa@hpux.rz.uni-jena.de)241 3847 y FQ(The)62 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)65 b(CRA)m(CK)e(aims)f(at)i(solving)d(or)i(at)h(least)f (partially)e(in)m(tegrat-)241 3960 y(ing)44 b(single)g(ordinary)g (di\013eren)m(tial)g(equations)h(or)g(partial)f(di\013eren)m(tial)g (equations)241 4073 y(\(ODEs/PDEs\),)33 b(and)e(systems)g(of)h(them,)g (exactly)h(and)e(in)f(full)f(generalit)m(y)-8 b(.)45 b(Calcu-)241 4186 y(lations)29 b(done)h(with)f(input)g(DEs)h(include)e (the)377 4411 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(in)m(tegration)30 b(of)h(exact)h(DEs)e (and)g(generalised)f(exact)j(DEs)377 4594 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(determination)29 b(of)i(monomial)e(in)m(tegrating)h(factors)377 4776 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(direct)30 b(and)g(indirect)e(separation)i(of)h (DEs)377 4959 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(systematic)31 b(application)e(of)h(in)m (tegrabilit)m(y)f(conditions)1667 5187 y(299)p eop %%Page: 300 300 300 299 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(300)48 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(32.)72 b(CRA)m(CK:)30 b(O)m(VERDETERMINED)h (SYSTEMS)e(OF)h(DES)801 555 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(solution)38 b(of)h(single)e(elemen)m(tary)i(ODEs)g(b)m(y)f(using)f(the)i(REDUCE)g (pac)m(k)-5 b(age)891 668 y(ODESOL)-10 b(VE)30 b(\(c)m(hapter)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(59)q(\).)664 906 y(Input)k(DEs)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(p)s(olynomially)c(non-linear)j(in)g (the)h(unkno)m(wn)f(functions)g(and)664 1018 y(their)30 b(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)29 b(and)h(ma)m(y)h(dep)s(end)e(arbitrarily)e (on)k(the)f(indep)s(enden)m(t)e(v)-5 b(ariables.)664 1181 y(Suitable)29 b(applications)f(of)j(CRA)m(CK)f(are)g(the)h (solution)e(of)801 1419 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(o)m(v)m(erdetermined)34 b(ODE/PDE-systems)g(\(o)m(v)m(erdetermined)f(here)g(just)g(means)891 1532 y(that)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(unkno)m(wn)f(functions)g(of) i(all)e(indep)s(enden)m(t)f(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(is)891 1644 y(less)g(than)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(giv)m(en)h(equations) f(for)g(these)h(functions\).)801 1832 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(simple)32 b(non-o)m(v)m(erdetermined)h(DE-systems)i(\(suc)m(h)e(as)h (c)m(haracteristic)h(ODE-)891 1945 y(systems)c(of)f(\014rst)g(order)g (quasilinear)e(PDEs\).)664 2182 y(The)20 b(strategy)i(is)e(to)h(ha)m(v) m(e)g FN(one)g FQ(univ)m(ersal)e(program)h(\(CRA)m(CK\))h(whic)m(h)e (is)h(as)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)664 2295 y(as)34 b(p)s(ossible)d(for)j (solving)e(o)m(v)m(erdetermined)i(PDE-systems)g(and)f(man)m(y)h (application)664 2408 y(programs)21 b(\(suc)m(h)g(as)h(LIEPDE\))f(whic) m(h)f(merely)g(generate)j(an)e(o)m(v)m(erdetermined)g(PDE-)664 2521 y(system)37 b(dep)s(ending)d(on)i(what)h(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(in)m(v) m(estigated)h(\(for)g(example,)h(symmetries)664 2634 y(or)31 b(conserv)-5 b(ation)30 b(la)m(ws\).)664 2797 y(Examples)g(are:)801 3034 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(the)31 b(in)m(v)m (estigation)f(of)h(in\014nitesimal)c(symmetries)i(of)i(DEs)f (\(LIEPDE\),)801 3222 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(the)28 b(determination)e(of)i (an)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)27 b(Lagrangian)g(for)g(second)g(order)g (ODEs)891 3335 y(\(LA)m(GRAN\))801 3522 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(the)39 b(in)m(v)m(estigation)g(of)g(\014rst)f(in)m(tegrals)h(of)g (ODEs)f(whic)m(h)g(are)h(p)s(olynomial)d(in)891 3635 y(their)30 b(highest)g(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)29 b(\(FIRINT\))801 3823 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(the)30 b(splitting)e(of)i(an)f FL(n)1689 3790 y FF(th)1789 3823 y FQ(order)g(ODE)g(in)m(to)h(a)g (\014rst)f(order)g(ODE)h(and)f(an)h(\()p FL(n)18 b FP(\000)891 3936 y FQ(1\))971 3903 y FF(th)1073 3936 y FQ(order)30 b(problem)f(\(DECOMP\))664 4173 y(Other)h(applications)f(where)g(non-o) m(v)m(erdetermined)i(problems)d(are)j(treated)g(are)801 4411 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(the)21 b(application)e(of)h(in\014nitesimal)d (symmetries)i(\()p FD(e.g.)k FQ(calculated)d(b)m(y)g(LIEPDE\))891 4524 y(in)30 b(the)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(APPL)-8 b(YSYM)31 b(\(c)m(hapter)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(21)q(\),)801 4711 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(the)39 b(program)f(QUASILINPDE)g(\(also)h(in)e (the)i(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)40 b(APPL)-8 b(YSYM\))39 b(for)891 4824 y(solving)30 b(single)f(\014rst)g(order)h(quasilinear)e(PDEs.)p eop %%Page: 301 301 301 300 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 2852 w FQ(301)241 555 y(The)21 b(k)m(ernel)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)24 b(for)d(solving)g(o)m(v)m(erdetermined)g(or)h(simple)e(non-o)m (v)m(erdetermined)241 668 y(DE-systems)25 b(is)f(accessible)g(through)g (a)h(call)f(to)h(the)g(program)f(CRA)m(CK)g(in)g(the)g(pac)m(k-)241 781 y(age)34 b(CRA)m(CK.)f(All)f(the)h(application)f(programs)h (\(LIEPDE,)g(LA)m(GRAN,)i(FIRINT,)241 894 y(DECOMP)27 b(except)h(APPL)-8 b(YSYM\))28 b(are)f(con)m(tained)h(in)e(the)h(pac)m (k)-5 b(age)29 b(CRA)m(CKAPP)-8 b(.)241 1007 y(The)27 b(programs)g(APPL)-8 b(YSYM)28 b(and)e(QUASILINPDE)h(are)h(con)m (tained)g(in)e(the)h(pac)m(k-)241 1120 y(age)k(APPL)-8 b(YSYM)31 b(\(describ)s(ed)e(in)g(c)m(hapter)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(21)q(\).)241 1282 y(Details)f(of)h(the)f(CRA)m (CK)g(applications)f(can)h(b)s(e)g(found)f(in)g(the)i(example)f (\014le.)241 1445 y FJ(CRACK)f FQ(is)g(called)h(b)m(y)241 1664 y FJ(CRACK)p FQ(\()p FP(f)p FD(e)-5 b(qu)689 1678 y FO(1)727 1664 y FQ(,)31 b FD(e)-5 b(qu)911 1678 y FO(2)950 1664 y FQ(,)31 b(.)15 b(.)h(.)f(,)31 b FD(e)-5 b(qu)1311 1678 y FF(m)1377 1664 y FP(g)p FQ(,)515 1777 y FP(f)p FD(ine)g(q)718 1791 y FO(1)758 1777 y FQ(,)30 b FD(ine)-5 b(q)971 1791 y FO(2)1011 1777 y FQ(,)30 b(.)16 b(.)f(.)g(,)31 b FD(ine)-5 b(q)1401 1791 y FF(n)1448 1777 y FP(g)p FQ(,)515 1890 y FP(f)p FD(fun)688 1904 y FO(1)727 1890 y FQ(,)31 b FD(fun)911 1904 y FO(2)950 1890 y FQ(,)g(.)15 b(.)h(.)f(,)31 b FD(fun)1311 1904 y FF(p)1350 1890 y FP(g)p FQ(,)515 2003 y FP(f)p FD(var)686 2017 y FO(1)726 2003 y FQ(,)g FD(var)908 2017 y FO(2)948 2003 y FQ(,)f(.)16 b(.)f(.)h(,)30 b FD(var)1306 2017 y FF(q)1345 2003 y FP(g)p FQ(\);)241 2222 y FL(m;)15 b(n;)g(p;)g(q)33 b FQ(are)e(arbitrary)-8 b(.)377 2460 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(The)33 b FD(e)-5 b(qu)786 2474 y FF(i)847 2460 y FQ(are)33 b(iden)m(tically)e(v)-5 b(anishing)31 b(partial)h(di\013eren)m(tial)f(expressions,)i FD(i.e.)468 2573 y FQ(they)23 b(represen)m(t)h(equations)e(0)k(=)f FD(e)-5 b(qu)1752 2594 y FF(i)1780 2573 y FQ(,)25 b(whic)m(h)d(are)h (to)h(b)s(e)e(solv)m(ed)h(for)g(the)h(funct-)468 2686 y(ions)d FD(fun)782 2707 y FF(j)841 2686 y FQ(as)h(far)g(as)h(p)s (ossible,)f(thereb)m(y)g(dra)m(wing)f(only)g(necessary)i(conclusions) 468 2798 y(and)30 b(not)g(restricting)g(the)g(general)h(solution.)377 2986 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(The)38 b FD(ine)-5 b(q)821 3000 y FF(i)888 2986 y FQ(are)40 b(expressions)d(whic)m(h)h(m)m(ust)g(not)h (v)-5 b(anish)38 b(iden)m(tically)f(for)h(an)m(y)468 3099 y(solution)d(to)i(b)s(e)f(determined,)g FD(i.e.)i FQ(only)d(suc)m(h)h(solutions)f(are)i(computed)f(for)468 3212 y(whic)m(h)i(none)g(of)h(the)g FD(ine)-5 b(q)1397 3226 y FF(i)1464 3212 y FQ(v)g(anishes)37 b(iden)m(tically)g(in)h(all)f (indep)s(enden)m(t)g(v)-5 b(ari-)468 3325 y(ables.)377 3512 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(The)35 b(dep)s(endence)g(of)h(the)f(\(scalar\))i (functions)d FD(fun)2290 3534 y FF(j)2362 3512 y FQ(on)h(p)s(ossibly)e (a)j(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)468 3625 y(of)41 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(is)h(assumed)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)e(de\014ned)g(with)f(DEPEND) j(rather)468 3738 y(than)h(declaring)f(these)i(functions)e(as)h(op)s (erators.)80 b(Their)41 b(argumen)m(ts)j(ma)m(y)468 3851 y(themselv)m(es)31 b(only)e(b)s(e)h(indep)s(enden)m(t)e(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(and)h(not)g(expressions.)377 4039 y FP(\017)46 b 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302 302 302 301 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(302)48 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(32.)72 b(CRA)m(CK:)30 b(O)m(VERDETERMINED)h (SYSTEMS)e(OF)h(DES)664 555 y FQ(The)g(result)f(is)h(a)g(list)g(of)g (solutions)1962 759 y FP(f)p FD(sol)2124 773 y FO(1)2163 759 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)r FP(g)664 964 y FQ(where)30 b(eac)m(h)i(solution)d(is)g(a)i(list)e(of)h(3)h(lists:)664 1183 y FP(ff)p FD(c)-5 b(on)897 1197 y FO(1)936 1183 y FL(;)41 b FD(c)-5 b(on)1144 1197 y FO(2)1183 1183 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)40 b FD(c)-5 b(on)1552 1197 y FF(q)1590 1183 y FP(g)p FQ(,)710 1296 y FP(f)p FD(fun)890 1318 y FF(a)957 1296 y FQ(=)25 b FD(ex)1148 1310 y FF(a)1189 1296 y FL(;)66 b FD(fun)1415 1318 y FF(b)1475 1296 y FQ(=)24 b FD(ex)1665 1311 y FF(b)1700 1296 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(;)66 b FD(fun)2087 1318 y FF(p)2152 1296 y FQ(=)25 b FD(ex)2343 1310 y FF(p)2383 1296 y FP(g)p FQ(,)710 1410 y FP(f)p FD(fun)890 1431 y FF(c)925 1410 y FL(;)65 b FD(fun)1150 1431 y FF(d)1191 1410 y FL(;)15 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({{{{0,1,---------)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---)o (--)o(--)o(,1})o(,{)2015 3861 y(12)1231 4060 y(}}},)1885 4260 y(4)697 b(3)1013 4359 y({{{0,1,\(6*log\(xt)o(\)*)o(xt)81 b(-)43 b(18*log\(xt\)*xt)2059 4559 y(2)1405 4658 y(+)g(36*log\(xt\)*xt) 82 b(-)43 b(36*log\(xt\)*xt)1667 4857 y(4)304 b(3)1405 4957 y(-)43 b(5*xt)86 b(+)43 b(9*xt)86 b(-)43 b(36*xt)e(+)i (36\)/36,0},{})p eop %%Page: 311 311 311 310 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 2852 w FQ(311)677 655 y FH(}},)851 854 y(1)589 954 y({{{-------,1,)938 1053 y(4)764 1153 y(4*xt)1025 1352 y(4)305 b(3)348 b(2)764 1452 y(361*xt)84 b(+)44 b(4*xt)85 b(+)43 b(12*xt)85 b(+)44 b(24*xt)d(+)i(24)720 1551 y(-----------------)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o (---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(-,1)o(0})o(,)1505 1651 y(24)677 1850 y({}}}})p eop %%Page: 312 312 312 311 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(312)499 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(35.)72 b(DESIR:)30 b(LINEAR)g(HOMOGENEOUS) g(DES)p eop %%Page: 313 313 313 312 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(36)241 1693 y FT(DFP)-19 b(AR)g(T:)75 b(Deriv)-13 b(ativ)-6 b(es)76 b(of)241 1942 y(generic)h(functions)1470 2424 y Fx(Herb)r(ert)26 b(Melenk)826 2515 y(Konrad{Zuse{Zen)n(trum)f(f)r (\177)-41 b(ur)26 b(Informationstec)n(hnik)f(Berlin)1521 2607 y(T)-6 b(akustra)l(\177)-34 b(se)27 b(7)1150 2698 y(D{14195)g(Berlin{Dahlem,)g(German)n(y)1352 2819 y(e{mail:)35 b(melenk@zib.de)241 3063 y FQ(The)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)38 b FJ(DFPART)33 b FQ(supp)s(orts)h(computations)h(with)e(total)j(and)f (partial)f(deriv)-5 b(a-)241 3176 y(tiv)m(es)39 b(of)h(formal)e (function)g(ob)5 b(jects.)68 b(Suc)m(h)39 b(computations)g(can)g(b)s(e) g(useful)e(in)h(the)241 3289 y(con)m(text)32 b(of)f(di\013eren)m(tial)d (equations)i(or)h(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(series)g(expansions.)241 3444 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(36.1)135 b(Generic)45 b(F)-11 b(unctions)241 3878 y FQ(A)36 b(generic)h 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@beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 555 a(2.)46 b(If)26 b(the)g(function)f (name)h(or)g(the)g(generic)g(function)f(form)g(o)s(ccurs)h(as)g(a)h (left)f(hand)468 668 y(side)32 b(in)h(the)g(substitution)f(list,)h(it)g (is)f(replaced)h(b)m(y)h(the)f(corresp)s(onding)f(righ)m(t)468 781 y(hand)d(side.)241 818 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 969 a(3.)46 b(The)27 b(new)f(form)h(is)f(partially)f (di\013eren)m(tiated)i(according)g(to)g(the)h(list)d(of)j(partial)468 1082 y(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)30 b(v)-5 b(ariables.)241 1119 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 1269 a(4.)46 b(The)32 b(\(ev)m(en)m(tually)h(mo)s(di\014ed\))d(actual)j (parameters)g(are)g(substituted)e(in)m(to)h(the)468 1382 y(form)41 b(for)g(their)g(corresp)s(onding)e(generic)i(v)-5 b(ariables.)73 b(This)39 b(substitution)g(is)468 1495 y(done)30 b(b)m(y)g(name.)241 1719 y(Examples:)328 1925 y FH(generic_function)37 b(f\(x,y\);)328 2025 y(sub\(y=10,f\(\)\);)328 2224 y(F\(X,10\))328 2423 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b(CP)i(210/01)1204 2938 y(B{1050)h(BR)n(UXELLES,)d(Belgium)1298 3059 y(e{mail:)35 b(adresse@ulb.ac.b)r(e)241 3303 y FQ(An)30 b(expression)f(of)h(the)h(t) m(yp)s(e)1620 3366 y FF(n)1581 3391 y FB(X)1577 3572 y FF(a)p FO(=1)1720 3472 y FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(a)p FQ(\))241 3706 y(for)30 b(an)m(y)h FL(n)e FQ(is)h(simply)e(written)h(as)1649 3819 y FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(a)p FQ(\))241 3986 y(and)30 b FL(a)g FQ(is)f(a)i FD(dummy)g FQ(index.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g(previous)f(expression)g(is)h(written)f(as)1624 4140 y FF(n)1586 4165 y FB(X)1585 4349 y FF(b)p FO(=1)1721 4246 y FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(b)p FQ(\))241 4520 y FL(b)25 b FQ(is)f(also)h(a)g(dumm)m(y)f(index)f(and,)j(ob)m(viously)e(w)m(e)h (should)e(b)s(e)h(able)h(to)h(get)g(the)f(equalit)m(y)1402 4725 y FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(a)p FQ(\))21 b FP(\000)f FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(b)p FQ(\);)30 b FP(!)25 b FQ(0)241 4929 y(T)-8 b(o)31 b(declare)f(dumm)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables,)29 b(t)m(w)m(o)j(declarations)e(are)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable:)1667 5187 y(319)p eop %%Page: 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b FQ(ob)5 b(ject)39 b(is)e(b)m(y)g(no)h (means)g(a)g(full)e(description)664 3919 y(of)f(a)h(di\013eren)m (tiable)d(manifold.)52 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)39 b(the)c FP(h)p FD(c)-5 b(ofr)g(aming)8 b FP(i)37 b FQ(ob)5 b(ject)36 b(carries)f(su\016-)664 4031 y(cien)m(t)27 b(information)d(ab)s(out)i (the)g(underlying)d(manifold)h(to)i(allo)m(w)g(a)g(range)h(of)f (exterior)664 4144 y(systems)31 b(calculations)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(carried)f (out.)664 4289 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(38.2.3)113 b(Systems)37 b(and)h(bac)m(kground)h(coframing)664 4659 y FQ(The)25 b(lab)s(el)f FP(h)p FD(system)7 b FP(i)26 b FQ(refers)f(to)h(a)g(list)e FP(f)p FL(<)p FD(p-form)29 b(expr)p FL(>;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)r FP(g)25 b FQ(of)h(di\013eren)m(tial)d (forms.)664 4772 y(If)43 b(an)g FJ(EDS)f FQ(op)s(erator)h(also)g (accepts)h(a)g FP(h)p FD(system)7 b FP(i)44 b FQ(as)f(argumen)m(t,)k (then)c(an)m(y)g(extra)664 4885 y(information)29 b(whic)m(h)g(is)g (required)g(is)g(tak)m(en)j(from)e(the)g(bac)m(kground)g(coframing.)p eop %%Page: 325 325 325 324 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(38.2.)72 b(D)m(A)-8 b(T)g(A)32 b(STR)m(UCTURES)d(AND)i(CONCEPTS)905 b FQ(325)241 555 y(It)37 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)d(to)k(activ)-5 b(ate)39 b(the)f(rules)e(and)g(orderings)g(of)i(a)f FJ(COFRAMING)e FQ(op)s(erator)241 668 y(globally)-8 b(,)38 b(b)m(y)f(making)g(it)g (the)g FD(b)-5 b(ackgr)g(ound)40 b(c)-5 b(ofr)g(aming)p FQ(.)64 b(All)35 b(subsequen)m(t)i FJ(EXCALC)241 781 y FQ(op)s(erations)f(will)f(b)s(e)i(go)m(v)m(erned)h(b)m(y)f(those)h (rules.)60 b(Op)s(erations)36 b(on)h FP(h)p FD(EDS)11 b FP(i)38 b FQ(ob)5 b(jects)241 894 y(are)31 b(una\013ected,)g(since)e (their)h(coframings)g(are)g(still)f(activ)-5 b(ated)31 b(lo)s(cally)-8 b(.)241 1039 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(38.2.4)112 b(In)m(tegral)37 b(elemen)m(ts)241 1409 y FQ(An)20 b FP(h)p FD(inte)-5 b(gr)g(al)34 b(element)9 b FP(i)21 b 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FD(inte)-5 b(gr)g(al)34 b(element)9 b FP(i)27 b FQ(in)f(EDS)h(is)g(a)g (distribution)d(of)j(1-forms)g(on)h FL(M)10 b FQ(,)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(as)241 2199 y(a)31 b FP(h)p FD(system)7 b FP(i)31 b FQ(of)g(1-forms.)241 2349 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 143 x FR(38.2.5)112 b(Prop)s(erties)36 b(and)j(normal)d(form)241 2714 y FQ(F)-8 b(or)34 b(large)f(problems,)g (it)f(can)i(require)e(a)h(great)i(deal)e(of)g(computation)g(to)h (establish)241 2827 y(whether,)23 b(for)e(example,)j(a)e(system)g(is)e (closed)i(or)f(not.)39 b(In)20 b(order)i(to)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(recomputing) 241 2939 y(suc)m(h)30 b(prop)s(erties,)f(an)h FP(h)p FD(EDS)11 b FP(i)30 b FQ(ob)5 b(ject)32 b(carries)e(a)g(list)f(of)i FP(h)p FD(pr)-5 b(op)g(erties)7 b FP(i)34 b FQ(of)d(the)f(form)468 3127 y FP(fh)p FD(keywor)-5 b(d)9 b FP(i)51 b FJ(=)d FP(h)p FD(value)7 b FP(i)p FJ(,)p FP(\001)15 b(\001)g(\001)q(g)241 3290 y FQ(where)29 b FP(h)p FD(keywor)-5 b(d)9 b FP(i)32 b FQ(is)c(one)i(of)f FJ(closed)p FQ(,)f 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FQ(\(cob,crd,rsx,drv\))97 b FJ(COFRAMING)p FQ(\(S\))414 b FJ(EDS)p FQ(\(S,\012,M\))714 4717 y FJ(CONTACT)p FQ(\(r,M,N\))549 b FJ(PDE2EDS)p FQ(\(p)s (de,dep,ind\))96 b FJ(SET)p 3023 4717 V 33 w(COFRAMING)p FQ(\(M\))714 4830 y FJ(SET)p 864 4830 V 34 w(COFRAMING)p FQ(\(E\))450 b FJ(SET)p 2056 4830 V 34 w(COFRAMING)p FQ(\(\))p eop %%Page: 327 327 327 326 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(38.3.)72 b(THE)30 b(EDS)g(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)1703 b FQ(327)241 555 y FN(Example:)241 761 y FH(1:)43 b(load)e(eds;)241 960 y(2:)i(pform)e({x,y,z,p,q}=0,{e)o(\(i\))o(,w)o(\(i,)o(j\))o(}=)o (1;)241 1160 y(3:)i(indexrange)c({i,j,k}={1,2},{a)o(,b,)o(c})o(={)o (3};)241 1359 y(4:)k(eds\({d)e(z)i(-)g(p*d)f(x)h(-)h(q*d)e(y,)h(d)g (p^d)f(q},{d)g(x,d)g(y}\);)241 1558 y(EDS\({d)f(z)i(-)g(p*d)g(x)g(-)g (q*d)f(y,d)h(p^d)f(q},d)g(x^d)g(y\))241 1757 y(5:)h(OMrules:=index_)o (ex)o(pan)o(d)37 b({d)43 b(e\(i\)=>-w\(i,-j\)^e\()o(j\))o(,w)o(\(i,)o (-j)o(\)+w)o(\(j)o(,-i)o(\)=)o(>0)o(}$)241 1957 y(6:)g (eds\({e\(a\)},{e\(i)o(\)})o(\))38 b(where)j(OMrules;)502 2156 y(3)174 b(1)87 b(2)241 2255 y(EDS\({e)41 b(},{e)h(,e)h(}\))241 2455 y(7:)g(coframing)c(ws;)764 2554 y(3)87 b(2)173 b(1)87 b(2)392 b(1)348 b(2)87 b(2)241 2654 y(coframing\({e)38 b(,w)130 b(,e)43 b(,e)g(},{},{d)e(e)86 b(=>)h(-)43 b(e)g(^w)130 b(,)982 2754 y(1)1263 b(1)895 2853 y(2)217 b(1)87 b(2)764 2953 y(d)43 b(e)87 b(=>)42 b(e)i(^w)130 b(},{}\))1374 3053 y(1)241 3180 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(38.3.2)112 b(Insp)s(ecting)37 b(EDS)g(ob)6 b(jects)241 3567 y FQ(Using)53 b(these)h(op)s(erators)g(y)m(ou)g(can)g(get)h(parts) e(of)h(y)m(our)g FP(h)p FD(EDS)11 b FP(i)53 b FQ(ob)5 b(ject.)112 b(The)241 3680 y FJ(PROPERTIES)p FQ(\(E\))31 b(op)s(erator)j(for)f(example)h(returns)e(a)i(list)e(of)i(prop)s (erties)e(whic)m(h)g(are)241 3793 y(normally)c(not)j(prin)m(ted)e(out,) i(unless)d(the)j FJ(NAT)e FQ(switc)m(h)h(is)g(o\013.)291 4043 y FJ(COFRAMING)p FQ(\(E\))583 b FJ(COFRAMING)p FQ(\(\))623 b FJ(COBASIS)p FQ(\(M\))291 4156 y FJ(COBASIS)p FQ(\(E\))679 b FJ(COORDINATES)p FQ(\(M\))444 b FJ(COORDINATES)p FQ(\(E\))291 4269 y FJ(STRUCTURE)p 729 4269 29 4 v 31 w(EQUATIONS)p FQ(\(M\))99 b FJ(STRUCTURE)p 1876 4269 V 32 w(EQUATIONS)p FQ(\(E\))e FJ(RESTRICTIONS)p FQ(\(M\))291 4382 y FJ(RESTRICTIONS)p FQ(\(E\))439 b FJ(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(E\))705 b FJ(INDEPENDENCE)p FQ(\(E\))291 4495 y FJ(PROPERTIES)p FQ(\(E\))535 b FJ(ONE)p 1588 4495 V 33 w(FORMS)p FQ(\(E\))576 b FJ(ONE)p 2713 4495 V 34 w(FORMS)p FQ(\(S\))291 4608 y FJ(ZERO)p 489 4608 V 33 w(FORMS)p FQ(\(E\))550 b FJ(ZERO)p 1636 4608 V 33 w(FORMS)p FQ(\(S\))241 4917 y FN(Example:)p eop %%Page: 328 328 328 327 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(328)252 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(38.)72 b(EDS:)31 b(EXTERIOR)e (DIFFERENTIAL)h(SYSTEMS)664 555 y FH(8:)43 b(depend)e(u,x,y;)g(depend)g (v,x,y;)664 754 y(9:)i(pde2eds\({df\(u,y,)o(y\))o(=df)o(\(v)o(,x\))o (,d)o(f\(v)o(,y)o(\)=)o(y*d)o(f\()o(v,x)o(\)})o(\);)664 954 y(EDS\({d)e(u)i(-)h(u)f(*d)g(x)g(-)g(u)g(*d)g(y,)g(d)g(u)87 b(-)43 b(u)130 b(*d)43 b(x)g(-)g(u)130 b(*d)43 b(y,)1187 1053 y(x)348 b(y)392 b(x)174 b(x)43 b(x)349 b(y)43 b(x)882 1253 y(d)g(u)87 b(-)43 b(u)131 b(*d)42 b(x)h(-)h(v)f(*d)g(y,)f(d)i(v)f (-)g(v)g(*d)g(x)g(-)g(v)g(*y*d)f(y},d)g(x^d)h(y\))1013 1352 y(y)174 b(y)43 b(x)348 b(x)566 b(x)349 b(x)664 1551 y(10:)43 b(dependencies;)664 1751 y({{u,y,x},{v,y,x}})664 1950 y(11:)g(coordinates)c(contact\(3,{x},{)o(u}\))o(;)664 2149 y({x,u,u)i(,u)130 b(,u)217 b(})926 2249 y(x)86 b(x)44 b(x)86 b(x)44 b(x)f(x)664 2448 y(12:)g(fdomain)d(u=u\(x\);)664 2647 y(13:)j(coordinates)c({d)j(u+d)h(y};)664 2847 y({x,y})664 3073 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(38.3.3)113 b(Manipulating)36 b(EDS)i(ob)6 b(jects)664 3461 y FQ(These)60 b(op)s(erators)g(allo)m(w)g(y)m(ou)g(to)h(manipulate)e(y)m(our)h FP(h)p FD(EDS)11 b FP(i)60 b FQ(ob)5 b(jects.)130 b(The)664 3574 y FJ(AUGMENT)p FQ(\(E,S\))30 b(op)s(erator,)h(see)h(example)f(b)s 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FJ(TRANSFORM)p FQ(\(\012,X\))g FJ(LIFT\(E\))664 4924 y FN(Example:)p eop %%Page: 329 329 329 328 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(38.3.)72 b(THE)30 b(EDS)g(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)1703 b FQ(329)241 555 y FH(\045)43 b(Non-Pfaffian)c(system)i(for)h(a)h (Monge-Ampere)c(equation)241 754 y(14:)j(PFORM)g({x,y,z}=0$)241 954 y(15:)g(S)h(:=)g(CONTACT\(1,{x,y},)o({z})o(\);)241 1153 y(s)g(:=)g(EDS\({d)e(z)i(-)g(z)g(*d)g(x)g(-)g(z)h(*d)e(y},d)g(x^d) h(y\))982 1253 y(x)348 b(y)241 1452 y(16:)42 b(S:=)g(AUGMENT\(S,{d)d (z\(-x\)^d)i(z\(-y\)}\);)241 1651 y(s)i(:=)g(EDS\({d)e(z)i(-)g(z)g(*d)g (x)g(-)g(z)h(*d)e(y,)982 1751 y(x)348 b(y)677 1950 y(d)43 b(z)g(^d)g(z)g(},d)f(x^d)h(y\))807 2050 y(x)174 b(y)241 2195 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(38.3.4)112 b(Analysing)37 b(and)h(T)-9 b(esting)37 b(exterior)f(systems)241 2564 y FN(Analysing)f(exterior)g(systems)241 2727 y FQ(This)43 b(section)i(in)m(tro)s(duces)f(higher)f(lev)m(el)i(op)s(erators)g(for)g (extracting)g(information)241 2840 y(ab)s(out)26 b(exterior)h(systems.) 39 b(Man)m(y)28 b(of)e(them)h(require)e(a)i FP(h)p FD(EDS)11 b FP(i)27 b FQ(in)e(normal)h(form)g(gen-)241 2953 y(erated)32 b(in)e(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(degree)i(as)f(input,)f(but)h(some)g(can)h(also) f(analyse)g(a)h FP(h)p FD(system)7 b FP(i)32 b FQ(or)241 3066 y(a)f(single)e FP(h)p FD(p-form)7 b FP(i)q FQ(.)291 3316 y FJ(CARTAN)p 585 3316 29 4 v 32 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(E\))467 b FJ(CARTAN)p 1792 3316 V 33 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(S\))565 b FJ(CARTAN)p 3087 3316 V 33 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(\012\))291 3429 y FJ(CAUCHY)p 585 3429 V 32 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(E\))467 b FJ(CAUCHY)p 1792 3429 V 33 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(S\))565 b FJ(CAUCHY)p 3087 3429 V 33 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(\012\))291 3542 y FJ(CHARACTERS)p FQ(\(E\))595 b FJ(CHARACTERS)p FQ(\(T\))679 b FJ(CHARACTERS)p FQ(\(E,P\))291 3655 y FJ(CLOSURE)p FQ(\(E\))739 b FJ(DERIVED)p 1840 3655 V 33 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(E\))506 b FJ(DERIVED)p 3135 3655 V 33 w(SYSTEM)p FQ(\(S\))291 3767 y FJ(DIM)p 441 3767 V 33 w(GRASSMANN)p 906 3767 V 32 w(VARIETY)p FQ(\(E\))98 b FJ(DIM)p 1648 3767 V 34 w(GRASSMANN)p 2114 3767 V 32 w(VARIETY)p FQ(\(E,P\))g FJ(DIM)p FQ(\(M\))291 3880 y FJ(DIM)p FQ(\(E\))931 b FJ(INVOLUTION)p FQ(\(E\))683 b FJ(LINEARISE)p FQ(\(E,P\))291 3993 y FJ(INTEGRAL)p 681 3993 V 32 w(ELEMENT)p FQ(\(E\))323 b FJ(PROLONG)p FQ(\(E\))827 b FJ(TABLEAU)p FQ(\(E\))291 4106 y FJ(TORSION)p FQ(\(E\))739 b FJ(GRASSMANN)p 1936 4106 V 32 w(VARIETY)p FQ(\(E\))241 4311 y FN(T)-9 b(esting)35 b(exterior)g(systems)241 4474 y FQ(The)26 b(follo)m(wing)e(op)s(erators)j(allo)m(w)f(v)-5 b(arious)25 b(prop)s(erties)g(of)h(an)g FP(h)p FD(EDS)11 b FP(i)27 b FQ(to)g(b)s(e)e(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)241 4587 y(The)35 b(result)g(is)f(either)i(a)g FN(1)g FQ(or)f(a)h FN(0)p FQ(,)i(so)e(these)g(op)s(erators)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)f(b)s (o)s(olean)241 4700 y(expressions.)73 b(Since)41 b(c)m(hec)m(king)h (these)g(prop)s(erties)e(is)h(v)m(ery)h(time-consuming,)h(the)241 4813 y(result)35 b(of)i(the)g(\014rst)e(test)j(is)e(stored)g(on)h(the)f FP(h)p FD(pr)-5 b(op)g(erties)7 b FP(i)41 b FQ(record)36 b(of)h(an)f FP(h)p FD(EDS)11 b FP(i)37 b FQ(to)241 4925 y(a)m(v)m(oid)22 b(re-c)m(hec)m(king.)39 b(This)19 b(memory)j(can)g(b)s (e)f(cleared)g(using)f(the)i FJ(CLEANUP)d FQ(op)s(earator.)p eop %%Page: 330 330 330 329 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(330)252 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(38.)72 b(EDS:)31 b(EXTERIOR)e (DIFFERENTIAL)h(SYSTEMS)714 692 y FJ(CLOSED)p FQ(\(E\))194 b FJ(CLOSED)p FQ(\(S\))348 b FJ(CLOSED)p FQ(\(\012\))286 b FJ(INVOLUTIVE)p FQ(\(E\))714 805 y FJ(PFAFFIAN)p FQ(\(E\))98 b FJ(QUASILINEAR)p FQ(\(E\))f FJ(SEMILINEAR)p FQ(\(E\))h FL(E)35 b FJ(EQUIV)29 b FL(E)3238 772 y Fu(0)664 1084 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 128 x FR(38.3.5)113 b(Switc)m(hes)664 1433 y FQ(EDS)30 b(pro)m(vides)g(sev)m(eral)g(switc)m (hes)h(to)g(go)m(v)m(ern)g(the)g(displa)m(y)e(of)h(information)f(and)h (en-)664 1546 y(hance)37 b(the)h(sp)s(eed)e(or)h(reliabilit)m(y)d(of)j (the)g(calculations.)60 b(F)-8 b(or)38 b(example)e(the)h(switc)m(h)664 1659 y FJ(EDSVERBOSE)26 b FQ(if)h FJ(ON)h FQ(will)e(displa)m(y)g (additional)h(information)f(as)j(the)f(calculation)g(pro-)664 1772 y(gresses,)j(whic)m(h)e(migh)m(t)h(generate)i(to)s(o)f(m)m(uc)m(h) g(output)f(for)g(larger)g(problems.)664 1885 y(All)f(switc)m(hes)h(are) h FJ(OFF)e FQ(b)m(y)i(default.)714 2048 y FJ(EDSVERBOSE)97 b(EDSDEBUG)g(EDSSLOPPY)g(EDSDISJOINT)g(RANPOS)h(GENPOS)664 2208 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 133 x FR(38.3.6)113 b(Auxilliary)34 b(functions)664 2562 y FQ(The)42 b(op)s(erators)h(of)g (this)e(section)i(are)g(designed)e(to)i(ease)h(w)m(orking)e(with)f (exterior)664 2675 y(forms)30 b(and)g(exterior)g(systems)g(in)g(REDUCE) g(.)714 2925 y FJ(COORDINATES)p FQ(\(S\))685 b FJ(INVERT)p FQ(\(X\))541 b FJ(STRUCTURE)p 3453 2925 29 4 v 31 w(EQUATIONS)p FQ(\(X\))714 3038 y FJ(STRUCTURE)p 1152 3038 V 32 w(EQUATIONS)p FQ(\(X,)p FL(X)1820 3005 y Fu(\000)p FO(1)1913 3038 y FQ(\))100 b FJ(LINEAR)p 2342 3038 V 33 w(DIVISORS)p FQ(\(\012\))126 b FJ(EXFACTORS)p FQ(\(\012\))714 3151 y FJ(INDEX)p 960 3151 V 33 w(EXPAND)p FQ(\(ANY\))499 b FJ(PDE2JET)p FQ(\(p)s (de,dep,ind\))96 b FJ(MKDEPEND)p FQ(\(list\))714 3264 y FJ(DISJOIN)p FQ(\(f,g,...\))730 b FJ(CLEANUP)p FQ(\(E\))499 b FJ(CLEANUP)p FQ(\(M\))714 3377 y FJ(REORDER)p FQ(\(E\))866 b FJ(REORDER)p FQ(\(M\))664 3538 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 127 x FR(38.3.7)113 b(Exp)s(erimen)m(tal)35 b(F)-9 b(unctions)664 3887 y FQ(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)f(op)s(erators)i (are)g(exp)s(erimen)m(tal)e(facilities)f(since,)j(they)f(are)h(either)f (al-)664 4000 y(gorithmically)c(not)i(w)m(ell-founded,)f(or)h(their)f (implemen)m(tation)f(is)h(v)m(ery)h(unstable,)g(or)664 4112 y(they)j(ha)m(v)m(e)g(kno)m(wn)f(bugs.)714 4363 y FJ(POINCARE)p FQ(\(\012\))543 b FJ(INVARIANTS)p FQ(\(E,crd\))144 b FJ(INVARIANTS)p FQ(\(S,crd\))714 4475 y FJ(SYMBOL)p 1008 4475 V 33 w(RELATIONS)p FQ(\(E,)p FL(\031)s FQ(\))98 b FJ(SYMBOL)p 2071 4475 V 33 w(MATRIX)p FQ(\(E,)p FL(\030)t FQ(\))g FJ(CHARACTERISTIC)p 3363 4475 V 31 w(VARIETY)p FQ(\(E,)p FL(\030)t FQ(\))664 4800 y FN(Example:)p eop %%Page: 331 331 331 330 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(38.3.)72 b(THE)30 b(EDS)g(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)1703 b FQ(331)241 555 y FH(17:)42 b(\045)h(Riemann)e(invariants)e(for)k (Euler-Poisson-Da)o(rb)o(ou)o(x)38 b(equation.)241 655 y(17:)k(\045)h(Set)g(up)f(the)h(EDS)f(for)g(the)h(equation,)d(and)i (examine)f(tableau.)241 754 y(17:)h(depend)f(u,x,y;)g(EPD)i (:=PDE2EDS{DF\(u,)o(x,y)o(\)=)o(-\(d)o(f\()o(u,)o(x\)+)o(df)o(\(u,)o (y\))o(\)/\()o(x+)o(y\))o(}$)241 954 y(19:)f(tableau)f(EPD;)241 1153 y([d)i(u)304 b(0)131 b(])241 1253 y([)f(x)43 b(x)349 b(])241 1352 y([)610 b(])241 1452 y([)87 b(0)217 b(d)43 b(u)131 b(])241 1551 y([)479 b(y)43 b(y])241 1751 y(20:)f(\045)h (1-form)e(dx)i(is)g(characteristic:)37 b(construct)j(characteristic)e (EDS.)241 1850 y(20:)k(xvars)g({};)g(C)h(:=)g(cartan_system)38 b(select\(~f^d)h(x=0,system)h(closure)g(epd\)$)241 2050 y(22:)i(S)h(:=)g(augment\(eds\(syst)o(em)37 b(EPD,d)42 b(y\),C\)$)241 2249 y(23:)g(\045)h(Compute)e(derived)g(flag)241 2348 y(23:)h(while)g(not)g(equiv\(S,S1)d(:=)k(derived_system)38 b(S\))43 b(do)f(S)i(:=)e(S1;)241 2548 y(24:)g(\045)h(Stabilised.)c (Find)j(the)h(Riemann)d(invariants.)241 2647 y(24:)i(invariants\(S,rev) o(ers)o(e)37 b(coordinates)i(S\);)241 2847 y({x,)284 3046 y(u)44 b(*x)e(+)h(u)h(*y)e(+)i(u,)328 3145 y(x)261 b(x)328 3345 y(-)43 b(u)130 b(*x)43 b(-)g(u)131 b(*y)42 b(-)i(2*u)e(})459 3444 y(x)h(x)261 b(x)43 b(x)348 b(x)p eop %%Page: 332 332 332 331 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(332)252 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(38.)72 b(EDS:)31 b(EXTERIOR)e (DIFFERENTIAL)h(SYSTEMS)p eop %%Page: 333 333 333 332 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(39)241 1693 y FT(EX)-6 b(CALC:)74 b(A)j(di\013eren)-6 b(tial)241 1942 y(geometry)77 b(pac)-6 b(k)-13 b(age)1426 2424 y Fx(Eb)r(erhard)26 b(Sc)n(hr)r(\177)-41 b(ufer)1444 2515 y(GMD,)26 b(Institut)f(I1)1503 2607 y(P)n(ostfac)n(h)i(1316)1180 2698 y(53757)h(St.)34 b(Augustin,)25 b(GERMANY)1297 2819 y(e{mail:)35 b(sc)n(hruefer@gmd.de)241 3063 y FN(EX)m(CALC)25 b FQ(is)h(designed)g(for)h(easy)g(use)g(b)m(y)f(all)g(who)g(are)i (familiar)c(with)i(the)h(calculus)241 3176 y(of)42 b(Mo)s(dern)f (Di\013eren)m(tial)h(Geometry)-8 b(.)77 b(Its)42 b(syn)m(tax)g(is)f(k)m (ept)i(as)f(close)h(as)f(p)s(ossible)241 3289 y(to)35 b(standard)f(textb)s(o)s(ok)h(notations.)54 b(Therefore,)36 b(no)f(great)h(exp)s(erience)e(in)f(writing)241 3402 y(computer)40 b(algebra)f(programs)h(is)f(required.)67 b(It)40 b(is)f(almost)h(p)s(ossible)d(to)k(input)d(to)241 3515 y(the)31 b(computer)h(the)g(same)g(as)f(what)h(w)m(ould)e(ha)m(v)m (e)j(b)s(een)d(written)h(do)m(wn)g(for)g(a)h(hand-)241 3628 y(calculation.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)h(statemen)m(t) 1243 3859 y FH(f*x^y)42 b(+)h(u)g(_|)g(\(y^z^x\))241 4103 y FQ(w)m(ould)21 b(b)s(e)h(recognized)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(program)f (as)h(a)g(form)m(ula)f(in)m(v)m(olving)f(exterior)i(pro)s(ducts)241 4216 y(and)g(an)h(inner)f(pro)s(duct.)37 b(The)24 b(program)g(is)f (curren)m(tly)g(able)h(to)g(handle)f(scalar-v)-5 b(alued)241 4329 y(exterior)33 b(forms,)g(v)m(ectors)h(and)f(op)s(erations)f(b)s (et)m(w)m(een)i(them,)f(as)h(w)m(ell)e(as)h(non-scalar)241 4441 y(v)-5 b(alued)42 b(forms)h(\(indexed)f(forms\).)79 b(With)42 b(this,)k(it)d(should)e(b)s(e)h(an)i(ideal)e(to)s(ol)h(for) 241 4554 y(studying)32 b(di\013eren)m(tial)g(equations,)j(doing)e (calculations)g(in)g(general)h(relativit)m(y)f(and)241 4667 y(\014eld)d(theories,)i(or)f(doing)g(suc)m(h)g(simple)f(things)g (as)i(calculating)f(the)h(Laplacian)e(of)i(a)241 4780 y(tensor)f(\014eld)e(for)i(an)f(arbitrary)g(giv)m(en)h(frame.)42 b(With)30 b(the)h(increasing)f(p)s(opularit)m(y)e(of)241 4893 y(this)e(calculus,)h(this)f(program)i(should)d(ha)m(v)m(e)k(an)e (application)f(in)g(almost)h(an)m(y)h(\014eld)e(of)1667 5187 y(333)p eop %%Page: 334 334 334 333 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(334)463 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(39.)72 b(EX)m(CALC:)30 b(DIFFERENTIAL)h (GEOMETR)-8 b(Y)664 555 y FQ(ph)m(ysics)29 b(and)h(mathematics.)664 704 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(39.1)136 b(Declarations)664 1139 y FQ(Geometrical)46 b(ob)5 b(jects)46 b(lik)m(e)f(exterior)g(forms)f(or)i(v)m(ectors)g(are)g(in)m(tro)s (duced)e(to)i(the)664 1252 y(system)38 b(b)m(y)f(declaration)g (commands.)62 b(The)37 b(declarations)g(can)h(app)s(ear)f(an)m(ywhere) 664 1364 y(in)32 b(a)i(program,)h(but)d(m)m(ust,)j(of)e(course,)i(b)s (e)e(made)g(prior)f(to)j(the)e(use)g(of)h(the)g(ob)5 b(ject.)664 1477 y(Ev)m(erything)30 b(that)i(has)f(no)g(declaration)f (is)g(treated)i(as)f(a)h(constan)m(t;)g(therefore)g(zero-)664 1590 y(forms)e(m)m(ust)g(also)h(b)s(e)e(declared.)664 1753 y(An)h(exterior)h(form)e(is)h(in)m(tro)s(duced)f(b)m(y)876 1916 y FN(PF)m(ORM)i FL(<)p FD(de)-5 b(clar)g(ation)1796 1930 y FO(1)1838 1916 y FL(>)p FQ(,)30 b FL(<)p FD(de)-5 b(clar)g(ation)2463 1930 y FO(2)2506 1916 y FL(>)p FQ(,)30 b(.)15 b(.)h(.)f(;)664 2078 y(where)664 2317 y FL(<)p FD(de)-5 b(clar)g(ation)p FL(>)33 b FQ(::=)d FL(<)p FD(name)p FL(>)h FP(j)f FL(<)p FD(list)j(of)g(names)p FL(>)p FQ(=)p FL(<)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FL(>)31 b FP(j)f FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(>)g FP(j)664 2430 y FL(<)p FD(expr)-5 b(ession)p FL(>)664 2542 y(<)p FD(name)p FL(>)31 b FQ(::=)f FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(>)g FP(j)h FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(>)p FQ(\()p FL(<)p FD(ar)-5 b(guments)p FL(>)p FQ(\))664 2781 y(F)d(or)31 b(example)882 3005 y FH(pform)42 b(u=k,v=4,f=0,w=d)o(im-)o(1;)664 3244 y FQ(declares)32 b FJ(U)f FQ(to)i(b)s(e)e(an)g(exterior)h(form)g (of)f(degree)i FJ(K)p FQ(,)f FJ(V)f FQ(to)i(b)s(e)e(a)h(form)f(of)h (degree)g(4,)h FJ(F)664 3357 y FQ(to)e(b)s(e)f(a)h(form)f(of)g(degree)h (0)g(\(a)g(function\),)f(and)g FJ(W)g FQ(to)h(b)s(e)e(a)i(form)f(of)h (degree)g FJ(DIM)p FQ(-1.)664 3519 y(The)f(declaration)f(of)h(v)m (ectors)i(is)d(similar.)37 b(The)30 b(command)g FJ(TVECTOR)d FQ(tak)m(es)32 b(a)e(list)f(of)664 3632 y(names.)876 3795 y FN(TVECTOR)g FL(<)p FD(name)1716 3809 y FO(1)1756 3795 y FL(>)p FQ(,)h FL(<)p FD(name)2166 3809 y FO(2)2206 3795 y FL(>)p FQ(,)h(.)15 b(.)g(.)h(;)664 3958 y(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)g(to)g(declare)g FJ(X)f FQ(as)g(a)h(v)m(ector)h(and) e FJ(COMM)f FQ(as)i(a)g(v)m(ector)h(with)d(t)m(w)m(o)j(indices,)664 4071 y(one)i(w)m(ould)e(sa)m(y)882 4295 y FH(tvector)41 b(x,comm\(a,b\);)664 4534 y FQ(The)f(exterior)g(degree)h(of)g(a)g(sym)m (b)s(ol)e(or)h(a)h(general)f(expression)f(can)i(b)s(e)f(obtained)664 4647 y(with)29 b(the)i(function)876 4809 y FN(EXDEGREE)f FL(<)p FD(expr)-5 b(ession)p FL(>)p FQ(;)664 4959 y(Example:)p eop %%Page: 335 335 335 334 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(39.2.)72 b(EXTERIOR)30 b(MUL)-8 b(TIPLICA)g(TION)1254 b FQ(335)459 555 y FH(exdegree\(u)39 b(+)k(3*chris\(k,-k\)\);)459 754 y(1)241 891 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 200 x FE(39.2)135 b(Exterior)47 b(Multiplication)241 1330 y FQ(Exterior)31 b(m)m(ultiplication)d(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)k (exterior)f(forms)g(is)f(carried)h(out)g(with)f(the)i(nary)241 1430 y(in\014x)21 b(op)s(erator)i(^)g(\(w)m(edge\).)40 b(F)-8 b(actors)24 b(are)f(ordered)f(according)h(to)h(the)f(usual)e (ordering)241 1529 y(in)29 b(REDUCE)h(using)f(the)i(comm)m(utation)g (rule)e(for)h(exterior)g(pro)s(ducts.)459 1735 y FH(pform)41 b(u=1,v=1,w=k;)459 1935 y(u^v;)459 2134 y(U^V)459 2333 y(v^u;)459 2532 y(-)i(U^V)459 2732 y(u^u;)459 2931 y(0)459 3130 y(w^u^v;)720 3329 y(K)459 3429 y(\()g(-)g(1\))g(*U^V^W)459 3628 y(\(3*u-a*w\)^\(w+5*)o(v\)^)o(u;)459 3827 y(A*\(5*U^V^W)c(-)k (U^W^W\))241 4047 y FQ(It)30 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)e(to)j(declare)f(the)h (dimension)c(of)k(the)f(underlying)e(space)j(b)m(y)453 4209 y FN(SP)-9 b(A)m(CEDIM)30 b FL(<)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FL(>)31 b FP(j)f FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(>)p FQ(;)241 4372 y(If)g(an)g(exterior)g(pro)s(duct)f(has)h(a)h(degree)g(higher)e (than)h(the)g(dimension)e(of)i(the)h(space,)241 4485 y(it)f(is)f(replaced)h(b)m(y)g(0:)241 4640 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 336 336 336 335 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(336)463 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(39.)72 b(EX)m(CALC:)30 b(DIFFERENTIAL)h (GEOMETR)-8 b(Y)664 555 y FE(39.3)136 b(P)l(artial)46 b(Di\013eren)l(tiation)664 808 y FQ(P)m(artial)40 b(di\013eren)m (tiation)g(is)f(denoted)i(b)m(y)f(the)h(op)s(erator)g FJ(@)p FQ(.)70 b(Its)41 b(capabilit)m(y)e(is)h(the)664 921 y(same)31 b(as)g(the)f(REDUCE)g FJ(DF)g FQ(op)s(erator.)664 939 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 145 x FN(Example)k(6)882 1314 y FH(@\(sin)42 b(x,x\);)882 1514 y(COS\(X\))882 1713 y(@\(f,x\);)882 1912 y(0)664 2156 y FQ(An)f(iden)m(ti\014er)e(can) i(b)s(e)f(declared)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(a)h(function)e(of)i(certain)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)71 b(This)664 2269 y(is)39 b(done)g(with)f(the)i(command)f FJ(FDOMAIN)p FQ(.)f(The)h(follo)m(wing)f(w)m(ould)h(tell)f(the)i (partial)664 2382 y(di\013eren)m(tiation)f(op)s(erator)h(that)g FJ(F)f FQ(is)g(a)h(function)f(of)g(the)h(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b FJ(X)g FQ(and)g FJ(Y)h FQ(and)664 2495 y(that)31 b FJ(H)f FQ(is)g(a)g(function)f(of)i FJ(X)p FQ(.)882 2726 y FH(fdomain)41 b(f=f\(x,y\),h=h\(x\);)664 2970 y FQ(Applying)28 b FJ(@)i FQ(to)h FJ(F)f FQ(and)g FJ(H)g FQ(w)m(ould)f(result)h(in)882 3201 y FH(@\(x*f,x\);)882 3400 y(F)43 b(+)g(X*@)86 b(F)1187 3500 y(X)882 3699 y(@\(h,y\);)882 3898 y(0)664 4142 y FQ(The)36 b(partial)f(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)36 b(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(can)i (also)f(b)s(e)g(an)g(op)s(erator)h(with)e(a)i(single)e(argu-)664 4255 y(men)m(t.)41 b(It)31 b(then)f(represen)m(ts)g(a)h(natural)e(base) i(elemen)m(t)g(of)f(a)h(tangen)m(t)h(v)m(ector.)664 4410 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(39.4)136 b(Exterior)46 b(Di\013eren)l(tiation)664 4831 y FQ(Exterior)37 b(di\013eren)m(tiation)f(of)h(exterior)g(forms)g(is)f(carried)h(out)g (b)m(y)g(the)g(op)s(erator)h FJ(d)p FQ(.)664 4930 y(Pro)s(ducts)30 b(are)g(normally)f(di\013eren)m(tiated)h(out,)p eop %%Page: 337 337 337 336 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(39.5.)72 b(INNER)31 b(PR)m(ODUCT)1800 b FQ(337)459 555 y FH(pform)41 b(x=0,y=k,z=m;)459 754 y(d\(x)h(*)h(y\);)459 954 y(X*d)f(Y)h(+)g(d)h(X^Y)241 1173 y FQ(This)26 b(expansion)g(can)i (b)s(e)f(suppressed)f(b)m(y)h(the)h(command)g FJ(NOXPND)46 b(D)p FQ(.)27 b(Expansion)f(is)241 1286 y(p)s(erformed)j(again)h(when)f (the)i(command)f FJ(XPND)47 b(D)30 b FQ(is)f(executed.)241 1449 y(If)37 b(an)h(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(an)h(implicitly)c(de\014ned)i (function)h(has)g(further)f(dep)s(endencies)241 1561 y(the)30 b(c)m(hain)g(rule)f(will)f(b)s(e)i(applied)e FD(e.g.)459 1792 y FH(fdomain)40 b(y=y\(z\);)459 1991 y(d)j(f;)459 2191 y(@)86 b(F*d)43 b(X)g(+)g(@)87 b(F*@)f(Y*d)42 b(Z)502 2290 y(X)436 b(Y)174 b(Z)241 2534 y FQ(Expansion)21 b(in)m(to)h(partial)g(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)22 b(can)h(b)s(e)f (inhibited)d(b)m(y)j FJ(NOXPND)46 b(@)23 b FQ(and)f(enabled)241 2647 y(again)30 b(b)m(y)g FJ(XPND)47 b(@)p FQ(.)241 2802 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(39.5)135 b(Inner)45 b(Pro)t(duct)241 3236 y FQ(The)c(inner)g(pro)s(duct)g(b)s (et)m(w)m(een)i(a)f(v)m(ector)i(and)d(an)h(exterior)h(form)e(is)h (represen)m(ted)241 3349 y(b)m(y)j(the)h(diph)m(thong)p 1006 3349 28 4 v 76 w FP(j)g FQ(\(underscore)f(or-bar\),)k(whic)m(h)44 b(is)h(the)g(notation)h(of)f(man)m(y)241 3462 y(textb)s(o)s(oks.)h(If) 31 b(the)h(exterior)g(form)g(is)f(an)h(exterior)g(pro)s(duct,)f(the)h (inner)f(pro)s(duct)f(is)241 3575 y(carried)f(through)h(an)m(y)h (factor.)241 3593 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 145 x FN(Example)i(7)459 3969 y FH(pform)41 b(x=0,y=k,z=m;)459 4168 y(tvector)f(u,v;)459 4367 y(u)j(_|)g(\(x*y^z\);)851 4566 y(K)459 4666 y(X*\(\()f(-)h(1\))g(*Y^U)e(_|)i(Z)g(+)h(U)f(_|)g (Y^Z\))241 4811 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 338 338 338 337 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(338)463 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(39.)72 b(EX)m(CALC:)30 b(DIFFERENTIAL)h (GEOMETR)-8 b(Y)664 555 y FE(39.6)136 b(Lie)45 b(Deriv)-7 b(ativ)l(e)664 808 y FQ(The)35 b(Lie)f(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)34 b(can)i(b)s(e)e(tak)m(en)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)f(v)m(ector)h(and)f(an) g(exterior)f(form)h(or)664 921 y(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)43 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(v)m(ectors.)77 b(It)42 b(is)g(represen)m(ted)g(b)m(y)g (the)g(in\014x)f(op)s(erator)h FP(j)p 3230 921 28 4 v 75 w FQ(.)76 b(In)42 b(the)664 1034 y(case)29 b(of)e(Lie)g(di\013eren)m (tiating,)g(an)h(exterior)f(form)g(b)m(y)g(a)h(v)m(ector,)i(the)e(Lie)f (deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)27 b(is)664 1147 y(expressed)j(through)g(inner)e (pro)s(ducts)h(and)h(exterior)g(di\013eren)m(tiations,)g FD(i.e.)882 1372 y FH(pform)42 b(z=k;)882 1572 y(tvector)f(u;)882 1771 y(u)i(|_)g(z;)882 1970 y(U)g(_|)g(d)g(Z)g(+)h(d\(U)e(_|)h(Z\))664 2110 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 192 x FE(39.7)136 b(Ho)t(dge-*)45 b(Dualit)l(y)h(Op)t(erator)664 2554 y FQ(The)f(Ho)s(dge-*)i(dualit)m(y)d(op)s(erator)i(maps)f(an)g(exterior)h (form)f(of)g(degree)i FJ(K)e FQ(to)h(an)664 2667 y(exterior)40 b(form)f(of)h(degree)g FJ(N-K)p FQ(,)f(where)g FJ(N)g FQ(is)g(the)h(dimension)d(of)j(the)f(space.)69 b(The)664 2780 y(double)35 b(application)g(of)i(the)g(op)s(erator)f(m)m(ust)h (lead)f(bac)m(k)h(to)g(the)g(original)e(exterior)664 2893 y(form)c(up)f(to)i(a)g(factor.)44 b(The)31 b(follo)m(wing)f (example)h(sho)m(ws)g(ho)m(w)g(the)h(factor)g(is)e(c)m(hosen)664 3006 y(here)882 3232 y FH(spacedim)40 b(n;)882 3332 y(pform)i(x=k;)882 3531 y(#)h(#)g(x;)1231 3730 y(2)1144 3830 y(\(K)86 b(+)43 b(K*N\))882 3929 y(\()g(-)g(1\))435 b(*X*SGN)664 4168 y FQ(The)36 b(indeterminate)f(SGN)h(in)f(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i (example)e(denotes)g(the)h(sign)e(of)h(the)h(de-)664 4281 y(terminan)m(t)28 b(of)h(the)g(metric.)40 b(It)29 b(can)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(or)h(will)d(b)s(e)i (automatically)664 4394 y(set)36 b(if)f(more)g(of)h(the)f(metric)g (structure)g(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(\(via)h(COFRAME\),)h FD(i.e.)55 b FQ(it)35 b(is)664 4507 y(then)d(set)h(to)g FL(g)s(=)p FP(j)p FL(g)s FP(j)p FQ(,)i(where)c FL(g)36 b FQ(is)31 b(the)i(determinan)m(t)e(of)i(the)f(metric.)46 b(If)31 b(the)i(Ho)s(dge-*)664 4620 y(op)s(erator)g(app)s(ears)g(in)e (an)i(exterior)g(pro)s(duct)f(of)h(maximal)f(degree)h(as)h(the)f (leftmost)664 4733 y(factor,)f(the)e(Ho)s(dge-*)i(is)d(shifted)g(to)i (the)g(righ)m(t)f(according)g(to)882 4959 y FH(pform)42 b({x,y}=k;)p eop %%Page: 339 339 339 338 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(39.8.)72 b(V)-10 b(ARIA)i(TIONAL)31 b(DERIV)-10 b(A)i(TIVE)1337 b FQ(339)459 655 y FH(#)43 b(x)g(^)g(y;)807 854 y(2)720 954 y(\(K)87 b(+)43 b(K*N\))459 1053 y(\()g(-)g(1\))435 b(*X^#)42 b(Y)241 1197 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 193 x FE(39.8)135 b(V)-11 b(ariational)47 b(Deriv)-7 b(ativ)l(e)241 1642 y FQ(The)29 b(function)f FJ(VARDF)g FQ(returns)g(as)i(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(the)i(v)-5 b(ariation)29 b(of)g(a)h(giv)m(en)g(Lagrangian)241 1755 y(n-form)f(with)g(resp)s(ect) h(to)g(a)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(exterior)i(form)f(\(a)i(\014eld)e(of)h(the) g(Lagrangian\).)241 1868 y(In)j(the)h(shared)g(v)-5 b(ariable)67 b FJ(BNDEQ!*)p FQ(,)33 b(the)h(expression)f(is)g(stored)i(that)f(has)g (to)h(yield)241 1981 y(zero)c(if)e(in)m(tegrated)i(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f (b)s(oundary)-8 b(.)241 2144 y(Syn)m(tax:)453 2307 y FN(V)c(ARDF)p FQ(\()p FL(<)p FD(L)-5 b(agr)g(angian)35 b(n-form)p FL(>)p FQ(,)p FL(<)p FD(exterior)f(form)p FL(>)p FQ(\))241 2329 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 140 x FN(Example)f(8)328 2700 y FH(spacedim)40 b(4;)328 2899 y(pform)h(l=4,a=1,j=3;)328 3099 y(l:=-1/2*d)f(a)j(^)g(#)g(d)g(a)h (-)f(a^#)f(j$)87 b(\045Lagrangian)39 b(of)j(the)h(e.m.)f(field)328 3298 y(vardf\(l,a\);)328 3497 y(-)h(\(#)g(J)g(+)g(d)g(#)h(d)f(A\))566 b(\045Maxwell's)39 b(equations)328 3696 y(bndeq!*;)328 3896 y(-)k('A^#)f(d)h(A)872 b(\045Equation)39 b(at)k(the)f(boundary)241 4140 y FQ(F)-8 b(or)23 b(the)g(calculation)e(of)i(the)f(conserv)m(ed)h (curren)m(ts)g(induced)d(b)m(y)i(symmetry)g(op)s(erators)241 4253 y(\(v)m(ector)32 b(\014elds\),)e(the)g(function)f FJ(NOETHER)g FQ(is)g(pro)m(vided.)39 b(It)31 b(has)f(the)g(syn)m(tax:) 453 4415 y FN(NOETHER)p FQ(\()p FL(<)p FD(L)-5 b(agr)g(angian)33 b(n-form)p FL(>)p FQ(,)p FL(<)p FD(\014eld)p FL(>)p FQ(,)p FL(<)p FD(symmetry)i(gener)-5 b(ator)p FL(>)p FQ(\))241 4438 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 140 x FN(Example)33 b(9)328 4809 y FH(pform)41 b(l=4,a=1,f=2;)p eop %%Page: 340 340 340 339 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(340)463 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(39.)72 b(EX)m(CALC:)30 b(DIFFERENTIAL)h (GEOMETR)-8 b(Y)751 555 y FH(spacedim)41 b(4;)751 754 y(l:=)i(-1/2*d)e(a^#d)h(a;)130 b(\045Free)41 b(Maxwell)g(field;)751 954 y(tvector)g(x\(k\);)347 b(\045An)42 b(unspecified)d(generator;)751 1153 y(noether\(l,a,x\(-k\))o(\);)751 1352 y(\()44 b(-)f(2*d\(X)e (_|A\)^#)g(d)i(A)h(-)f(\(X)g(_|d)f(A\)^#)g(d)h(A)g(+)g(d)h(A^\(X)d(_|#) i(d)g(A\)\)/2)1144 1452 y(K)653 b(K)915 b(K)664 1589 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(39.9)136 b(Handling)45 b(of)g(Indices)664 2041 y FQ(Exterior)23 b(forms)g(and)f(v)m(ectors)j(ma)m(y)f(ha)m(v)m(e)g(indices.)37 b(On)22 b(input,)h(the)h(indices)d(are)j(giv)m(en)664 2154 y(as)g(argumen)m(ts)h(of)f(the)g(ob)5 b(ject.)39 b(A)24 b(p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(argumen)m(t)h(denotes)h(a)f(sup)s(erscript)d (and)j(a)664 2267 y(negativ)m(e)g(argumen)m(t)g(a)f(subscript.)36 b(On)23 b(output,)h(the)f(indexed)f(quan)m(tit)m(y)h(is)f(displa)m(y)m (ed)664 2380 y(t)m(w)m(o)32 b(dimensionally)27 b(if)i FJ(NAT)g FQ(is)h(on.)40 b(Indices)30 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(iden)m (ti\014ers)g(or)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)664 2397 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 145 x FN(Example)k(10)882 2773 y FH(pform)42 b(om\(k,l\)=m,e\(k\)=)o(1;)882 2873 y(e\(k\)^e\(-l\);)926 3072 y(K)882 3172 y(E)h(^E)1056 3271 y(L)882 3470 y(om\(4,-2\);)969 3670 y(4)882 3769 y(OM)1013 3869 y(2)664 4113 y FQ(In)22 b(certain)h(cases,)j(one)d(w)m(ould)f(lik)m(e)g(to)i(inhibit)c(the)j (summation)f(o)m(v)m(er)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(index)664 4226 y(names,)31 b(or)f(at)h(all.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(this)e(the)i (command)876 4389 y FN(NOSUM)g FL(<)p FD(indexname)1798 4403 y FO(1)1838 4389 y FL(>)p FQ(,)f(.)16 b(.)f(.)h(;)664 4551 y(and)41 b(the)h(switc)m(h)f FJ(NOSUM)f FQ(are)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)74 b(The)41 b(command)h FJ(NOSUM)e FQ(has)i(the)f(e\013ect) 664 4664 y(that)32 b(summation)f(is)f(not)i(p)s(erformed)e(o)m(v)m(er)j (those)f(indices)e(whic)m(h)g(had)h(b)s(een)g(listed.)664 4777 y(The)e(command)g FJ(RENOSUM)e FQ(enables)i(summation)f(again.)41 b(The)29 b(switc)m(h)f FJ(NOSUM)p FQ(,)g(if)h(on,)664 4890 y(inhibits)e(an)m(y)k(summation.)p eop %%Page: 341 341 341 340 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(39.10.)73 b(METRIC)29 b(STR)m(UCTURES)1514 b FQ(341)241 555 y(It)28 b(is)e(p)s(ossible)f(to)k(declare)e(symmetry)h(prop)s (erties)e(for)h(an)h(indexed)e(quan)m(tit)m(y)i(b)m(y)f(the)241 668 y(command)j FJ(INDEX)p 901 668 29 4 v 33 w(SYMMETRIES)p FQ(.)e(A)i(protot)m(ypical)h(example)f(is)f(as)i(follo)m(ws)415 899 y FH(index_symmetries)37 b(u\(k,l,m,n\):)i(symmetric)214 b(in)43 b({k,l},{m,n})1679 999 y(antisymmetric)38 b(in)43 b({{k,l},{m,n}},)1156 1098 y(g\(k,l\),h\(k,l\):)38 b(symmetric;)241 1342 y FQ(It)31 b(declares)f(the)h(ob)5 b(ject)32 b FJ(u)e FQ(symmetric)h(in)e(the)i(\014rst)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(and)e(last)h(t)m(w)m(o) h(indices)d(and)241 1455 y(an)m(tisymmetric)i(with)g(resp)s(ect)h(to)h (comm)m(utation)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m(en)g(index)f(pairs.)44 b(If)32 b(an)241 1568 y(ob)5 b(ject)27 b(is)e(completely)h(symmetric)g (or)g(an)m(tisymmetric,)h(the)f(indices)f(need)h(not)g(to)h(b)s(e)241 1681 y(giv)m(en)j(after)h(the)g(corresp)s(onding)d(k)m(eyw)m(ord)j(as)f (sho)m(wn)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(for)e FJ(g)g FQ(and)g FJ(h)p FQ(.)241 1838 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 179 x FE(39.10)136 b(Metric)45 b(Structures)241 2270 y FQ(A)29 b(metric)f(structure)g(is)g(de\014ned)g(in)f FN(EX)m(CALC)h FQ(b)m(y)g(sp)s(ecifying)f(a)i(set)g(of)g(basis)f(one-) 241 2383 y(forms)i(\(the)g(coframe\))i(together)g(with)d(the)h(metric.) 241 2546 y(Syn)m(tax:)453 2790 y FN(COFRAME)f FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(><)p FD(\(index)1843 2804 y FO(1)1883 2790 y FD(\))p FL(>)p FQ(=)p FL(<)p FD(expr)-5 b(ession)2537 2804 y FO(1)2578 2790 y FL(>)p FQ(,)1028 2903 y FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(><)p FD(\(index)1843 2917 y FO(2)1883 2903 y FD(\))p FL(>)p FQ(=)p FL(<)p FD(expr)g(ession)2537 2917 y FO(2)2578 2903 y FL(>)p FQ(,)1028 3016 y(.)1028 3128 y(.)1028 3241 y(.)1028 3354 y FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(><)p FD(\(index)1843 3368 y FF(n)1891 3354 y FD(\))p FL(>)p FQ(=)p FL(<)p FD(expr)g(ession)2545 3368 y FF(n)2593 3354 y FL(>)1150 3467 y FN(WITH)29 b(METRIC)h FL(<)p FD(name)p FL(>)p FQ(=)p FL(<)p FD(expr)-5 b(ession)p FL(>)p FQ(;)241 3824 y(This)26 b(statemen)m(t)j(automatically)f(sets)g (the)g(dimension)d(of)j(the)g(space)g(and)f(the)h(index)241 3937 y(range.)55 b(The)35 b(clause)g FJ(WITH)46 b(METRIC)34 b FQ(can)h(b)s(e)g(omitted)g(if)f(the)h(metric)g(is)f(Euclidean)241 4050 y(and)23 b(the)h(shorthand)e FJ(WITH)47 b(SIGNATURE)e FL(<)p Fn(diagonal)g(elements)p FL(>)21 b FQ(can)j(b)s(e)f(used)g(in) 241 4163 y(the)34 b(case)h(of)g(a)f(pseudo-Euclidean)e(metric.)52 b(The)34 b(splitting)e(of)i(a)h(metric)f(structure)241 4276 y(in)c(its)i(metric)g(tensor)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)h(and)e(basis)g (one-forms)h(is)f(completely)h(arbitrary)241 4389 y(including)27 b(the)j(extremes)h(of)g(an)f(orthonormal)g(frame)g(and)g(a)h(co)s (ordinate)f(frame.)p eop %%Page: 342 342 342 341 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(342)463 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(39.)72 b(EX)m(CALC:)30 b(DIFFERENTIAL)h (GEOMETR)-8 b(Y)664 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FN(Example)34 b(11)708 786 y FH(coframe)40 b(e)k(r=d)e(r,)h (e\(ph\)=r*d)d(ph)795 886 y(with)i(metric)f(g=e\(r\)*e\(r\)+e\(ph)o (\)*e)o(\(p)o(h\))o(;)168 b(\045Polar)41 b(coframe)664 1130 y FQ(The)34 b(frame)g(dual)f(to)i(the)g(frame)f(de\014ned)f(b)m(y) h(the)g FJ(COFRAME)f FQ(command)h(can)g(b)s(e)g(in-)664 1243 y(tro)s(duced)c(b)m(y)g FN(FRAME)g FQ(command.)876 1405 y FN(FRAME)h FL(<)p FD(identi\014er)p FL(>)p FQ(;)664 1568 y(This)g(command)h(causes)h(the)g(dual)e(prop)s(ert)m(y)h(to)h(b)s (e)f(recognised,)h(and)f(the)g(tangen)m(t)664 1681 y(v)m(ectors)g(of)f (the)f(co)s(ordinate)g(functions)f(are)i(replaced)f(b)m(y)g(the)h (frame)f(basis)f(v)m(ectors.)664 1699 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 145 x FN(Example)34 b(12)795 2075 y FH(coframe)41 b(b)i(r=d)f(r,b)g(ph=r*d)g(ph,e)g(z=d)g(z;)h (\045Cylindrical)38 b(coframe;)795 2274 y(frame)j(x;)i(on)g(nero;)795 2473 y(x\(-k\))e(_|)i(b\(l\);)969 2672 y(R)795 2772 y(NS)173 b(:=)43 b(1)882 2872 y(R)1013 3071 y(PH)795 3170 y(NS)261 b(:=)42 b(1)882 3270 y(PH)969 3469 y(Z)795 3569 y(NS)173 b(:=)43 b(1)882 3669 y(Z)795 3868 y(x\(-k\))e(|_)i(x\(-l\);)303 b(\045The)42 b(commutator)d(of)k(the)f(dual)g(frame;)795 4167 y(NS)217 b(:=)43 b(X)87 b(/R)882 4266 y(PH)43 b(R)217 b(PH)795 4565 y(NS)g(:=)43 b(\()g(-)g(X)87 b(\)/R)f(\045i.e.)41 b(it)i(is)g(not)f(a)h(coordinate)d(base;)882 4665 y(R)j(PH)392 b(PH)p eop %%Page: 343 343 343 342 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(39.11.)73 b(RIEMANNIAN)31 b(CONNECTIONS)1210 b FQ(343)241 555 y(As)27 b(a)h(con)m(v)m(enience,)h(the)f(frames)f(can)h(b)s(e)e (displa)m(y)m(ed)g(at)i(an)m(y)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(in)f(a)h(program)h(b)m (y)241 668 y(the)i(command)g FJ(DISPLAYFRAME;)p FQ(.)241 831 y(The)38 b(Ho)s(dge-*)i(dualit)m(y)d(op)s(erator)i(returns)f(the)h (explicitly)d(constructed)j(dual)e(ele-)241 944 y(men)m(t)28 b(if)e(applied)g(to)i(coframe)g(base)g(elemen)m(ts.)40 b(The)27 b(metric)h(is)e(prop)s(erly)g(tak)m(en)j(in)m(to)241 1057 y(accoun)m(t.)241 1219 y(The)e(total)i(an)m(tisymmetric)e (Levi-Cevita)g(tensor)h FJ(EPS)f FQ(is)g(also)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)39 b(The)27 b(v)-5 b(alue)241 1332 y(of)39 b FJ(EPS)f FQ(with)g(an)g(ev)m(en)i(p)s(erm)m(utation)e(of)h(the)g (indices)e(in)h(a)h(co)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)40 b(p)s(osition)d(is)241 1445 y(tak)m(en)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(+1.)241 1590 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 191 x FE(39.11)136 b(Riemannian)46 b(Connections)241 2034 y FQ(The)38 b(command)g FJ(RIEMANNCONX)e FQ(is)h(pro)m(vided)g(for)h(calculating)g(the)77 b(connection)39 b(1)241 2147 y(forms.)83 b(The)45 b(v)-5 b(alues)44 b(are)h(stored)g (on)g(the)g(name)g(giv)m(en)g(to)g FJ(RIEMANNCONX)p FQ(.)d(This)241 2260 y(command)29 b(is)g(far)g(more)h(e\016cien)m(t)g(than)g (calculating)f(the)h(connection)g(from)f(the)h(dif-)241 2373 y(feren)m(tial)g(of)g(the)h(basis)e(one-forms)h(and)g(using)f (inner)g(pro)s(ducts.)241 2528 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(39.12)136 b(Ordering)45 b(and)f(Structuring)241 2962 y FQ(The)27 b(ordering)g(of)h(an)g(exterior)g(form)g(or)g(v)m 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y(output)c(\014le)e(is)h(temp)s(orarily)f(o)m(v)m(erridden.)39 b(Generated)30 b(co)s(de)f(is)f(written)f(to)j(eac)m(h)g(\014le)664 3672 y(represen)m(ted)k(b)m(y)g FD(f1,f2,.)14 b(.)g(.)50 b(,fn)33 b FQ(for)h(this)f(command)h(only)-8 b(.)51 b(Files)33 b(whic)m(h)f(w)m(ere)j(op)s(en)664 3785 y(prior)e(to)j(the)f(call)f(to) i FN(GENTRAN)e FQ(will)e(remain)i(op)s(en)g(after)h(the)g(call,)h(and)e (\014les)664 3898 y(whic)m(h)26 b(did)g(not)i(exist)f(prior)f(to)i(the) g(call)f(will)e(b)s(e)i(created,)i(op)s(ened,)f(written)e(to,)k(and)664 4011 y(closed.)40 b(The)27 b(output)h(stac)m(k)h(will)c(b)s(e)i (exactly)i(the)f(same)g(b)s(oth)g(b)s(efore)f(and)g(after)i(the)664 4124 y(call.)664 4287 y FN(GENTRAN)h FQ(returns)f(the)i(name\(s\))g(of) f(the)h(\014le\(s\))f(to)h(whic)m(h)e(co)s(de)i(w)m(as)g(written.)664 4518 y FH(1:)43 b(GENTRANLANG!*)38 b(:=)43 b('FORTRAN$)664 4717 y(2:)g(GENTRAN)664 4817 y(2:)217 b(FOR)43 b(I:=1:N)e(DO)664 4916 y(2:)392 b(V\(I\))42 b(:=)g(0$)p eop %%Page: 353 353 353 352 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(42.2.)72 b(PRECISION)2082 b FQ(353)502 655 y FH(DO)43 b(25001)f(I=1,N)677 754 y(V\(I\)=0.0)241 854 y(25001)f(CONTINUE)241 1087 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(42.2)135 b(Precision)241 1539 y FQ(By)25 b(default)e FN(GENTRAN)h FQ(generates)i(constan)m(ts)g(and)e(t)m(yp)s(e)h(declarations)f(in)f (single)241 1652 y(precision)28 b(form.)40 b(If)29 b(the)h(user)e (requires)h(double)f(precision)g(output)h(then)g(the)h(switc)m(h)241 1765 y FN(DOUBLE)g FQ(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(set)h FN(ON)p FQ(.)241 1927 y(T)-8 b(o)34 b(ensure)f(the)h(correct)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er) f(of)h(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(digits)f(are)i(generated)h(it)e(ma)m (y)241 2040 y(b)s(e)i(necessary)h(to)h(use)e(either)h(the)g FN(PRECISION)e FQ(or)i FN(PRINT!-PRECISION)241 2153 y FQ(commands.)69 b(The)39 b(former)g(alters)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (of)h(digits)e(REDUCE)i(calculates,)241 2266 y(the)28 b(latter)g(only)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(digits)e(REDUCE)i(prin)m (ts.)38 b(Eac)m(h)28 b(tak)m(es)h(an)f(in)m(teger)241 2379 y(argumen)m(t.)69 b(It)40 b(is)f(not)h(p)s(ossible)d(to)k(set)f (the)g(prin)m(ted)e(precision)g(higher)h(than)g(the)241 2492 y(actual)21 b(precision.)35 b(Calling)18 b FN(PRINT!-PRECISION)h FQ(with)g(a)i(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t)241 2605 y(causes)31 b(the)f(prin)m(ted)f(precision)g(to)i(rev)m(ert)g(to)g(the)f(actual)h (precision.)241 2746 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(42.2.1)112 b(The)38 b(EV)-12 b(AL)36 b(F)-9 b(unction)241 3115 y FN(Syn)m(tax:)468 3332 y(EV)d(AL)30 b FD(exp)241 3549 y FN(Argumen)m(t:)468 3765 y FD(exp)23 b FQ(is)f(an)m(y)h(REDUCE)g(expression)f(or)h(statemen)m(t)h(whic)m(h,) g(after)f(ev)-5 b(alua-)468 3878 y(tion)22 b(b)m(y)h(REDUCE,)g(results) f(in)f(an)i(expression)f(that)h(can)g(b)s(e)g(translated)468 3991 y(b)m(y)30 b(GENTRAN)h(in)m(to)f(the)h(target)h(language.)241 4207 y(When)k FN(EV)-12 b(AL)36 b FQ(is)g(called)g(on)g(an)g (expression)g(whic)m(h)f(is)g(to)j(b)s(e)d(translated,)j(it)e(tells)241 4320 y FN(GENTRAN)f FQ(to)h(giv)m(e)f(the)h(expression)e(to)i(REDUCE)f (for)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)35 b(\014rst,)h(and)241 4433 y(then)30 b(to)h(translate)f(the)h(result)e(of)i(that)g(ev)-5 b(aluation.)241 4660 y FH(f;)372 4859 y(2)241 4959 y(2*X)86 b(-)43 b(5*X)f(+)h(6)p eop %%Page: 354 354 354 353 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(354)142 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(42.)72 b(GENTRAN:)31 b(A)f(CODE)g(GENERA) -8 b(TION)31 b(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)664 555 y FQ(W)g(e)33 b(wish)c(to)j(generate)h(an)e(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(t)j(for)d(the) g(quotien)m(t)h(of)f(F)h(and)f(its)664 655 y(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e.)664 861 y FH(1:)43 b(GENTRAN)664 960 y(1:)261 b(Q)43 b(:=)g(EVAL\(F\)/EVAL\(DF\()o(F,)o(X\)\))o($)926 1160 y(Q=\(2.0*X**2-\(5.)o(0*X)o(\)+)o(6.0)o(\)/)o(\(4.)o(0*)o(X-)o (5.0)o(\))664 1296 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 155 x FR(42.2.2)113 b(The)37 b(:=:)51 b(Op)s(erator)664 1672 y FQ(In)25 b(man)m(y)g(applications,)g(assignmen)m(ts)g(m)m(ust)g (b)s(e)g(generated)h(in)e(whic)m(h)g(the)i(left-hand)664 1785 y(side)31 b(is)f(some)i(kno)m(wn)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(name,)i(but)e(the)i(righ)m(t-hand)e(side)g(is)h(an)g(expression)664 1898 y(that)45 b(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)82 b(F)-8 b(or)44 b(this)f(reason,)48 b(a)c(sp)s(ecial)e(op)s(erator)i(is) f(pro)m(vided)664 2011 y(to)f(indicate)e(that)i(the)f(expression)f(on)g (the)i(righ)m(t-hand)e(side)g(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)664 2124 y(prior)31 b(to)i(translation.)45 b(This)30 b(sp)s(ecial)h(op)s(erator)h(is)f FN(:=:)45 b FQ(\()p FD(i.e.)g FQ(the)32 b(usual)f(REDUCE)664 2237 y(assignmen)m(t)f(op)s(erator)h(with)e(an)h(extra)h(\\:")42 b(on)30 b(the)h(righ)m(t\).)664 2259 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 140 x FN(Example)j(13)891 2612 y FH(1:)43 b(GENTRAN)891 2711 y(1:)87 b(DERIV)41 b(:=:)i (DF\(X^4-X^3+2*x^)o(2+1)o(,X)o(\)$)1153 2911 y(DERIV=4.0*X**3-\()o(3.0) o(*X)o(**)o(2\)+)o(4.)o(0*X)664 3042 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 160 x FR(42.2.3)113 b(The)37 b(::=)h(Op)s(erator)664 3423 y FQ(When)h(assignmen)m(ts)f(to)i(matrix)e (or)h(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(generated,)k(man)m(y) 664 3536 y(times)21 b(the)h(indices)d(of)i(the)h(elemen)m(t)g(m)m(ust)f (b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)22 b(\014rst.)37 b(The)21 b(sp)s(ecial)f(op)s (erator)664 3649 y FN(::=)33 b FQ(can)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(within)f(a)i (call)f(to)i FN(GENTRAN)e FQ(to)i(indicate)e(that)i(the)f(indices)664 3762 y(of)26 b(the)g(matrix)f(or)h(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)g(on)g(the)g (left-hand)f(side)g(of)g(the)h(assignmen)m(t)g(are)g(to)664 3875 y(b)s(e)33 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(prior)e(to)i(translation.)49 b(\(This)32 b(is)h(the)h(usual)e(REDUCE)h(assignmen)m(t)664 3988 y(op)s(erator)e(with)e(an)h(extra)h(\\:")42 b(on)30 b(the)h(left.\))664 4010 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 140 x FN(Example)j(14)891 4363 y FQ(W)-8 b(e)38 b(wish)d(to)i(generate)h(assignmen)m(ts)e(whic)m(h)f(assign)h (zeros)h(to)g(all)e(ele-)891 4462 y(men)m(ts)c(on)f(the)h(main)e (diagonal)h(of)g(M,)h(an)g(n)e(x)i(n)e(matrix.)891 4660 y FH(10:)43 b(FOR)f(j)h(:=)g(1)g(:)g(8)h(DO)891 4759 y(10:)261 b(GENTRAN)891 4859 y(10:)435 b(M\(j,j\))41 b(::=)i(0$)p eop %%Page: 355 355 355 354 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(42.2.)72 b(PRECISION)2082 b FQ(355)730 555 y FH(M\(1,1\)=0.0)730 655 y(M\(2,2\)=0.0)730 754 y(:)730 854 y(:)730 954 y(M\(8,8\)=0.0)241 1191 y FN(LSETQ)29 b FQ(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(used)f(in)m(terc)m(hangeably)i (with)e FN(::=)h FQ(on)h(input.)241 1336 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(42.2.4)112 b(The)38 b(::=:)50 b(Op)s(erator)241 1706 y FQ(In)35 b(applications)e(in)i(whic) m(h)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)36 b(expressions)e(are)i(to)h(b)s(e)e(assigned)g (to)h(arra)m(y)241 1819 y(elemen)m(ts)e(with)e(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(subscripts,)f(the)h FN(::=:)47 b FQ(op)s(erator)34 b(can)g(b)s(e)f(used.)50 b(It)34 b(is)f(a)241 1932 y(com)m(bination)f (of)g(the)h FN(::=)g FQ(and)f FN(:=:)45 b FQ(op)s(erators)32 b(describ)s(ed)f(in)g(sections)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(42.2.2)j(and)241 2045 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(42.2.3)r(.)-257 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 162 x FN(Example)33 b(15)468 2445 y FQ(The)d(follo)m(wing)f (matrix,)h(M,)h(has)f(b)s(een)f(deriv)m(ed)h(sym)m(b)s(olically:)p eop %%Page: 356 356 356 355 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(356)142 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(42.)72 b(GENTRAN:)31 b(A)f(CODE)g(GENERA) -8 b(TION)31 b(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)891 555 y FH(\()87 b(A)131 b(0)86 b(-1)130 b(1\))891 655 y(\()654 b(\))891 754 y(\()87 b(0)131 b(B)f(0)g(0\))891 854 y(\()654 b(\))891 954 y(\()44 b(-1)130 b(0)g(C)87 b(-1\))891 1053 y(\()654 b(\))891 1153 y(\()87 b(1)131 b(0)86 b(-1)130 b(D\))891 1343 y FQ(W)-8 b(e)38 b(wish)d(to)j(generate)g(assignmen)m(t)e (statemen)m(ts)j(for)d(those)h(elemen)m(ts)891 1443 y(on)31 b(the)f(main)g(diagonal)f(of)i(the)f(matrix.)891 1615 y FH(10:)43 b(FOR)f(j)h(:=)g(1)g(:)g(4)h(DO)891 1715 y(10:)261 b(GENTRAN)891 1814 y(10:)435 b(M\(j,j\))41 b(::=:)h(M\(j,j\)$)1153 2014 y(M\(1,1\)=A)1153 2113 y(M\(2,2\)=B)1153 2213 y(M\(3,3\)=C)1153 2312 y(M\(4,4\)=D)664 2517 y FQ(The)30 b(alternativ)m(e)h(alphan)m(umeric)d(iden)m(ti\014er)h(asso)s(ciated)i (with)e FN(::=:)41 b FQ(is)29 b FN(LRSETQ)p FQ(.)664 2665 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(42.3)136 b(Explicit)46 b(T)l(yp)t(e)e(Declarations)664 3100 y FQ(T)m(yp)s(e)49 b(declarations)f(are)i(automatically)f(generated)h (eac)m(h)h(time)e(a)g(subprogram)664 3212 y(heading)34 b(is)h(generated.)56 b(T)m(yp)s(e)35 b(declarations)g(are)g (constructed)h(from)f(information)664 3325 y(stored)43 b(in)e(the)h(GENTRAN)g(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(table.)77 b(The)42 b(user)f(can)i(place)f(en)m(tries)g(in)m(to)664 3438 y(the)27 b(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(table)g(explicitly)f(through)h(calls)f(to)j (the)f(sp)s(ecial)e(GENTRAN)i(function)664 3551 y FN(DECLARE)p FQ(.)664 3714 y FN(Syn)m(tax:)961 3918 y(DECLARE)j FD(v1,v2,.)14 b(.)g(.)46 b(,vn)30 b FN(:)41 b FD(typ)-5 b(e;)891 4062 y FQ(or)941 4180 y FN(DECLARE)941 4293 y FL(<<)1554 4406 y FD(v11,v12,.)14 b(.)g(.)47 b(,v1n)31 b FN(:)41 b FD(typ)-5 b(e1;)1554 4519 y(v21,v22,.)14 b(.)g(.)47 b(,v2n)31 b FN(:)41 b FD(typ)-5 b(e2;)1554 4632 y FQ(:)1554 4745 y(:)1554 4858 y FD(vn1,vnn,.)14 b(.)g(.)46 b(,vnn)31 b FN(:)40 b FD(typ)-5 b(en;)941 4970 y FL(>>)p FD(;)p eop %%Page: 357 357 357 356 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(42.4.)72 b(EXPRESSION)29 b(SEGMENT)-8 b(A)g(TION)1218 b FQ(357)241 555 y FN(Argumen)m(ts:)468 793 y FQ(Eac)m(h)34 b FD(v1,v2,.)14 b(.)g(.)49 b(,vn)32 b FQ(is)h(a)g(list)f(of)h(one)g(or) g(more)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(\(optionally)468 906 y(subscripted)18 b(to)j(indicate)e(arra)m(y)i(dimensions\),)g(or)f(v)-5 b(ariable)19 b(ranges)i(\(t)m(w)m(o)468 1018 y(letters)29 b(separated)g(b)m(y)f(a)h(\\-"\).)42 b FD(v)p FQ('s)28 b(are)h(not)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)29 b(unless)d(giv)m(en)j(as)468 1131 y(argumen)m(ts)i(to)g FN(EV)-12 b(AL)p FQ(.)468 1282 y(Eac)m(h)24 b FD(typ)-5 b(e)24 b FQ(is)e(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)22 b(t)m(yp)s(e)i(in)d(the)j(target)g(language.)39 b(Eac)m(h)24 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)468 1395 y(an)37 b(atom,)j(optionally)35 b(preceded)i(b)m(y)f(the)h(atom)h FN(IMPLICIT)p FQ(.)e FD(typ)-5 b(e)p FQ('s)468 1507 y(are)31 b(not)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)31 b(unless)e(giv)m(en)h(as)h(argumen)m(ts)f(to)h FN(EV)-12 b(AL)p FQ(.)241 1745 y(The)32 b FN(DECLARE)g FQ(statemen)m(t)j(can)e(also)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(declare)f (subprogram)e(t)m(yp)s(es)241 1858 y(\()p FD(i.e.)87 b FN(SUBR)m(OUTINE)35 b FQ(or)f FN(FUNCTION)p FQ(\))e(for)68 b(F)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)35 b(and)f(RA)-8 b(TF)m(OR)241 1971 y(co)s(de,)31 b(and)e(function)g(t)m(yp)s(es)i(for)f(all)f(four)h (languages.)241 2125 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(42.4)135 b(Expression)46 b(Segmen)l(tation)241 2560 y FQ(Sym)m(b)s(olic)21 b(deriv)-5 b(ations)21 b(can)i(easily)f (pro)s(duce)g(form)m(ulas)g(that)i(can)f(b)s(e)f(an)m(ywhere)h(from)241 2673 y(a)31 b(few)f(lines)e(to)k(sev)m(eral)e(pages)h(in)e(length.)41 b(Suc)m(h)29 b(form)m(ulas)h(can)h(b)s(e)e(translated)i(in)m(to)241 2786 y(n)m(umerical)k(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts,)k(but)c(unless)e (they)i(are)h(brok)m(en)f(in)m(to)g(smaller)241 2898 y(pieces)45 b(they)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(to)s(o)g(long)g(for)g(a)g (compiler)f(to)i(handle.)83 b(\(The)45 b(maxim)m(um)241 3011 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)25 b(of)i(con)m(tin)m(uation)g(lines)e(for)i (one)g(statemen)m(t)i(allo)m(w)m(ed)e(b)m(y)f(most)i(F)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)241 3124 y(compilers)20 b(is)i(only)f(19.\))39 b(Therefore)22 b(GENTRAN)h(con)m(tains)f(a)h(segmen)m(tation)g(facilit) m(y)241 3237 y(whic)m(h)35 b(automatically)i FD(se)-5 b(gments)p FQ(,)40 b(or)d(breaks)g(do)m(wn)f(unreasonably)f(large)i (expres-)241 3350 y(sions.)241 3513 y(The)h(segmen)m(tation)j(facilit)m (y)d(generates)j(a)e(sequence)h(of)f(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts,)241 3626 y(eac)m(h)d(of)f(whic)m(h)f(assigns)g(a)h(sub)s(expression)d(to)k 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b(prin)m(ted)f(in)h(the)h(target)i(language)e (\(excluding)f(spaces)i(automatically)241 4642 y(prin)m(ted)h(b)m(y)h (the)g(formatter\).)75 b(The)40 b FN(GENTRANSEG)h FQ(switc)m(h)g(is)f (on)h(initially)-8 b(,)241 4755 y(and)30 b FN(MAXEXPPRINTLEN!*)g FQ(is)f(initialised)e(to)k(800.)241 4892 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 358 358 358 357 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(358)142 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(42.)72 b(GENTRAN:)31 b(A)f(CODE)g(GENERA) -8 b(TION)31 b(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)664 555 y FE(42.5)136 b(T)-11 b(emplate)46 b(Pro)t(cessing)664 808 y FQ(In)c(some)g(co)s(de)g (generation)h(applications)d(pieces)i(of)g(the)h(target)g(n)m(umerical) e(pro-)664 921 y(gram)36 b(are)f(kno)m(wn)g(in)f(adv)-5 b(ance.)57 b(A)35 b FD(template)i FQ(\014le)d(con)m(taining)h(a)h (program)f(outline)664 1034 y(is)i(supplied)e(b)m(y)i(the)h(user,)i (and)d(form)m(ulas)g(are)h(deriv)m(ed)f(in)f(REDUCE,)i(con)m(v)m(erted) 664 1147 y(to)31 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FQ(c)m(haracter)i(sequence.)664 4570 y(Inactiv)m(e)38 b(parts)g(of)g(template)g(\014les)e(are)i(assumed)f(to)h(con)m(tain)g (co)s(de)g(in)f(the)g(target)664 4683 y(language.)k(All)29 b(inactiv)m(e)i(parts)f(are)h(copied)e(to)i(the)g(output.)664 4846 y(Activ)m(e)d(parts)f(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(an)m(y)f(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)f(of)h(REDUCE)f(expressions,)h(statemen)m(ts,)664 4959 y(and)33 b(commands.)49 b(They)32 b(are)i(not)f(copied)g(directly) f(to)i(the)f(output.)49 b(Instead,)34 b(they)p eop %%Page: 359 359 359 358 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(42.5.)72 b(TEMPLA)-8 b(TE)30 b(PR)m(OCESSING)1448 b FQ(359)241 555 y(are)33 b(giv)m(en)f(to)i(REDUCE)e(for)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)32 b(in)g(algebraic)g(mo)s(de.)47 b(All)31 b(output)h(gener-)241 668 y(ated)37 b(b)m(y)g(eac)m(h)h(ev)-5 b(aluation)36 b(is)g(sen)m(t)i(to)f(the)g(output)g(\014le\(s\).)60 b(Returned)36 b(v)-5 b(alues)36 b(are)241 781 y(only)29 b(prin)m(ted)g(on)h(the)h(terminal.)241 944 y(Activ)m(e)26 b(parts)g(will)c(most)k(lik)m(ely)f(con)m(tain)g(calls)g(to)h FN(GENTRAN)g FQ(to)g(generate)h(co)s(de.)241 1057 y(This)i(means)h (that)h(the)g(result)f(of)g(pro)s(cessing)g(a)h(template)g(\014le)f (will)e(b)s(e)i(the)g(original)241 1170 y(template)h(\014le)e(with)g (all)g(activ)m(e)j(parts)e(replaced)g(b)m(y)g(generated)i(co)s(de.)241 1332 y(If)i FN(OUT)h FD(f1,f2,.)14 b(.)g(.)50 b(,fn)35 b FQ(is)f(not)h(giv)m(en,)h(generated)g(co)s(de)f(is)f(simply)e (written)i(to)h(the)241 1445 y(curren)m(t-output)30 b(\014le.)241 1608 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(if)e FN(OUT)g FD(f1,f2,.)14 b(.)g(.)46 b(,fn)31 b FQ(is)e(giv)m(en,)i(then)f(the)h(curren)m (t-output)f(\014le)f(is)h(tem-)241 1721 y(p)s(orarily)j(o)m(v)m (erridden.)55 b(Generated)36 b(co)s(de)g(is)e(written)h(to)h(eac)m(h)h (\014le)d(represen)m(ted)i(b)m(y)241 1834 y FD(f1,f2,.)14 b(.)g(.)46 b(,fn)30 b FQ(for)g(this)f(command)h(only)-8 b(.)41 b(Files)29 b(whic)m(h)g(w)m(ere)i(op)s(en)e(prior)g(to)i(the)f (call)241 1947 y(to)i FN(GENTRANIN)f 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(olynomials)d(with)i(more)g(than)h(\014nitely)e(man)m(y)891 3664 y(common)33 b(zeros.)47 b(If)32 b(the)h(ideal)e(is)h(zero)h (dimensional,)d FD(i.e.)80 b FQ(the)33 b(p)s(olynomials)891 3777 y(of)e(the)g(ideal)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(only)e(\014nitely)e(man)m(y)j (zeros)g(in)e(common,)i(the)g(result)e(is)h(an)891 3890 y(in)m(teger)37 b FL(k)i FQ(whic)m(h)34 b(is)h(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (of)h(these)g(common)g(zeros)g(\(coun)m(ted)h(with)891 4003 y(m)m(ultiplicities\).)664 4150 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 143 x FR(45.2.4)113 b(GDIMENSION,)36 b(GINDEPENDENT)p 2840 4293 34 4 v 37 w(SETS)664 4514 y FQ(The)44 b(follo)m(wing)e(op)s(erators)i(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i (compute)f(the)g(dimension)d(and)j(the)664 4627 y(indep)s(enden)m(t)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(sets)h(of)g(an)g(ideal)e(whic)m(h)h(has)h(the)g (Gr\177)-45 b(obner)31 b(basis)g FD(b)-5 b(as)32 b FQ(with)664 4740 y(arbitrary)d(term)i(order:)664 4959 y FN(Gdimension)46 b FL(bas)p eop %%Page: 379 379 379 378 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(45.2.)72 b(THE)30 b(BASIC)g(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)1480 b FQ(379)241 555 y FN(Gindep)s(enden)m(t)p 891 555 32 4 v 38 w(sets)45 b FL(bas)27 b FD(Gindep)-5 b(endent)p 1842 555 28 4 v 35 w(sets)28 b FQ(computes)f(the)h(maximal)e(left)g (in-)468 668 y(dep)s(enden)m(t)34 b(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(sets)i(of)f(the)h(ideal,)g(that)g(are)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(sets)i(whic)m(h)468 781 y(pla)m(y)30 b(the)g(role)g(of)h (free)f(parameters)h(in)e(the)h(curren)m(t)g(ideal)f(basis.)40 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(set)f(is)468 894 y(a)f(list)e(whic)m(h)h(is)f(a)i (subset)g(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(list.)38 b(The)29 b(result)e(is)h(a)h(list)e(of)i(these)468 1007 y(sets.)43 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(an)f(ideal)f(with)g(dimension)e(zero)k(the)f(list)f (is)g(empt)m(y)-8 b(.)44 b FD(GDimension)468 1120 y FQ(computes)29 b(the)g(dimension)e(of)i(the)g(ideal,)f(whic)m(h)g(is)g(the)h(maxim)m (um)f(length)g(of)468 1233 y(the)j(indep)s(enden)m(t)d(sets.)241 1378 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(45.2.5)112 b(GLEX)m(CONVER)-9 b(T:)35 b(Con)m(v)m(ersion)j(to)f(a)g(Lexical)g (Base)241 1747 y FD(GLEX)n(CONVER)-7 b(T)43 b FQ(\()q FP(f)p FL(exp;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e(expm)p FP(g)g FQ([)q FL(;)g FP(f)p FL(v)s(ar)s FQ(1)g FL(:)g(:)g(:)j(;)d(v)s(ar)s(n)p FP(g)p FQ(])478 1860 y([)p FL(;)g(M)10 b(AX)d(D)s(E)e(G)26 b FQ(=)f FL(mx)p FQ(])15 b([)q FL(;)g(N)10 b(E)5 b(W)13 b(V)20 b(AR)q(S)30 b FQ(=)25 b FP(f)p FL(nv)s FQ(1)p FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)j(;)d(nv)s(k)s FP(g)p FQ(])q(\))468 1973 y(where)34 b FP(f)p FL(exp)p FQ(1)p FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e (expm)p FP(g)35 b FQ(is)e(a)i(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)33 b(basis)g(with)g FP(f)p FL(v)s(ar)s FQ(1)p FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)j(;)d(v)s(ar)s(n)p FP(g)34 b FQ(as)468 2086 y(v)-5 b(ariables)49 b(in)g(the)h(curren)m(t)g (term)g(order)g(mo)s(de,)55 b FL(mx)50 b FQ(is)f(an)h(in)m(teger,)56 b(and)468 2199 y FP(f)p FL(nv)s FQ(1)p FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e(nv)s (k)s FP(g)42 b FQ(is)d(a)i(subset)f(of)g(the)h(basis)e(v)-5 b(ariables.)70 b(F)-8 b(or)41 b(this)e(op)s(erator)468 2312 y(the)31 b(source)f(and)g(target)i(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(sets)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(explicitly)-8 b(.)241 2574 y(GLEX)m(CONVER)g(T)23 b(con)m(v)m(erts)h(a)f(basis)e(of)i (a)g(zero-dimensional)e(ideal)g(\(\014nite)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)241 2687 y(of)j(isolated)g(solutions\))f(from)g(arbitrary)g(ordering)g(in)m (to)h(a)h(basis)e(under)f FD(lex)j FQ(ordering.)241 2800 y(During)g(the)i(call)f(of)h(GLEX)m(CONVER)-8 b(T)27 b(the)h(original)e(ordering)g(of)i(the)g(input)e(basis)241 2913 y(m)m(ust)k(b)s(e)g(still)e(activ)m(e.)241 3076 y(NEWV)-10 b(ARS)28 b(de\014nes)f(the)h(new)f(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(sequence.)40 b(If)27 b(omitted,)i(the)f(original)e(v)-5 b(ari-)241 3189 y(able)40 b(sequence)h(is)e(used.)70 b(If)40 b(only)g(a)h(subset)e(of)i(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(is)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(here,)43 b(the)241 3302 y(partial)32 b(ideal)g(basis)g(is)h(ev)-5 b(aluated.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(the)g(calculation)e(of)i(a)g(univ)-5 b(ariate)32 b(p)s(olyno-)241 3414 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b(p)s(olynomial.)38 b(If)30 b(the)241 4580 y(latter)37 b(exists,)h(the)f(algorithm)e(is)h (ev)m(en)h(applicable)e(in)g(the)i(non)f(zero-dimensional)241 4693 y(case,)31 b(if)f(suc)m(h)g(a)h(p)s(olynomial)c(exists.)372 4924 y FH(torder\({{w,p,z,)o(t,)o(s,b)o(},)o(gra)o(dl)o(ex\))p eop %%Page: 380 380 380 379 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(380)242 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(45.)72 b(GR)m(OEBNER:)31 b(A)f(GR)2555 276 y(\177)2538 299 y(OBNER)h(BASIS)f(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)795 655 y FH(g)87 b(:=)f(groebner)e({)43 b(f1)g(:=)g(45*p)f(+)h(35*s)f(-165*b)f(-36,)1056 754 y(35*p)h(+)i(40*z)d(+)j(25*t)e(-)h(27*s,)e(15*w)h(+)h(25*p*s)e(+30*z)h (-18*t)1013 854 y(-165*b**2,)d(-9*w)j(+)h(15*p*t)85 b(+)43 b(20*z*s,)1013 954 y(w*p)f(+)h(2*z*t)f(-)h(11*b**3,)d(99*w)i(-)h (11*s*b)f(+3*b**2,)1013 1053 y(b**2)g(+)h(33/50*b)e(+)i(2673/10000};) 751 1253 y(G)h(:=)e({60000*W)f(+)i(9500*B)e(+)i(3969,)926 1452 y(1800*P)e(-)i(3100*B)e(-)i(1377,)926 1651 y(18000*Z)d(+)k (24500*B)c(+)j(10287,)926 1850 y(750*T)e(-)i(1850*B)e(+)j(81,)926 2050 y(200*S)d(-)i(500*B)f(-)h(9,)1231 2149 y(2)926 2249 y(10000*B)84 b(+)43 b(6600*B)e(+)i(2673})795 2448 y(glexconvert\(g,{w)o (,p)o(,z,)o(t,)o(s,b)o(},)o(max)o(de)o(g=)o(5,n)o(ew)o(var)o(s=)o({w)o (}\);)1318 2647 y(2)839 2747 y(100000000*W)82 b(+)43 b(2780000*W)d(+)j(416421)795 2946 y(glexconvert\(g,{w)o(,p)o(,z,)o(t,)o (s,b)o(},)o(max)o(de)o(g=)o(5,n)o(ew)o(var)o(s=)o({p)o(}\);)1100 3145 y(2)839 3245 y(6000*P)84 b(-)43 b(2360*P)e(+)j(3051)664 3472 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(45.2.6)113 b(GR)m(OEBNERF:)35 b(F)-9 b(actorizing)36 b(Gr\177)-56 b(obner)38 b(Bases)664 3859 y FQ(If)31 b(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)30 b(bases)i(are)f(computed)g(in)f(order)h(to)h(solv)m(e)f(systems)h(of)f (equations)g(or)g(to)664 3972 y(\014nd)39 b(the)h(common)g(ro)s(ots)g (of)g(systems)g(of)h(p)s(olynomials,)e(the)i(factorizing)e(v)m(ersion) 664 4085 y(of)h(the)g(Buc)m(h)m(b)s(erger)g(algorithm)e(can)i(b)s(e)f (used.)68 b(The)39 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b(bases;)i(the)g(solution)e(set)h(of)h(the)f (original)e(problem)h(is)p eop %%Page: 381 381 381 380 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(45.2.)72 b(THE)30 b(BASIC)g(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)1480 b FQ(381)241 555 y(the)31 b(union)e(of)i(the)f(solutions)g(of)h(the)f (partial)g(problems,)f(ignoring)h(the)g(m)m(ultiplicit)m(y)241 668 y(of)43 b(an)f(individual)d(solution.)76 b(If)43 b(a)g(branc)m(h)f(results)g(in)f(a)j(basis)d FP(f)p FQ(1)p FP(g)p FQ(,)48 b(then)42 b(there)241 781 y(is)h(no)i(common)g(zero,)k FD(i.e.)c FQ(no)g(additional)d(solution)i(for)g(the)h(original)e (problem,)241 894 y(con)m(tributed)29 b(b)m(y)i(this)e(branc)m(h.)241 1184 y FN(GR)m(OEBNERF)35 b(Call)241 1405 y FQ(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(GR)m(OEBNERF)h(is)f(the)g(same)h(as)g(for)f(GR)m (OEBNER.)559 1610 y FD(GR)n(OEBNERF)p FQ(\()p FP(f)p FL(exp)p FQ(1)p FL(;)15 b(exp)p FQ(2)p FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)k(;)c(expm)p FP(g)p FQ([)p FL(;)g FP(fg)p FL(;)g FP(f)p FL(nz)t FQ(1)p FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)20 b(nz)t(k)s FP(g)p 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b(If)21 b(an)m(y)h(of)g(these)g(is)f (found)g(in)f(a)j(branc)m(h)e(of)h(the)g(calculation)f(the)h(branc)m(h) 241 4095 y(is)34 b(cancelled.)55 b(This)34 b(can)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)j (sa)m(v)m(e)f(a)g(substan)m(tial)e(amoun)m(t)i(of)f(computing)241 4208 y(time.)43 b(The)31 b(second)g(parameter)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g (included)d(as)k(an)f(empt)m(y)h(list)e(if)g(the)h(third)241 4321 y(parameter)g(is)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(used.)372 4552 y FH(torder\({x,y},le)o(x\))o($)372 4651 y(groebnerf)39 b({)44 b(3*x**2*y)c(+)j(2*x*y)f(+)h(y)g(+)g(9*x**2)e(+)i(5*x)g(=)g(3,) 895 4751 y(2*x**3*y)d(-)j(x*y)f(-)i(y)f(+)g(6*x**3)e(-)i(2*x**2)e(-)i (3*x)g(=)g(-3,)938 4851 y(x**3*y)e(+)i(x**2*y)f(+)h(3*x**3)e(+)i (2*x**2)e(};)p eop %%Page: 382 382 382 381 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(382)242 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(45.)72 b(GR)m(OEBNER:)31 b(A)f(GR)2555 276 y(\177)2538 299 y(OBNER)h(BASIS)f(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)969 655 y FH({{Y)43 b(-)g(3,X},)1623 854 y(2)839 954 y({2*Y)e(+)j(2*X)e(-)h(1,2*X)85 b(-)43 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b(the)j(basic)e(arithmetic)h(for)g(p)s(olynomial)e(ideals)h(b)m(y)h (ex-)241 3168 y(ploiting)22 b(the)i(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)24 b(bases)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)27 b(of)d(REDUCE.)g(In)g(order)g(to)h(sa)m (v)m(e)g(computing)241 3281 y(time)d(all)g(in)m(termediate)h(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)22 b(bases)h(are)h(stored)f(in)m(ternally)e(suc)m(h)i(that)g (time)g(con-)241 3394 y(suming)28 b(rep)s(etitions)h(are)i(inhibited.) 37 b(A)31 b(uniform)d(setting)i(facilitates)g(the)h(access.)241 3541 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(46.1)135 b(Initialization)241 3962 y FQ(Prior)31 b(to)h(an)m(y)h(computation)f (the)g(set)h(of)f(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(has)h(to)h(b)s(e)e(declared)h(b) m(y)g(calling)241 4061 y(the)k(op)s(erator)h FL(I)p 829 4061 28 4 v 40 w(setting)i FQ(.)59 b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example)f(in)f (order)h(to)h(initiate)e(computations)h(in)241 4161 y(the)30 b(p)s(olynomial)e(ring)h FL(Q)p FQ([)p FL(x;)15 b(y)s(;)g(z)t FQ(])32 b(call)415 4367 y FH(I_setting\(x,y,z\))o(;)241 4586 y FQ(A)f(subsequen)m(t)f(call)g(to)i FL(I)p 1138 4586 V 40 w(setting)h FQ(allo)m(ws)e(one)g(to)h(select)f(another)g(set) h(of)f(v)-5 b(ariables;)241 4699 y(at)39 b(the)f(same)h(time)e(the)i (in)m(ternal)e(data)i(structures)e(are)i(cleared)f(in)f(order)g(to)i (free)241 4812 y(memory)30 b(resources.)241 4959 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 1667 5187 a(385)p eop %%Page: 386 386 386 385 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(386)p FM(CHAPTER)21 b(46.)58 b(IDEALS:)21 b(ARITHMETIC)e(F)m(OR)i (POL)-8 b(YNOMIAL)20 b(IDEALS)664 555 y FE(46.2)136 b(Bases)664 795 y FQ(An)45 b(ideal)e(is)h(represen)m(ted)h(b)m(y)g(a)g(basis)f (\(set)i(of)f(p)s(olynomials\))e(tagged)j(with)e(the)664 894 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)29 b FL(I)7 b FQ(,)31 b FD(e.g.)795 1100 y FH(u)43 b(:=)g(I\(x*z-y**2,)c(x**3-y*z\);)664 1319 y FQ(Alternativ)m(ely)44 b(a)g(list)f(of)h(p)s(olynomials)d(can)j (b)s(e)g(used)f(as)h(input)e(basis;)50 b(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)664 1432 y(all)40 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b(the)h(op)s(erator)g FL(nc)p FQ(!)p FP(\003)f FQ(k)m(eeps)h(the)g(noncom)f(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(.)801 4263 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(The)20 b(commands)g FN(order)h FQ(and)e FN(k)m(order)i FQ(should)e(b)s(e)g(a)m(v)m(oided)i(b)s(ecause) f FN(nc)p 3405 4263 V 38 w(setup)891 4376 y FQ(sets)28 b(these)g(suc)m(h)g(that)g(the)g(computation)f(results)g(are)h(prin)m (ted)e(in)g(the)i(correct)891 4489 y(term)j(order.)664 4713 y(Example:)795 4919 y FH(nc_setup\({KK,NN,)o(k,)o(n},)p eop %%Page: 427 427 427 426 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(56.2.)72 b(LEFT)30 b(AND)h(RIGHT)g(IDEALS)1409 b FQ(427)851 555 y FH({NN*n-n*NN=)39 b(NN,)j(KK*k-k*KK=)e(KK}\);)372 754 y(NN*N;)520 b(->)130 b(NN*N)372 854 y(N*NN;)520 b(->)130 b(NN*N)42 b(-)i(NN)372 954 y(nc_setup\({k,n,K)o(K,)o(NN})o(\);)372 1053 y(NN*N)d(-)j(NN)347 b(->)130 b(N*NN;)241 1372 y FQ(Here)30 b FL(K)7 b(K)q(;)15 b(N)10 b(N)5 b(;)15 b(k)s(;)g(n)30 b FQ(are)g(non{comm)m(utativ)m(e)h(v)-5 b(ariables)28 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FP(\000)p FQ(12)2419 4087 y FB(1)2419 4233 y(C)2419 4286 y(A)2507 4280 y FL(;)2547 4087 y FB(0)2548 4233 y(B)2548 4286 y(@)2697 4167 y FQ(1)119 b FP(\000)p FQ(24)g(30)2662 4280 y FP(\000)p FQ(1)f(25)i FP(\000)p FQ(30)2697 4393 y(0)142 b FP(\000)p FQ(1)164 b(1)3309 4087 y FB(1)3309 4233 y(C)3309 4286 y(A)3381 4083 y(9)3381 4158 y(>)3381 4183 y(=)3381 4332 y(>)3381 4357 y(;)664 4565 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 141 x FE(57.3)136 b(F)-11 b(rob)t(enius)664 4959 y FJ(Frobenius)p FQ(\()p FP(A)p FQ(\))28 b(computes)j(the)f(F)-8 b(rob)s(enius)29 b(normal)g(form)h FP(F)40 b FQ(of)31 b(the)f(matrix)g FP(A)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 433 433 433 432 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(57.4.)72 b(RA)-8 b(TJORD)m(AN)2015 b FQ(433)241 555 y(It)30 b(returns)f FP(fF)9 b FL(;)15 b FP(P)7 b FL(;)15 b FP(P)992 522 y Fu(\000)p FO(1)1090 555 y FP(g)31 b FQ(where)e FP(F)9 b FL(;)15 b FP(P)7 b FQ(,)32 b(and)e FP(P)1916 522 y Fu(\000)p FO(1)2042 555 y FQ(are)g(suc)m(h)g(that)h FP(P)7 b(F)i(P)2811 519 y Fu(\000)p FO(1)2931 555 y FQ(=)25 b FP(A)p FQ(.)241 718 y FP(A)30 b FQ(is)f(a)i(square)f(matrix.)241 881 y FJ(load)p 439 881 29 4 v 33 w(package)46 b(normform;)1020 1222 y FP(A)25 b FQ(=)1214 1054 y FB(0)1214 1203 y(@)1385 1115 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)1480 1091 y Fy(2)1514 1115 y FO(+)p FF(y)1606 1091 y Fy(2)1641 1115 y FO(+)p FF(y)p 1385 1134 349 4 v 1541 1187 a(y)1884 1115 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)1979 1091 y Fy(2)2013 1115 y FO(+)p FF(x)p FO(+)p FF(y)2200 1091 y Fy(2)2234 1115 y Fu(\000)p FF(y)p 1884 1134 443 4 v 2086 1187 a(y)1338 1255 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)1433 1232 y Fy(2)1467 1255 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)p FO(+)p FF(y)1654 1232 y Fy(2)1688 1255 y FO(+)p FF(y)p 1338 1275 V 1541 1327 a(y)1884 1255 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)1979 1232 y Fy(2)2013 1255 y FO(+)p FF(x)p FO(+)p FF(y)2200 1232 y Fy(2)2234 1255 y Fu(\000)p FF(y)p 1884 1275 V 2086 1327 a(y)2378 1054 y FB(1)2378 1203 y(A)241 1567 y FJ(frobenius)p FQ(\()p FP(A)p FQ(\))j(=)374 1795 y FB(8)374 1870 y(<)374 2020 y(:)447 1799 y(0)447 1948 y(@)561 1902 y FQ(0)700 1858 y FF(x)p Fu(\003)p FO(\()p FF(x)842 1835 y Fy(2)877 1858 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)p Fu(\000)p FF(y)1064 1835 y Fy(2)1098 1858 y FO(+)p FF(y)r FO(\))p 700 1881 518 4 v 940 1934 a FF(y)561 2043 y FQ(1)713 2002 y Fu(\000)p FO(2)p Fu(\003)p FF(x)878 1979 y Fy(2)913 2002 y FO(+)p FF(x)p FO(+2)p Fu(\003)p FF(y)1170 1979 y Fy(2)p 713 2022 492 4 v 940 2074 a FF(y)1269 1799 y FB(1)1269 1948 y(A)1357 1968 y FL(;)1397 1799 y FB(0)1397 1948 y(@)1511 1901 y FQ(1)1697 1860 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)1792 1837 y Fy(2)1826 1860 y FO(+)p FF(y)1918 1837 y Fy(2)1953 1860 y FO(+)p FF(y)p 1697 1880 349 4 v 1853 1932 a(y)1511 2041 y FQ(0)1650 2000 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)1745 1977 y Fy(2)1779 2000 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)p FO(+)p FF(y)1966 1977 y Fy(2)2000 2000 y FO(+)p FF(y)p 1650 2020 443 4 v 1853 2072 a(y)2144 1799 y FB(1)2144 1948 y(A)2232 1968 y FL(;)2272 1824 y FB( )2380 1906 y FQ(1)2538 1866 y Fu(\000)p FF(x)2633 1842 y Fy(2)2667 1866 y FO(+)p FF(y)2759 1842 y Fy(2)2794 1866 y FO(+)p FF(y)p 2518 1885 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b(computes)30 b(the)g(Jordan)f(normal)g(form)h FP(J)16 b FQ(of)30 b(the)g(matrix)g FP(A)p FQ(.)p eop %%Page: 434 434 434 433 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(434)375 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(57.)72 b(NORMF)m(ORM:)31 b(MA)-8 b(TRIX)31 b(NORMAL)g(F)m(ORMS)664 555 y FQ(It)c(returns)e FP(fJ)17 b FL(;)e FP(L)p FL(;)g FP(P)7 b FL(;)15 b FP(P)1516 522 y Fu(\000)p FO(1)1613 555 y FP(g)p FQ(,)28 b(where)e FP(J)17 b FL(;)e FP(P)7 b FQ(,)28 b(and)e FP(P)2455 522 y Fu(\000)p FO(1)2577 555 y FQ(are)h(suc)m(h)f(that)i FP(P)7 b(J)17 b(P)3340 519 y Fu(\000)p FO(1)3459 555 y FQ(=)25 b FP(A)p FQ(.)664 668 y FP(L)k FQ(=)f FP(f)h FD(l)5 b(l)p FQ(,)29 b FL(\030)k FP(g)p FQ(,)c(where)g FL(\030)j FQ(is)c(a)h(name)g(and)f FD(l)5 b(l)29 b FQ(is)f(a)h(list)e (of)i(irreducible)c(factors)30 b(of)f FD(p)6 b FQ(\()p FL(\030)t FQ(\).)664 831 y FP(A)30 b FQ(is)f(a)i(square)f(matrix.)664 994 y FJ(load)p 862 994 29 4 v 33 w(package)46 b(normform;)1845 1388 y FP(A)25 b FQ(=)2039 1244 y FB( )2167 1331 y FQ(1)105 b FL(y)2146 1444 y(y)2194 1411 y FO(2)2318 1444 y FQ(3)2406 1244 y FB(!)664 1692 y FJ(jordansymbolic)p FQ(\()p FP(A)p FQ(\))27 b(=)1039 1946 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 1205 1802 a FB(\( )1380 1890 y FL(\030)1420 1904 y FO(11)1612 1890 y FQ(0)1414 2003 y(0)118 b FL(\030)1617 2017 y FO(12)1733 1802 y FB(!)1814 1946 y FL(;)1854 1852 y FB(n)q(n)1965 1946 y FP(\000)p FL(y)2084 1909 y FO(3)2143 1946 y FQ(+)20 b FL(\030)2278 1909 y FO(2)2338 1946 y FP(\000)g FQ(4)g FP(\003)h FL(\030)j FQ(+)c(3)2760 1852 y FB(o)2831 1946 y FL(;)15 b(\030)2915 1852 y FB(o)2986 1946 y FL(;)1275 2109 y FB( )1383 2197 y FL(\030)1423 2211 y FO(11)1517 2197 y FP(\000)20 b FQ(3)84 b FL(\030)1777 2211 y FO(12)1871 2197 y FP(\000)20 b FQ(3)1475 2310 y FL(y)1523 2277 y FO(2)1829 2310 y FL(y)1877 2277 y FO(2)2049 2109 y FB(!)2130 2253 y FL(;)2170 2085 y FB(0)2171 2234 y(@)2345 2140 y FF(\030)2376 2149 y Fy(11)2441 2140 y Fu(\000)p FO(2)p 2295 2160 288 4 v 2295 2214 a(2)p Fu(\003)p FO(\()p FF(y)2429 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FL(v)s(al)1595 4973 y FO(1)1635 4959 y FQ(][)p FL(;)15 b(accur)s(acy)30 b FQ(=)25 b FL(a)p FQ(][)p FL(;)15 b(iter)s(ations)25 b FQ(=)g FL(i)p FQ(]\))p eop %%Page: 440 440 440 439 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(440)121 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(58.)72 b(NUMERIC:)30 b(SOL)-10 b(VING)30 b(NUMERICAL)g(PR)m(OBLEMS)891 555 y FQ(or)664 743 y FN(NUM)p 931 743 32 4 v 38 w(SOL)-12 b(VE)45 b FQ(\()p FP(f)p FL(exp)1564 757 y FO(1)1605 743 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(;)f(exp)1946 757 y FF(n)1994 743 y FP(g)p FL(;)g(v)s(ar)2215 757 y FO(1)2255 743 y FQ([=)26 b FL(v)s(al)2499 757 y FO(1)2538 743 y FQ(])p FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e(v)s(ar)2901 757 y FO(1)2942 743 y FQ([=)25 b FL(v)s(al)3185 757 y FF(n)3232 743 y FQ(])988 930 y([)p FL(;)15 b(accur)s(acy)30 b FQ(=)25 b FL(a)p FQ(][)p FL(;)15 b(iter)s(ations)26 b FQ(=)e FL(i)p FQ(]\))891 1081 y(or)664 1268 y FN(NUM)p 931 1268 V 38 w(SOL)-12 b(VE)45 b FQ(\()p FP(f)p FL(exp)1564 1282 y FO(1)1605 1268 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(;)f(exp)1946 1282 y FF(n)1994 1268 y FP(g)p FL(;)g FP(f)p FL(v)s(ar)2260 1282 y FO(1)2301 1268 y FQ([=)25 b FL(v)s(al)2544 1282 y FO(1)2584 1268 y FQ(])p FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e(v)s(ar)2947 1282 y FO(1)2987 1268 y FQ([=)25 b FL(v)s(al)3230 1282 y FF(n)3278 1268 y FQ(])p FP(g)988 1456 y FQ([)p FL(;)15 b(accur)s(acy)30 b FQ(=)25 b FL(a)p FQ(][)p FL(;)15 b(iter)s(ations)26 b FQ(=)e FL(i)p FQ(]\))891 1606 y(where)30 b FL(exp)1294 1620 y FO(1)1334 1606 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(;)f(exp)1675 1620 y FF(n)1753 1606 y FQ(are)31 b(function)e(expressions,)891 1757 y FL(v)s(ar)1027 1771 y FO(1)1067 1757 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e(v)s(ar)1405 1771 y FF(n)1483 1757 y FQ(are)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariables,)891 1907 y FL(v)s(al)1013 1921 y FO(1)1053 1907 y FL(;)15 b(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e(v)s(al)1377 1921 y FF(n)1455 1907 y FQ(are)31 b(optional)e(start)i(v)-5 b(alues.)891 2057 y(NUM)p 1115 2057 28 4 v 34 w(SOL)-10 b(VE)25 b(tries)g(to)i(\014nd)d(a)j(zero/solution)f(of)g(the)g (expression\(s\).)39 b(Result)891 2170 y(is)21 b(a)h(list)e(of)i (equations,)i(where)d(the)h(v)-5 b(ariables)20 b(are)i(equated)g(to)g (the)g(co)s(ordinates)891 2283 y(of)31 b(the)g(result)e(p)s(oin)m(t.) 891 2433 y(The)36 b(Jacobian)f(matrix)g(is)f(stored)i(as)g(a)g(side)e (e\013ect)j(in)e(the)g(shared)g(v)-5 b(ariable)891 2546 y(JA)m(COBIAN.)664 2808 y(Example:)839 3039 y FH(num_solve\({sin)37 b(x=cos)42 b(y,)h(x)g(+)g(y)g(=)g(1},{x=1,y=2}\);)839 3238 y({X=)f(-)h(1.8561957251,Y=2)o(.85)o(61)o(955)o(84)o(})839 3438 y(jacobian;)839 3637 y([COS\(X\))84 b(SIN\(Y\)])839 3737 y([)609 b(])839 3836 y([)86 b(1)305 b(1)130 b(])664 3980 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 192 x FE(58.4)136 b(In)l(tegrals)664 4425 y FQ(Numerical)29 b(in)m(tegration)h(uses)g(a)g (p)s(oly)m(algorithm,)f(explained)f(in)h(the)h(full)e(do)s(cumen-)664 4538 y(tation.)664 4800 y FN(NUM)p 931 4800 32 4 v 38 w(INT)45 b FQ(\()p FL(exp;)15 b(v)s(ar)1554 4814 y FO(1)1620 4800 y FQ(=)25 b(\()p FL(l)1778 4814 y FO(1)1818 4800 y FL(::u)1920 4814 y FO(1)1960 4800 y FQ(\)[)p FL(;)15 b(v)s(ar)2196 4814 y FO(2)2262 4800 y FQ(=)25 b(\()p FL(l)2420 4814 y FO(2)2460 4800 y FL(::u)2562 4814 y FO(2)2602 4800 y FQ(\))15 b FL(:)g(:)g(:)q FQ(])p eop %%Page: 441 441 441 440 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(58.5.)72 b(ORDINAR)-8 b(Y)31 b(DIFFERENTIAL)g(EQUA)-8 b(TIONS)777 b FQ(441)495 555 y([)p FL(;)15 b(accur)s(acy)30 b FQ(=)25 b FL(a)p FQ(][)p FL(;)15 b(iter)s(ations)25 b FQ(=)g FL(i)p FQ(]\))468 705 y(where)30 b FL(exp)g FQ(is)g(the)g(function)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(in)m(tegrated,)468 856 y FL(v)s(ar)604 870 y FO(1)644 856 y FL(;)15 b(v)s(ar)820 870 y FO(2)860 856 y FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)32 b FQ(are)f(the)f(in)m (tegration)h(v)-5 b(ariables,)468 1006 y FL(l)495 1020 y FO(1)535 1006 y FL(;)15 b(l)602 1020 y FO(2)642 1006 y FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b FQ(are)g(the)g(lo)m(w)m(er)f(b)s(ounds,)468 1156 y FL(u)520 1170 y FO(1)560 1156 y FL(;)15 b(u)652 1170 y FO(2)691 1156 y FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)32 b FQ(are)f(the)f(upp)s(er)f (b)s(ounds.)468 1307 y(Result)h(is)f(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)i(the)g(in)m(tegral.)241 1569 y(Example:)415 1800 y FH(num_int\(sin)39 b(x,x=\(0)i(..)i(pi\)\);)415 1999 y(2.0000010334)241 2136 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(58.5)135 b(Ordinary)45 b(Di\013eren)l(tial)j(Equations)241 2588 y FQ(A)29 b(Runge-Kutta)g(metho)s(d)f(of)h(order)f(3)h(\014nds)e (an)i(appro)m(ximate)g(graph)f(for)g(the)h(solu-)241 2701 y(tion)h(of)g(a)h(ordinary)e(di\013eren)m(tial)f(equation)j(real)f (initial)d(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(problem.)241 2864 y(Syn)m(tax:)241 3101 y FN(NUM)p 508 3101 32 4 v 38 w(ODESOL)-12 b(VE)44 b FQ(\()p FL(exp)p FQ(,)p FL(depv)s(ar)30 b FQ(=)24 b FL(dv)s FQ(,)p FL(indepv)s(ar)s FQ(=\()p FL(f)10 b(r)s(om::to)p FQ(\))468 3251 y([)p FL(;)15 b(accur)s(acy)29 b FQ(=)c FL(a)p FQ(][)p FL(;)15 b(iter)s(ations)26 b FQ(=)f FL(i)p FQ(]\))468 3402 y(where)468 3552 y FL(exp)30 b FQ(is)g(the)g (di\013eren)m(tial)f(expression/equation,)468 3702 y FL(depv)s(ar)39 b FQ(is)d(an)f(iden)m(ti\014er)g(represen)m(ting)g(the) h(dep)s(enden)m(t)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(\(function)468 3815 y(to)d(b)s(e)f(found\),)468 3965 y FL(indepv)s(ar)k FQ(is)29 b(an)h(iden)m(ti\014er)f(represen)m(ting)g(the)i(indep)s (enden)m(t)d(v)-5 b(ariable,)468 4116 y FL(exp)28 b FQ(is)g(an)g (equation)h(\(or)g(an)f(expression)f(implicitly)e(set)k(to)g(zero\))h (whic)m(h)d(con-)468 4228 y(tains)j(the)g(\014rst)g(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)30 b(of)g FL(depv)s(ar)k FQ(wrt)c FL(indepv)s(ar)s FQ(,)468 4379 y FL(f)10 b(r)s(om)29 b FQ(is)g(the)i(starting)f(p)s(oin) m(t)g(of)g(in)m(tegration,)468 4529 y FL(to)g FQ(is)g(the)g(endp)s(oin) m(t)f(of)i(in)m(tegration)f(\(allo)m(w)m(ed)g(to)i(b)s(e)d(b)s(elo)m(w) h FL(f)10 b(r)s(om)p FQ(\),)468 4679 y FL(dv)34 b FQ(is)29 b(the)i(initial)d(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)i FL(depv)s(ar)j FQ(in)29 b(the)h(p)s(oin)m(t)g FL(indepv)s(ar)e FQ(=)d FL(f)10 b(r)s(om)p FQ(.)468 4830 y(The)24 b(ODE)g FL(exp)g FQ(is)g(con)m(v)m(erted)h(in)m(to)g(an)f(explicit)f(form,)i(whic)m(h)e (then)h(is)f(used)h(for)468 4942 y(a)29 b(Runge-Kutta)g(iteration)f(o)m (v)m(er)i(the)f(giv)m(en)g(range.)40 b(The)29 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i (steps)f(is)p eop %%Page: 442 442 442 441 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(442)121 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(58.)72 b(NUMERIC:)30 b(SOL)-10 b(VING)30 b(NUMERICAL)g(PR)m(OBLEMS)891 555 y FQ(con)m(trolled)c(b)m(y) h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g FL(i)h FQ(\(default:)38 b(20\).)j(If)25 b(the)i(steps)f(are)h(to)s(o)g(coarse)g(to)891 668 y(reac)m(h)h(the)f(desired)e(accuracy)j(in)d(the)i(neigh)m(b)s (ourho)s(o)s(d)d(of)j(the)g(starting)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)891 781 y(the)k(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(is)g(increased)h(automatically)-8 b(.)891 931 y(Result)32 b(is)f(a)h(list)f(of)h(pairs,)f(eac)m(h)i (represen)m(ting)e(a)i(p)s(oin)m(t)e(of)h(the)g(appro)m(ximate)891 1044 y(solution)d(of)i(the)f(ODE)h(problem.)664 1282 y(Example:)839 1612 y FH(num_odesolve\(df)o(\(y)o(,x\))o(=y)o(,y=)o(1,) o(x=\()o(0)37 b(..)43 b(1\),)f(iterations=5\);)708 1811 y({{0.0,1.0},{0.2,)o(1.)o(22)o(14})o(,{)o(0.4)o(,1)o(.49)o(18)o(17)o (96})o(,{)o(0.6)o(,1)o(.8)o(221)o(06)o(456)o(3})o(,)751 2011 y({0.8,2.2255208258)o(},)o({1.)o(0,)o(2.7)o(18)o(251)o(13)o(66)o (}})664 2247 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(58.6)136 b(Bounds)44 b(of)h(a)g(F)-11 b(unction)664 2699 y FQ(Upp)s(er)27 b(and)g(lo)m(w)m(er)h(b)s(ounds)d(of)j(a)h(real)e (v)-5 b(alued)27 b(function)f(o)m(v)m(er)j(an)f(in)m(terv)-5 b(al)27 b(or)h(a)g(rect-)664 2812 y(angular)36 b(m)m(ultiv)-5 b(ariate)35 b(domain)g(are)h(computed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(op)s(erator)f FJ(BOUNDS)p FQ(.)f(Some)664 2925 y(kno)m(wledge)40 b(ab)s(out)g(the)g (b)s(eha)m(viour)e(of)i(sp)s(ecial)f(functions)f(lik)m(e)h(ABS,)h(SIN,) g(COS,)664 3038 y(EXP)-8 b(,)32 b(LOG,)g(fractional)f(exp)s(onen)m (tials)g(etc.)46 b(is)30 b(in)m(tegrated)j(and)e(can)h(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)664 3151 y(if)36 b(the)h(op)s(erator)g(BOUNDS)g(is)f(called)g (with)f(rounded)g(mo)s(de)i(on)f(\(otherwise)h(only)664 3264 y(algebraic)30 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)30 b(rules)f(are)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable\).)664 3426 y(If)28 b(BOUNDS)g(\014nds)e(a)i(singularit)m(y)e (within)g(an)h(in)m(terv)-5 b(al,)28 b(the)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)28 b(is)f(stopp)s(ed)664 3539 y(with)i(an)i(error)e(message)j(indicating)c (the)j(problem)e(part)h(of)g(the)h(expression.)p eop %%Page: 443 443 443 442 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(58.7.)72 b(CHEBYSHEV)31 b(CUR)-10 b(VE)30 b(FITTING)1240 b FQ(443)241 555 y(Syn)m(tax:)241 818 y FN(BOUNDS)46 b FQ(\()p FL(exp;)15 b(v)s(ar)1091 832 y FO(1)1156 818 y FQ(=)25 b(\()p FL(l)1314 832 y FO(1)1354 818 y FL(::u)1456 832 y FO(1)1496 818 y FQ(\)[)p FL(;)15 b(v)s(ar)1732 832 y FO(2)1798 818 y FQ(=)25 b(\()p FL(l)1956 832 y FO(2)1996 818 y FL(::u)2098 832 y FO(2)2138 818 y FQ(\))15 b FL(:)g(:)g(:)r FQ(]\))241 1005 y FD(BOUNDS)44 b FQ(\()p FL(exp;)15 b FP(f)p FL(v)s(ar)1071 1019 y FO(1)1137 1005 y FQ(=)25 b(\()p FL(l)1295 1019 y FO(1)1335 1005 y FL(::u)1437 1019 y FO(1)1477 1005 y FQ(\)[)p FL(;)15 b(v)s(ar)1713 1019 y FO(2)1779 1005 y FQ(=)25 b(\()p FL(l)1937 1019 y FO(2)1977 1005 y FL(::u)2079 1019 y FO(2)2119 1005 y FQ(\))15 b FL(:)g(:)g(:)q FQ(])p FP(g)p FQ(\))468 1155 y(where)30 b FL(exp)g FQ(is)g(the)g(function)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(in)m(v)m (estigated,)468 1306 y FL(v)s(ar)604 1320 y FO(1)644 1306 y FL(;)15 b(v)s(ar)820 1320 y FO(2)860 1306 y FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)32 b FQ(are)f(the)f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(of)i(exp,)468 1456 y FL(l)495 1470 y FO(1)535 1456 y FL(;)15 b(l)602 1470 y FO(2)642 1456 y FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b FQ(and)f FL(u)1047 1470 y FO(1)1087 1456 y FL(;)15 b(u)1179 1470 y FO(2)1218 1456 y FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)32 b FQ(sp)s(ecify)d(the)i(area)g(\(in)m(terv) -5 b(als\).)468 1606 y FJ(BOUNDS)37 b FQ(computes)i(upp)s(er)e(and)h (lo)m(w)m(er)h(b)s(ounds)d(for)j(the)f(expression)g(in)f(the)468 1719 y(giv)m(en)30 b(area.)42 b(An)30 b(in)m(terv)-5 b(al)30 b(is)f(returned.)241 1982 y(Example:)415 2312 y FH(bounds\(sin)40 b(x,x=\(1)h(..)h(2\)\);)415 2511 y({-1,1})415 2710 y(on)h(rounded;)415 2810 y(bounds\(sin)d(x,x=\(1)h (..)h(2\)\);)415 3009 y(0.84147098481)c(..)43 b(1)415 3209 y(bounds\(x**2+x,x=)o(\(-0)o(.5)37 b(..)43 b(0.5\)\);)459 3408 y(-)g(0.25)f(..)h(0.75)241 3644 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 200 x FE(58.7)135 b(Cheb)l(yshev)46 b(Curv)l(e)f(Fitting)241 4096 y FQ(The)28 b(op)s(erator)h(family)f FL(C)7 b(heby)s(shev)p 1511 4096 28 4 v 51 w(:)15 b(:)g(:)30 b FQ(implemen)m(ts)d(appro)m(ximation)h(and)g(ev)-5 b(alua-)241 4209 y(tion)30 b(of)g(functions)f(b)m(y)h(the)h(Cheb)m(yshev)e(metho)s (d.)241 4372 y(The)39 b(op)s(erator)h FJ(Chebyshev)p 1251 4372 29 4 v 32 w(fit)e FQ(computes)i(this)e(appro)m(ximation)h (and)g(returns)f(a)241 4485 y(list,)f(whic)m(h)e(has)h(as)h(\014rst)f (elemen)m(t)h(the)g(sum)f(expressed)g(as)g(a)h(p)s(olynomial)d(and)i (as)241 4598 y(second)22 b(elemen)m(t)i(the)e(sequence)i(of)e(Cheb)m (yshev)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)i FL(c)2410 4612 y FF(i)2438 4598 y FQ(.)38 b FJ(Chebyshev)p 2939 4598 V 32 w(df)22 b FQ(and)241 4711 y FJ(Chebyshev)p 679 4711 V 32 w(int)36 b FQ(transform)g(a)i(Cheb)m(yshev)e(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)i(list)d(in)m (to)j(the)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)241 4824 y(of)k(the)g(corresp)s(onding) e(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)40 b(or)h(in)m(tegral)g(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)72 b(F)-8 b(or)42 b(ev)-5 b(aluating)40 b(a)241 4937 y(Cheb)m(yshev)25 b(appro)m(ximation)g(at)i(a)f(giv)m(en)g(p)s(oin)m(t) f(in)f(the)j(basic)e(in)m(terv)-5 b(al)25 b(the)h(op)s(erator)p eop %%Page: 444 444 444 443 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(444)121 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(58.)72 b(NUMERIC:)30 b(SOL)-10 b(VING)30 b(NUMERICAL)g(PR)m(OBLEMS)664 555 y FJ(Chebyshev)p 1102 555 29 4 v 32 w(eval)42 b FQ(can)h(b)s(e)g(used.)78 b(Note)44 b(that)g FJ(Chebyshev)p 2839 555 V 32 w(eval)e FQ(is)g(based)h(on)g(a)664 668 y(recurrence)30 b(relation)g(whic)m(h)f 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y(M\(F\(A\),F\(A\)\);)664 3564 y(T)664 3763 y(M\(F\(A,B\),F\(A,?A\)\))o (;)664 3962 y({?A->B})664 4162 y(M\(F\(A,B\),F\(??A\)\);)664 4361 y({??A->[A,B]})664 4560 y(m\(a+b+c,c+?a+?b\);)664 4759 y({?a->a,?b->b})664 4959 y(m\(a+b+c,b+?a\);)p eop %%Page: 471 471 471 470 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(62.2.)72 b(QUALIFIED)31 b(MA)-8 b(TCHING)1529 b FQ(471)241 655 y FH({?a->a)41 b(+)i(c})241 896 y FQ(This)23 b(example)h(sho)m(ws)g (the)h(e\013ects)h(of)f(seman)m(tic)g(matc)m(hing,)i(using)c(the)i (asso)s(ciativit)m(y)241 1009 y(and)30 b(comm)m(utativit)m(y)h(of)f FJ(+)p FQ(.)241 1160 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(62.2)135 b(Quali\014ed)46 b(Matc)l(hing)241 1595 y FQ(A)39 b(template)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(quali\014ed)e(b)m(y)j(the) f(use)h(of)f(the)h(conditional)e(op)s(erator)p 3058 1595 29 4 v 74 w FJ(=',)241 1708 y FQ(standing)e(for)i FN(suc)m(h)44 b(that)p FQ(.)62 b(When)37 b(a)h(suc)m(h-that)h(condition)d(is)h (encoun)m(tered)h(in)e(a)241 1820 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y(sym)m(b)s(olic)21 b(algorithms)g(on)i(\014rst-order)f(form)m(ulas)f(wrt.)i(temp)s (orarily)d(\014xed)i(\014rst-order)241 3344 y(languages)30 b(and)g(theories.)241 3489 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(67.1.1)112 b(Con)m(texts)241 3859 y FQ(REDLOG)26 b(is)e(designed)h(for)g(w)m(orking)h(with)e(sev)m(eral)i (languages)g(and)f(theories)h(in)e(the)241 3972 y(sense)30 b(of)g(\014rst-order)g(logic.)40 b(Both)31 b(a)f(language)h(and)f(a)g (theory)h(mak)m(e)g(up)e(a)h(con)m(text.)241 4084 y(There)g(are)g(the)h (follo)m(wing)e(con)m(texts)j(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable:)241 4320 y FN(OFSF)44 b Fq(OF)26 b FQ(stands)g(for)g FD(or)-5 b(der)g(e)g(d)31 b(\014elds)p FQ(,)d(whic)m(h)d(is)g(a)h(little)f (imprecise.)38 b(The)26 b(quan)m(ti-)468 4433 y(\014er)d(elimination)e (actually)i(requires)f(the)h(more)h(restricted)f(class)g(of)h FD(r)-5 b(e)g(al)27 b(close)-5 b(d)468 4546 y(\014elds)p FQ(,)36 b(while)31 b(most)j(of)g(the)g(to)s(ol-lik)m(e)f(algorithms)g (are)h(generally)f(correct)i(for)468 4659 y(ordered)i(\014elds.)59 b(One)37 b(usually)e(has)i(in)e(mind)g(real)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(with)g (ordering)468 4772 y(when)29 b(using)i Fq(OFSF)p FQ(.)241 4959 y FN(D)m(VFSF)45 b FD(Discr)-5 b(etely)33 b(value)-5 b(d)34 b(\014elds)p FQ(.)43 b(This)29 b(is)h(for)g(computing)g(with)f (form)m(ulas)h(o)m(v)m(er)1667 5187 y(495)p eop %%Page: 496 496 496 495 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(496)1018 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(67.)72 b(REDLOG:)30 b(LOGIC)g(SYSTEM)891 555 y FQ(classes)39 b(of)g FL(p)p FQ(-adic)f(v)-5 b(alued)37 b(extension)h(\014elds)f(of)i(the)g(rationals,)g(usually)e(the)891 668 y(\014elds)29 b(of)i FL(p)p FQ(-adic)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(for)h (some)h(prime)d FL(p)p FQ(.)664 856 y FN(A)m(CFSF)45 b FD(A)n(lgebr)-5 b(aic)g(al)5 b(ly)33 b(close)-5 b(d)34 b(\014elds)39 b FQ(suc)m(h)30 b(as)g(the)h(complex)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.) 664 1001 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(67.1.2)113 b(Ov)m(erview)664 1370 y FQ(REDLOG)32 b(origins)f(from)h(the)g(implemen)m(tation)f(of)h(quan)m(ti\014er)f (elimination)f(pro)s(ce-)664 1483 y(dures.)39 b(Successfully)24 b(applying)h(suc)m(h)i(metho)s(ds)g(to)g(b)s(oth)g(academic)g(and)g (real-w)m(orld)664 1596 y(problems,)k(the)i(authors)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(dev) m(elop)s(ed)d(o)m(v)m(er)j(the)e(time)g(a)g(large)g(set)h(of)f(form)m (ula-)664 1709 y(manipulating)g(to)s(ols,)37 b(man)m(y)e(of)g(whic)m(h) f(are)h(mean)m(while)f(in)m(teresting)g(in)g(their)g(o)m(wn)664 1822 y(righ)m(t:)801 2084 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(Numerous)24 b(to)s(ols)g(for)g(comfortably)g(inputing,)f(decomp)s(osing,)h(and)g (analyzing)891 2197 y(form)m(ulas.)801 2385 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(Sev)m(eral)31 b(tec)m(hniques)f(for)g(the)g FD(simpli\014c)-5 b(ation)40 b FQ(of)31 b(form)m(ulas.)801 2573 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(V)-8 b(arious)44 b FD(normal)k(form)e(c)-5 b(omputations)p FQ(.)85 b(The)44 b Fq(CNF)p FD(/)15 b Fq(DNF)45 b FQ(computation)891 2685 y(includes)e(b)s(oth)h(Bo)s(olean)h(and)f(algebraic)g (simpli\014cation)e(strategies.)84 b(The)891 2798 y FD(pr)-5 b(enex)35 b(normal)h(form)j FQ(computation)32 b(minimizes)d(the)j(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(quan)m(ti\014er)891 2911 y(c)m(hanges.)801 3099 y FP(\017)45 b FD(Quanti\014er)39 b(elimination)45 b FQ(computes)36 b(quan)m(ti\014er-free)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(ts)36 b(for)g(giv)m(en)891 3212 y(\014rst-order)41 b(form)m(ulas.)73 b(F)-8 b(or)42 b Fq(OFSF)e FQ(and)h Fq(D)m(VFSF)g FQ(the)g(form)m(ulas) g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)891 3325 y(ob)s(ey)31 b(certain)f(degree)h (restrictions.)801 3512 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(The)40 b(con)m(text)i Fq(OFSF)e FQ(allo)m(ws)f(a)i(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)40 b(of)h(quan)m (ti\014er)e(elimination)f(called)891 3625 y FD(generic)f(quanti\014er)h (elimination)7 b FQ(:)52 b(There)35 b(are)h(certain)f(non-degeneracy)h (as-)891 3738 y(sumptions)26 b(made)i(on)g(the)g(parameters,)h(whic)m (h)d(considerably)g(sp)s(eeds)h(up)g(the)891 3851 y(elimination.)801 4039 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(The)31 b(con)m(texts)j Fq(OFSF)c FQ(and)h Fq(D)m(VFSF)g FQ(pro)m(vide)f(v)-5 b(arian)m(ts)32 b(of)f(\(generic\))h(quan-)891 4152 y(ti\014er)25 b(elimination)d(that) k(additionally)d(compute)i FD(answers)35 b FQ(suc)m(h)25 b(as)g(satisfying)891 4265 y(sample)30 b(p)s(oin)m(ts)f(for)h(existen)m (tially)f(quan)m(ti\014ed)h(form)m(ulas.)801 4452 y FP(\017)45 b Fq(OFSF)k FQ(includes)e(linear)h FD(optimization)59 b FQ(tec)m(hniques)49 b(based)g(on)h(quan)m(ti\014er)891 4565 y(elimination.)664 4827 y(T)-8 b(o)48 b(a)m(v)m(oid)h(am)m (biguities)d(with)h(other)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages,)54 b(all)47 b Fq(REDLOG)h FQ(functions)f(and)664 4940 y(switc)m(hes)30 b(are)h(pre\014xed)e(b)m(y)h(\\)p FJ(RL)p FQ(".)p eop %%Page: 497 497 497 496 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(67.2.)72 b(CONTEXT)30 b(SELECTION)1562 b FQ(497)241 555 y(The)30 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(is)d(loaded)h(b)m(y)h(t)m(yping:) 222 b FJ(load)p 1970 555 29 4 v 33 w(package)46 b(redlog;)241 831 y FQ(It)31 b(is)f(recommended)h(to)g(read)g(the)g(do)s(cumen)m 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y FJ(ALL)p FQ(:)f(Binary)359 b FJ(TRUE)p FQ(:)29 b(V)-8 b(ariable)300 b FJ(FALSE)p FQ(:)29 b(V)-8 b(ariable)241 4043 y(The)35 b FJ(EX)g FQ(and)g(the)h FJ(ALL)f FQ(op)s(erators)h(are)g(the)g(quan)m (ti\014ers.)55 b(Their)34 b(\014rst)h(argumen)m(t)h(is)241 4156 y(the)30 b(quan)m(ti\014ed)g(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(the)i(second)f(one)h(a)f(matrix)g(form)m(ula.)241 4319 y(There)25 b(are)g(op)s(erators)h FJ(MKAND)e FQ(and)g FJ(MKOR)g FQ(for)i(the)f(construction)g(of)g(large)h(systematic)241 4432 y(conjunctions/disjunctions)e(via)i(for)h(lo)s(ops)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)39 b(They)27 b(are)h(used)e(in)g(the)h(st)m(yle)241 4545 y(of)j FJ(SUM)g FQ(and)g FJ(COLLECT)p FQ(.)241 4812 y FN(Example:)p eop %%Page: 498 498 498 497 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(498)1018 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(67.)72 b(REDLOG:)30 b(LOGIC)g(SYSTEM)664 555 y FH(1:)43 b(load_package)c(redlog;)664 754 y(2:)k(rlset)e(ofsf;) 664 954 y({})664 1153 y(3:)i(g)g(:=)g(for)f(i:=1:3)f(mkand)1100 1352 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FQ(there)i(is)664 3378 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)31 b(that)j(all)e(righ)m(t)g (hand)g(sides)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)h(zero.)49 b(Non-zero)34 b(righ)m(t)e(hand)g(sides)664 3491 y(are)f(immediately)e(subtracted.) 664 3636 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(67.3.3)113 b(D)m(VFSF)38 b(Op)s(erators)664 4005 y FQ(Discretely)c(v)-5 b(alued)33 b(\014elds)f(are)i(implemen)m(ted)f (as)h(a)g(one-sorted)h(language)f(using)e(in)664 4118 y(addition)25 b(to)j FJ(=)f FQ(and)f FJ(<>)g FQ(the)i(binary)d(op)s (erators)i FJ(|)p FQ(,)h FJ(||)p FQ(,)f FJ(~)p FQ(,)g(and)g FJ(/~)p FQ(,)g(whic)m(h)f(enco)s(de)h FP(\024)p FQ(,)664 4231 y FL(<)p FQ(,)j(=,)h(and)e FP(6)p FQ(=)h(in)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(group,)g(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)1289 4450 y FJ(EQUAL)98 b(NEQ)h(DIV)g(SDIV)f(ASSOC)h(NASSOC)664 4611 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 499 499 499 498 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(67.4.)72 b(SIMPLIFICA)-8 b(TION)1820 b FQ(499)241 555 y FR(67.3.4)112 b(A)m(CFSF)38 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FJ(RLREALTIME)e FQ(proto)s(cols)j(the)g(w)m(all)f(clo)s(c)m(k)h(time)g(needed)f(for)h Fq(REDLOG)241 2909 y FQ(commands)j(in)f(seconds.)241 3071 y(The)i(switc)m(h)f FJ(RLVERBOSE)f FQ(toggles)k(v)m(erb)s(osit)m (y)e(output)g(with)f(some)i Fq(REDLOG)g FQ(pro-)241 3184 y(cedures.)241 3321 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(67.4)135 b(Simpli\014cation)241 3773 y Fq(REDLOG)42 b FQ(kno)m(ws)f(three)h(t)m(yp)s(es)f(of)h(simpli\014ers)37 b(to)42 b(reduce)f(the)h(size)f(of)h(a)f(giv)m(en)241 3886 y(\014rst-order)23 b(form)m(ula:)36 b(the)24 b(standard)f (simpli\014er,)f(tableau)h(simpli\014ers,)f(and)h(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)241 3999 y(simpli\014ers.)241 4144 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(67.4.1)112 b(Standard)39 b(Simpli\014er)241 4514 y FQ(The)29 b(standard)g(simpli\014er)d FJ(RLSIMPL)i FQ(returns)h(a)h(simpli\014ed)c(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)29 b(of)h(its)f(argu-)241 4627 y(men)m(t)g(form)m(ula.)40 b(It)29 b(is)g(m)m(uc)m(h)g(faster)h(though)f(less)f(p)s(o)m(w)m(erful) g(than)h(the)h(other)f(simpli-)241 4740 y(\014ers.)p eop %%Page: 500 500 500 499 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(500)1018 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(67.)72 b(REDLOG:)30 b(LOGIC)g(SYSTEM)664 555 y FQ(As)41 b(an)f(optional)g(argumen)m(t)h(there)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(a) h FD(the)-5 b(ory)50 b FQ(passed.)71 b(This)39 b(is)g(a)i(list)f(of)664 668 y(atomic)35 b(form)m(ulas)e(assumed)h(to)h(hold.)51 b(Simpli\014cation)31 b(is)i(then)h(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(the)664 781 y(basis)29 b(of)i(these)g(assumptions.)664 1049 y FN(Example:)664 1254 y FH(4:)43 b(rlsimpl)e(g;)664 1454 y(\(x1)i(+)g(x2)f(=)i(0)f(or)g(x1)f(+)h(x3)g(=)g(0\))g(and)g(\(x1)f(+)h (x2)g(=)g(0)g(or)g(x2)g(+)g(x3)g(=)g(0\))708 1653 y(and)f(\(x1)g(+)i (x3)e(=)i(0)f(or)f(x2)h(+)g(x3)g(=)g(0\))664 1787 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(67.4.2)113 b(T)-9 b(ableau)37 b(Simpli\014er)664 2168 y FQ(The)31 b(standard)f(simpli\014er)d (preserv)m(es)k(the)g(basic)f(Bo)s(olean)i(structure)e(of)h(a)g(form)m (ula.)664 2281 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b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(clauses.)241 1130 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(67.5.2)112 b(Miscellaneous)37 b(Normal)f(F)-9 b(orms)241 1517 y FJ(RLNNF)28 b FQ(computes)j(a)f(negation)g(normal)f(form.)40 b(This)29 b(is)g(an)h FJ(and)p FQ(-)p FJ(or)p FQ(-com)m(bination)e(of) 241 1630 y(atomic)j(form)m(ulas.)241 1793 y FJ(RLPNF)d FQ(computes)i(a)h(prenex)e(normal)g(form)g(of)h(its)g(argumen)m(t.)41 b(That)30 b(is,)f(all)g(quan)m(ti-)241 1906 y(\014ers)g(are)h(mo)m(v)m (ed)h(outside)e(suc)m(h)g(that)h(they)g(form)g(a)g(blo)s(c)m(k)f(in)f (fron)m(t)i(of)g(a)g(quan)m(ti\014er-)241 2019 y(free)g(matrix)g(form)m (ula.)241 2156 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 199 x FE(67.6)135 b(Quan)l(ti\014er)46 b(Elimination)h(and)e(V)-11 b(arian)l(ts)241 2608 y FQ(Quan)m(ti\014er)38 b(elimination)e(computes) k(quan)m(ti\014er-free)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(ts)39 b(for)g(giv)m(en)g (\014rst-)241 2721 y(order)30 b(form)m(ulas.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b Fq(OFSF)e FQ(and)h Fq(D)m(VFSF)p FQ(,)g(REDLOG)g(uses)g(a)h (tec)m(hnique)f(based)241 2833 y(on)44 b(elimination)d(set)k(ideas.)82 b(The)44 b Fq(OFSF)f FQ(implemen)m(tation)g(is)g(restricted)h(to)h(at) 241 2946 y(most)h(quadratic)f(o)s(ccurrences)g(of)h(the)f(quan)m (ti\014ed)g(v)-5 b(ariables,)48 b(but)d(includes)e(n)m(u-)241 3059 y(merous)d(heuristic)f(strategies)j(for)e(coping)h(with)e(higher)h (degrees.)72 b(The)41 b Fq(D)m(VFSF)241 3172 y FQ(implemen)m(tation)e (is)h(restricted)h(to)g(form)m(ulas)f(that)i(are)f(linear)e(in)h(the)h (quan)m(ti\014ed)241 3285 y(v)-5 b(ariables.)69 b(The)40 b Fq(A)m(CFSF)g FQ(quan)m(ti\014er)g(elimination)d(is)j(based)g(on)g (comprehensiv)m(e)241 3398 y(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)27 b(basis)g (computation;)i(there)f(are)g(no)g(degree)g(restrictions)f(for)h(this)f (con)m(text)241 3543 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 148 x FR(67.6.1)112 b(Quan)m(ti\014er)38 b(Elimination)241 3913 y FJ(RLQE)31 b FQ(p)s(erforms)g(quan)m(ti\014er)g(elimination)f (on)i(its)g(argumen)m(t)h(form)m(ula.)46 b(There)32 b(is)g(an)241 4026 y(optional)d(theory)i(argumen)m(t)g(in)e(the)h(st)m(yle)h(of)g FJ(RLSIMPL)d FQ(supp)s(orted.)p eop %%Page: 502 502 502 501 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(502)1018 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(67.)72 b(REDLOG:)30 b(LOGIC)g(SYSTEM)664 555 y FN(Example:)664 761 y FH(6:)43 b(rlqe\(ex\(x,a*x**2)o(+b)o(*x+)o (c>)o(0\),)o({a)o(<0})o(\);)1056 960 y(2)664 1060 y(4*a*c)f(-)h(b)87 b(<)43 b(0)664 1279 y FQ(F)-8 b(or)24 b Fq(OFSF)d FQ(and)h Fq(D)m(VFSF)g FQ(there)h(is)f(a)h(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)23 b FJ(RLQEA)e FQ(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)37 b(It)23 b(returns)f(instead)664 1392 y(of)34 b(a)h(quan)m(ti\014er-free)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t,)35 b(a)g(list)d(of)j(condition-solution)c(pairs)i(con)m(taining,)664 1505 y(e.g.,)f(satisfying)d(sample)h(p)s(oin)m(ts)f(for)h(outermost)h (existen)m(tial)f(quan)m(ti\014er)f(blo)s(c)m(ks.)664 1773 y FN(Example:)664 1978 y FH(7:)43 b(rlqea\(ex\(x,a*x**)o(2+)o(b*x) o(+c)o(>0\))o(,{)o(a<0)o(}\))o(;)1144 2178 y(2)664 2277 y({{4*a*c)e(-)i(b)87 b(<)43 b(0,)1885 2477 y(2)1056 2576 y(-)h(sqrt\()d(-)i(4*a*c)f(+)h(b)g(\))g(-)h(2*a*epsilon1)38 b(-)43 b(b)751 2676 y({x)g(=)g(-----------------)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---) o(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(}}})1841 2775 y(2*a)664 2903 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(67.6.2)113 b(Generic)36 b(Quan)m(ti\014er)i(Elimination)664 3290 y Fq(OFSF)20 b FQ(allo)m(ws)h(generic)g(quan)m(ti\014er)f (elimination)f FJ(RLGQE)p FQ(,)h(whic)m(h)g(enlarges)h(the)h(theory)664 3403 y(b)m(y)34 b(disequations,)g(i.e.)h FJ(<>)p FQ(-atomic)g(form)m (ulas,)f(wherev)m(er)h(this)e(supp)s(orts)g(the)h(quan-)664 3516 y(ti\014er)h(elimination.)52 b(There)35 b(is)g(also)g(generic)g (quan)m(ti\014er)f(elimination)f(with)h(answ)m(er)664 3629 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable:)40 b FJ(RLGQEA)p FQ(.)664 3896 y FN(Example:)664 4102 y FH(8:)j(rlgqe)e(ex\(x,a*x**2+b*x+c)o (>0\))o(;)664 4302 y({{a)i(<>)f(0},)1100 4501 y(2)708 4600 y(4*a*c)f(-)i(b)87 b(<)43 b(0)h(or)e(a)h(>=)g(0})664 4735 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 503 503 503 502 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(67.6.)72 b(QUANTIFIER)30 b(ELIMINA)-8 b(TION)30 b(AND)i(V)-10 b(ARIANTS)590 b FQ(503)241 555 y FR(67.6.3)112 b(Linear)38 b(Optimization)241 777 y FJ(RLOPT)32 b FQ(uses)g(quan)m(ti\014er)h (elimination)d(for)j(linear)f(optimization.)49 b(It)33 b(tak)m(es)i(as)e(argu-)241 890 y(men)m(ts)i(a)g(list)f(of)h(constrain) m(ts)g(and)f(the)h(target)i(function.)53 b(The)34 b(target)j(function)c (is)241 1002 y(minimized)27 b(sub)5 b(ject)30 b(to)h(the)g(constrain)m (ts.)p eop %%Page: 504 504 504 503 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(504)1018 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(67.)72 b(REDLOG:)30 b(LOGIC)g(SYSTEM)p eop %%Page: 505 505 505 504 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(68)241 1693 y FT(RESET:)76 b(Reset)i(REDUCE)e(to)241 1942 y(its)h(initial)f(state)1558 2415 y Fx(J.)26 b(P)-6 b(.)26 b(Fitc)n(h)854 2506 y(Sc)n(ho)r(ol)g(of)h(Mathematical)f (Sciences,)h(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)d(of)j(Bath)1289 2598 y(BA)-6 b(TH)25 b(BA2)h(7A)-6 b(Y,)25 b(England)1224 2719 y(e{mail:)35 b(jp\013@maths.bath.ac.uk)241 2963 y FQ(This)26 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)30 b(de\014nes)c(a)j(command)e FJ(RESETREDUCE)52 b FQ(that)29 b(w)m(orks)f(through)f(the)h(his-)241 3076 y(tory)d(of)g(previous)f(commands,)i(and)e(clears)h(an)m(y)g(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(whic)m(h)e(ha)m(v)m(e)k(b)s(een)d(assigned,)241 3189 y(plus)j(an)m(y)j(rules,)f(arra)m(ys)h(and)f(the)h(lik)m(e.)40 b(It)30 b(also)f(sets)h(the)g(v)-5 b(arious)29 b(switc)m(hes)g(to)h (their)241 3302 y(initial)f(v)-5 b(alues.)44 b(It)32 b(is)e(not)i(complete,)h(but)e(do)s(es)h(w)m(ork)f(for)h(most)g(things) f(that)h(cause)241 3415 y(a)f(gradual)e(loss)h(of)g(space.)1667 5187 y(505)p eop %%Page: 506 506 506 505 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(506)24 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(68.)72 b(RESET:)29 b(RESET)g(REDUCE)i(TO)e (ITS)h(INITIAL)f(ST)-8 b(A)g(TE)p eop %%Page: 507 507 507 506 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(69)241 1693 y FT(RESIDUE:)75 b(A)i(residue)241 1942 y(pac)-6 b(k)-13 b(age)1478 2424 y Fx(W)-6 b(olfram)26 b(Ko)r(epf)826 2515 y(Konrad{Zuse{Zen)n(trum)f(f)r(\177)-41 b(ur)26 b(Informationstec)n(hnik)f(Berlin)1521 2607 y(T)-6 b(akustra)l(\177)-34 b(se)27 b(7)1150 2698 y(D{14195)g(Berlin{Dahlem,)g (German)n(y)1370 2819 y(e{mail:)35 b(Ko)r(epf@zib.de)241 3063 y FQ(This)d(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)36 b(supp)s(orts)c(the)i(calculation) f(of)h(residues.)49 b(The)34 b(residue)e(Res)2801 3113 y FF(z)s FO(=)p FF(a)2951 3063 y FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(z)t FQ(\))34 b(of)241 3198 y(a)d(function)e FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(z)t FQ(\))30 b(at)h(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t)e FL(a)d FP(2)e FQ(C)p 1564 3198 4 60 v 30 w(is)30 b(de\014ned)f(as)1212 3440 y(Res)1220 3490 y FF(z)s FO(=)p FF(a)1370 3440 y FL(f)10 b FQ(\()p FL(z)t FQ(\))26 b(=)1716 3379 y(1)p 1673 3419 132 4 v 1673 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FJ(REALROOTS)p FQ(,)g FJ(ISOLATER)f FQ(and)i FJ(RLROOTNO)e FQ(can)j(receiv)m(e)g(1,)h (2)e(or)241 4428 y(3)k(argumen)m(ts.)241 4590 y(The)g(\014rst)g (argumen)m(t)h(is)f(the)h(p)s(olynomial)d(p,)i(that)i(can)f(b)s(e)f (complex)g(and)g(can)h(ha)m(v)m(e)241 4703 y(m)m(ultiple)h(or)i(zero)h (ro)s(ots.)56 b(If)35 b(arg2)h(and)f(arg3)h(are)g(not)f(presen)m(t,)i (all)e(real)g(ro)s(ots)g(are)241 4816 y(found.)54 b(If)34 b(the)i(additional)d(argumen)m(ts)i(are)h(presen)m(t,)h(they)e (restrict)g(the)h(region)e(of)241 4929 y(consideration.)1667 5187 y(513)p eop %%Page: 514 514 514 513 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(514)89 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(71.)72 b(R)m(OOTS:)30 b(A)g(REDUCE)h(R)m (OOT)e(FINDING)j(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)801 555 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(If)29 b(there)h(are)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(argumen)m(ts)e(the)g(second)h (is)e(either)g(POSITIVE)g(or)h(NEGA-)891 668 y(TIVE.)i(The)e(function)g (will)f(only)i(\014nd)f(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(or)h(negativ)m(e)i(ro)s(ots) 801 856 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(If)g(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(\(p,arg2,arg3\))j (then)88 b(Arg2)46 b(and)d(Arg3)j(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(r)g(\(a)891 969 y(real)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er\))f(or)h(EX)m(CLUDE)g(r,)i(or)e(a)g(mem)m (b)s(er)g(of)g(the)g(list)e(POSITIVE,)891 1082 y(NEGA)-8 b(TIVE,)27 b(INFINITY,)g(-INFINITY.)f(EX)m(CLUDE)h(r)f(causes)g(the)h (v)-5 b(alue)25 b(r)891 1194 y(to)32 b(b)s(e)f(excluded)f(from)g(the)h (region.)43 b(The)30 b(order)h(of)g(the)g(sequence)h(arg2,)g(arg3)891 1307 y(is)h(unimp)s(ortan)m(t.)49 b(Assuming)32 b(that)i(arg2)g FP(\024)g FQ(arg3)g(when)f(b)s(oth)g(are)h(n)m(umeric,)891 1420 y(then)941 1545 y FP(f)p FQ(-INFINITY,INFINITY)p FP(g)164 b FQ(\(or)31 b FP(fg)p FQ(\))163 b(all)29 b(ro)s(ots;)941 1658 y FP(f)p FQ(arg2,NEGA)-8 b(TIVE)p FP(g)326 b FQ(represen)m(ts)100 b FP(\0001)25 b FL(<)g(r)j(<)d(ar)s(g)s FQ(2;)941 1771 y FP(f)p FQ(arg2,POSITIVE)p FP(g)370 b FQ(represen)m(ts)100 b FL(ar)s(g)s FQ(2)26 b FL(<)f(r)j(<)d FP(1)p FQ(;)891 1913 y(In)g(eac)m(h)h(of)f(the)g(follo)m(wing,)g(replacing)e(an)i FD(ar)-5 b(g)26 b FQ(with)d(EX)m(CLUDE)j FD(ar)-5 b(g)25 b FQ(con)m(v)m(erts)891 2026 y(the)31 b(corresp)s(onding)d(inclusiv)m (e)h FP(\024)h FQ(to)h(the)f(exclusiv)m(e)g FL(<)941 2169 y FP(f)p FQ(arg2,-INFINITY)p FP(g)102 b FQ(represen)m(ts)e FP(\0001)25 b FL(<)g(r)j FP(\024)d FL(ar)s(g)s FQ(2;)941 2282 y FP(f)p FQ(arg2,INFINITY)p FP(g)132 b FQ(represen)m(ts)100 b FL(ar)s(g)s FQ(2)26 b FP(\024)f FL(r)j(<)d FP(1)p FQ(;)941 2395 y FP(f)p FQ(arg2,arg3)p FP(g)389 b FQ(represen)m(ts)100 b FL(ar)s(g)s FQ(2)26 b FP(\024)f FL(r)j FP(\024)d FL(ar)s(g)s FQ(3;)801 2575 y FP(\017)45 b FQ(If)30 b(zero)i(is)d(in)g(the)i(in)m (terv)-5 b(al)29 b(the)i(zero)g(ro)s(ot)g(is)e(included.)664 2937 y FN(REALR)m(OOTS)45 b FQ(\014nds)26 b(the)i(real)g(ro)s(ots)g(of) g(the)g(p)s(olynomial)d(p.)40 b(Precision)26 b(of)i(com-)891 3049 y(putation)h(is)e(guaran)m(teed)j(to)g(b)s(e)e(su\016cien)m(t)g (to)h(separate)h(all)e(real)g(ro)s(ots)h(in)f(the)891 3162 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(region.)40 b(\(cf.)i(MUL)-8 b(TIR)m(OOT)30 b(for)g(treatmen)m(t)i(of)e(m)m(ultiple)e(ro)s(ots.\))664 3350 y FN(ISOLA)-9 b(TER)45 b FQ(pro)s(duces)32 b(a)i(list)e(of)h (rational)g(in)m(terv)-5 b(als,)33 b(eac)m(h)i(con)m(taining)e(a)g (single)891 3463 y(real)26 b(ro)s(ot)g(of)g(the)g(p)s(olynomial)d(p,)j (within)e(the)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(region,)i(but)f(do)s(es)h(not)891 3576 y(\014nd)j(the)i(ro)s(ots.)664 3763 y FN(RLR)m(OOTNO)45 b FQ(computes)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(real)g(ro)s(ots)h(of)f(p)g (in)f(the)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)891 3876 y(region,)31 b(but)e(do)s(es)h(not) h(\014nd)e(the)h(ro)s(ots.)664 4021 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(71.1.2)113 b(F)-9 b(unctions)37 b(that)g(return)g(b)s(oth)h(real)f(and)h(complex)e(ro)s(ots)664 4391 y FN(R)m(OOTS)e(p;)46 b FQ(This)38 b(is)g(the)i(main)e(top)i(lev)m (el)f(function)f(of)i(the)f(ro)s(ots)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)70 b(It)891 4504 y(will)31 b(\014nd)g(all)h(ro)s(ots,)i(real)f(and)f (complex,)i(of)f(the)g(p)s(olynomial)e(p)h(to)i(an)f(accu-)891 4617 y(racy)40 b(that)g(is)e(su\016cien)m(t)g(to)i(separate)g(them)f (and)g(whic)m(h)f(is)g(a)h(minim)m(um)e(of)891 4730 y(6)i(decimal)e (places.)63 b(The)38 b(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(returned)g(b)m(y)h(R)m(OOTS)f (is)g(a)h(list)f(of)h(equat-)891 4843 y(ions)i(for)h(all)e(ro)s(ots.)72 b(In)40 b(addition,)i(R)m(OOTS)d(stores)j(separate)f(lists)e(of)i(real) p eop %%Page: 515 515 515 514 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(71.1.)72 b(TOP)30 b(LEVEL)g(FUNCTIONS)1480 b FQ(515)468 555 y(ro)s(ots)43 b(and)e(complex)h(ro)s(ots)h(in)e(the)h(global)g(v)-5 b(ariables)41 b(R)m(OOTSREAL)g(and)468 668 y(R)m(OOTSCOMPLEX.)468 812 y(The)23 b(output)g(of)h(R)m(OOTS)e(is)h(normally)f(sorted)h(in)m (to)h(a)g(standard)e(order:)37 b(a)24 b(ro)s(ot)468 925 y(with)i(smaller)f(real)i(part)f(precedes)h(a)h(ro)s(ot)f(with)e (larger)i(real)g(part;)h(ro)s(ots)f(with)468 1038 y(iden)m(tical)33 b(real)g(parts)h(are)g(sorted)g(so)g(that)h(larger)e(imaginary)g(part)g (precedes)468 1151 y(smaller)c(imaginary)g(part.)468 1295 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)j(when)e(a)g(p)s(olynomial)e(has)h(b)s(een)h (factored)h(algebraically)d(then)i(the)468 1408 y(ro)s(ot)h(sorting)g (is)f(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(factor)g(separately)-8 b(.)44 b(This)29 b(mak)m(es)j(the)f(\014nal)468 1521 y(resulting)e(order)g(less)h(ob)m(vious.)241 1697 y FN(R)m(OOTS)p 611 1697 32 4 v 37 w(A)-9 b(T)p 791 1697 V 37 w(PREC)35 b(p;)46 b FQ(Same)30 b(as)g(R)m(OOTS)f(except)i(that)g(ro)s(ots)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(are)g(re-)468 1810 y(turned)38 b(to)h(a)g(minim)m(um)d(of) j(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(decimal)f(places)g(equal)h(to)g(the)468 1923 y(curren)m(t)30 b(system)h(precision.)241 2098 y FN(R)m(OOT)p 553 2098 V 37 w(V)-12 b(AL)35 b(p;)45 b FQ(Same)e(as)f(R)m(OOTS)p 1666 2098 28 4 v 32 w(A)-8 b(T)p 1824 2098 V 33 w(PREC,)42 b(except)h(that)g(instead)f(of)g(re-) 468 2211 y(turning)e(a)j(list)e(of)h(equations)g(for)g(the)h(ro)s(ots,) j(a)c(list)f(of)i(the)f(ro)s(ot)h(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)468 2324 y(returned.)f(This)28 b(is)i(the)g(function)f(that)i(SOL)-10 b(VE)29 b(calls.)241 2500 y FN(NEARESTR)m(OOT\(p,s\);)44 b FQ(This)34 b(top)j(lev)m(el)g(function)e(\014nds)g(the)i(ro)s(ot)f (to)i(whic)m(h)468 2613 y(the)31 b(metho)s(d)f(con)m(v)m(erges)i(giv)m (en)f(the)f(initial)e(starting)i(origin)f(s,)i(whic)m(h)e(can)i(b)s(e) 468 2726 y(complex.)67 b(If)39 b(there)g(are)h(sev)m(eral)f(ro)s(ots)h (in)e(the)h(vicinit)m(y)f(of)h(s)g(and)g(s)g(is)f(not)468 2839 y(signi\014can)m(tly)26 b(closer)i(to)h(one)f(ro)s(ot)g(than)g(it) f(is)g(to)h(all)f(others,)i(the)f(con)m(v)m(ergence)468 2952 y(could)f(arriv)m(e)h(at)h(a)f(ro)s(ot)g(that)h(is)e(not)h(truly)f (the)h(nearest)g(ro)s(ot.)41 b(This)26 b(function)468 3064 y(should)36 b(therefore)i(b)s(e)f(used)g(only)g(when)g(the)h(user) f(is)f(certain)i(that)g(there)g(is)468 3177 y(only)30 b(one)g(ro)s(ot)h(in)e(the)i(immediate)e(vicinit)m(y)g(of)h(the)h (starting)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(s.)241 3353 y FN(FIRSTR)m(OOT)34 b(p;)45 b FQ(R)m(OOTS)29 b(is)h(called,)g(but)f(only)h(a)h(single)e(ro) s(ot)h(is)g(computed.)241 3492 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 149 x FR(71.1.3)112 b(Other)38 b(top)f(lev)m(el)f (functions)241 3862 y FN(GETR)m(OOT\(n,rr\);)44 b FQ(If)38 b(rr)f(has)i(the)f(form)h(of)f(the)h(output)f(of)h(R)m(OOTS,)e(REAL-) 468 3975 y(R)m(OOTS,)21 b(or)i(NEARESTR)m(OOTS;)d(GETR)m(OOT)i(returns) f(the)h(rational,)i(real,)468 4088 y(or)i(complex)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(the)g(ro)s(ot)h(equation.)39 b(An)26 b(error)g(o)s(ccurs)f(if)h FL(n)e(<)h FQ(1)i(or)f FL(n)f(>)468 4201 y FQ(the)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(ro)s(ots)h(in)e(rr.)241 4376 y FN(MKPOL)-9 b(Y)35 b(rr;)46 b FQ(This)j(function)h(can)h(b)s(e)f (used)h(to)g(reconstruct)h(a)f(p)s(olynomial)468 4489 y(whose)33 b(ro)s(ot)g(equation)g(list)f(is)g(rr)g(and)h(whose)g (denominator)f(is)g(1.)49 b(Th)m(us)32 b(one)468 4602 y(can)23 b(v)m(erify)e(that)i(if)e FL(r)s(r)27 b FQ(:=)f FL(R)q(O)s(O)s(T)13 b(S)26 b(p)p FQ(,)e(and)d FL(r)s(r)s FQ(1)k(:=)g FL(R)q(O)s(O)s(T)13 b(S)27 b(M)10 b(K)d(P)13 b(O)s(LY)41 b(r)s(r)s FQ(,)468 4715 y(then)31 b FL(r)s(r)s FQ(1)c(=)f FL(r)s(r)s FQ(.)43 b(\(This)30 b(will)f(b)s(e)i(true)g(if)f FJ(MULTIROOT)f FQ(and)i FJ(RATROOT)f FQ(are)h(ON,)468 4828 y(and)i FJ(ROUNDED)g FQ(is)g(o\013.\))52 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)37 b FL(M)10 b(K)d(P)13 b(O)s(LY)54 b(r)s(r)25 b FP(\000)d FL(N)10 b(U)g(M)44 b(p)31 b FQ(=)g(0)k(will)c(b)s(e)468 4941 y(true)f(if)g(and)f(only)h(if)f(all)g(ro)s(ots)i(of)f(p)g(ha)m(v)m (e)i(b)s(een)e(computed)g(exactly)-8 b(.)p eop %%Page: 516 516 516 515 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(516)89 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(71.)72 b(R)m(OOTS:)30 b(A)g(REDUCE)h(R)m (OOT)e(FINDING)j(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)664 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(71.2)136 b(Switc)l(hes)45 b(Used)h(in)f(Input)664 808 y FQ(The)g(input)e(of)j(p)s(olynomials)c (in)j(algebraic)g(mo)s(de)g(is)f(sensitiv)m(e)h(to)h(the)f(switc)m(hes) 664 921 y FJ(COMPLEX)p FQ(,)e FJ(ROUNDED)p FQ(,)g(and)i FJ(ADJPREC)p FQ(.)e(The)h(correct)i(c)m(hoice)g(of)f(input)e(metho)s(d) h(is)664 1034 y(imp)s(ortan)m(t)e(since)h(incorrect)g(c)m(hoices)g (will)e(result)h(in)f(undesirable)g(truncation)h(or)664 1147 y(rounding)28 b(of)j(the)f(input)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts.)664 1309 y(T)-8 b(runcation)27 b(or)g(rounding)e(ma)m(y)j(o)s(ccur)f(if)g FJ(ROUNDED)e FQ(is)i(on)g(and)g(one)g(of)h(the)f(follo)m(wing)664 1422 y(is)j(true:)664 1523 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1672 a(1.)46 b(a)31 b(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)g(is)f(en)m (tered)h(in)e(\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(t)g(form)f(or)i(rational)e(form.) 664 1724 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 1855 a(2.)46 b FJ(COMPLEX)29 b FQ(is)g(on)i(and)e(a)i(co)s(e\016cien)m (t)g(is)f(imaginary)f(or)h(complex.)664 2104 y(Therefore,)h(to)g(a)m(v) m(oid)g(undesirable)c(truncation)j(or)g(rounding,)f(then:)664 2223 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2353 a(1.)46 b FJ(ROUNDED)25 b FQ(should)g(b)s(e)i(o\013)g(and)f(input)f (should)g(b)s(e)h(in)g(in)m(teger)h(or)g(rational)f(form;)891 2466 y(or)664 2501 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2649 a(2.)46 b FJ(ROUNDED)25 b FQ(can)h(b)s(e)g(on)g(if)f(it)h(is)f (acceptable)i(to)g(truncate)g(or)f(round)f(input)f(to)j(the)891 2762 y(curren)m(t)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(system)h(precision;)f(or)h (b)s(oth)f FJ(ROUNDED)e FQ(and)i FJ(ADJPREC)f FQ(can)891 2875 y(b)s(e)24 b(on,)h(in)e(whic)m(h)f(case)j(system)f(precision)f (will)e(b)s(e)i(adjusted)g(to)i(accommo)s(date)891 2988 y(the)31 b(largest)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)g(whic)m(h)e(is)g(input;)g(or) 664 3041 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 3171 a(3.)46 b(if)21 b(the)h(input)e(con)m(tains)i(complex)f(co)s (e\016cien)m(ts)h(with)f(v)m(ery)h(di\013eren)m(t)f(magnitude)891 3284 y(for)45 b(the)f(real)g(and)g(imaginary)f(parts,)48 b(then)c(all)g(three)g(switc)m(hes)h FJ(ROUNDED)p FQ(,)891 3397 y FJ(ADJPREC)29 b FQ(and)h FJ(COMPLEX)e FQ(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)g(on.) 664 3646 y FN(in)m(teger)35 b(and)g(complex)g(mo)s(des)45 b FQ(\(o\013)39 b FJ(ROUNDED)p FQ(\))e(an)m(y)h(real)g(p)s(olynomial)e (can)j(b)s(e)891 3759 y(input)c(using)g(in)m(teger)h(co)s(e\016cien)m (ts)h(of)g(an)m(y)f(size;)k(in)m(teger)c(or)h(rational)e(co)s(e\016-) 891 3872 y(cien)m(ts)c(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(input)e(an)m(y)i(real) f(or)h(complex)f(p)s(olynomial,)e(indep)s(en-)891 3985 y(den)m(t)e(of)g(the)g(setting)g(of)g(the)g(switc)m(h)f FJ(COMPLEX)p FQ(.)f(These)i(are)g(the)g(most)g(v)m(ersatile)891 4098 y(input)34 b(mo)s(des,)i(since)e(an)m(y)h(real)g(or)g(complex)g(p) s(olynomial)d(can)k(b)s(e)e(input)f(ex-)891 4211 y(actly)-8 b(.)664 4394 y FN(mo)s(des)35 b(rounded)g(and)g(complex-rounded)46 b FQ(\(on)36 b FJ(ROUNDED)p FQ(\))e(p)s(olynomials)g(can)891 4507 y(b)s(e)41 b(input)e(using)g(in)m(teger)j(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)f (of)g(an)m(y)h(size.)72 b(Floating)41 b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(co)s(ef-)891 4620 y(\014cien)m(ts)f(will)e(b)s(e)i(truncated)g(or)g(rounded,)i(to)f (a)f(size)h(dep)s(enden)m(t)e(up)s(on)g(the)891 4733 y(system.)54 b(If)34 b(complex)g(is)g(on,)h(real)g(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts) g(can)g(b)s(e)f(input)e(to)k(an)m(y)e(preci-)891 4846 y(sion)27 b(using)g(in)m(teger)h(form,)g(but)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)i (of)f(imaginary)f(parts)g(of)h(complex)891 4959 y(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)k (will)27 b(b)s(e)j(rounded)f(or)h(truncated.)p eop %%Page: 517 517 517 516 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(71.3.)72 b(R)m(OOT)30 b(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)32 b(SWITCHES)1317 b FQ(517)241 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(71.3)135 b(Ro)t(ot)46 b(P)l(ac)l(k)-7 b(age)46 b(Switc)l(hes)241 808 y FN(RA)-9 b(TR)m(OOT)45 b FQ(\(Default)29 b(OFF\))g(If)f FJ(RATROOT)f FQ(is)g(on)i(all)e(ro)s(ot)i(equations)f (are)h(output)468 921 y(in)i(rational)g(form.)46 b(Assuming)30 b(that)j(the)g(mo)s(de)e(is)h FJ(COMPLEX)e FQ(\()p FD(i.e.)79 b FJ(ROUNDED)468 1034 y FQ(is)33 b(o\013,\))j(the)d(ro)s(ot)i (equations)e(are)h(guaran)m(teed)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(able)g(to)i(b)s(e)e (input)f(in)m(to)468 1147 y(REDUCE)38 b(without)e(truncation)h(or)h (rounding)d(errors.)63 b(\(Cf.)f(the)38 b(function)468 1260 y(MKPOL)-8 b(Y)30 b(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.\))241 1447 y FN(MUL)-9 b(TIR)m(OOT)45 b FQ(\(Default)26 b(ON\))g(Whenev)m(er) h(the)f(p)s(olynomial)d(has)j(complex)g(co)s(ef-)468 1560 y(\014cien)m(ts)31 b(or)g(has)g(real)f(co)s(e\016cien)m(ts)i(and)e (has)h(m)m(ultiple)e(ro)s(ots,)j(as)62 b(determined)468 1673 y(b)m(y)34 b(the)g(Sturm)e(function,)i(the)g(function)e FJ(SQFRF)g FQ(is)h(called)g(automatically)h(to)468 1786 y(factor)29 b(the)f(p)s(olynomial)e(in)m(to)i(square-free)g(factors.)41 b(If)27 b FJ(MULTIROOT)f FQ(is)h(on,)h(the)468 1899 y(m)m(ultiplicit)m (y)f(of)j(the)h(ro)s(ots)f(will)d(b)s(e)j(indicated)e(in)h(the)i (output)e(of)i(R)m(OOTS)d(or)468 2012 y(REALR)m(OOTS)c(b)m(y)h(prin)m (ting)e(the)i(ro)s(ot)h(output)f(rep)s(eatedly)-8 b(,)26 b(according)f(to)h(its)468 2125 y(m)m(ultiplicit)m(y)-8 b(.)52 b(If)34 b FJ(MULTIROOT)e FQ(is)i(o\013,)j(eac)m(h)f(ro)s(ot)f (will)d(b)s(e)j(prin)m(ted)e(once,)k(and)468 2238 y(all)32 b(ro)s(ots)h(should)d(b)s(e)i(normally)f(b)s(e)h(distinct.)47 b(\(Tw)m(o)33 b(iden)m(tical)f(ro)s(ots)g(should)468 2350 y(not)c(app)s(ear.)39 b(If)27 b(the)g(initial)e(precision)h(of)h (the)h(computation)f(or)h(the)f(accuracy)468 2463 y(of)g(the)f(output)h (w)m(as)g(insu\016cien)m(t)d(to)k(separate)f(t)m(w)m(o)h (closely-spaced)f(ro)s(ots,)g(the)468 2576 y(program)35 b(attempts)i(to)f(increase)f(accuracy)i(and/or)e(precision)f(if)g(it)h (detects)468 2689 y(equal)k(ro)s(ots.)67 b(If,)41 b(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i (the)d(initial)c(accuracy)k(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(w)m(as)i(to)s(o)f(lo)m(w,) 468 2802 y(and)27 b(it)g(w)m(as)h(not)f(p)s(ossible)e(to)j(separate)h (the)e(ro)s(ots,)i(the)e(program)g(will)e(ab)s(ort.\))p eop %%Page: 518 518 518 517 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(518)89 b FM(CHAPTER)29 b(71.)72 b(R)m(OOTS:)30 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FH(r_solve\(\(9x^2)38 b(-)44 b(16\)*\(x^2)c(-)j (9\),)f(x\);)1508 3932 y FB(\032)1570 4051 y FL(x)25 b FQ(=)1753 3990 y FP(\000)p FQ(4)p 1753 4030 117 4 v 1789 4113 a(3)1879 4051 y FL(;)15 b(x)26 b FQ(=)f(3)p FL(;)15 b(x)26 b FQ(=)f FP(\000)p FQ(3)p FL(;)15 b(x)26 b FQ(=)2692 3990 y(4)p 2692 4030 46 4 v 2692 4113 a(3)2747 3932 y FB(\033)664 4300 y FH(i_solve\(\(9x^2)38 b(-)44 b(16\)*\(x^2)c(-)j(9\),)f(x\);)1839 4622 y FP(f)p FL(x)26 b FQ(=)f(3)p FL(;)15 b(x)26 b FQ(=)f FP(\000)p FQ(3)p FP(g)p eop %%Page: 521 521 521 520 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(73)241 1693 y FT(SCOPE:)75 b(REDUCE)i(source)241 1942 y(co)6 b(de)78 b(optimisation)f(pac)-6 b(k)-13 b(age)1465 2424 y Fx(J.A.)26 b(v)l(an)f(Hulzen)799 2515 y(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)f(of)j (Tw)n(en)n(te,)f(Departmen)n(t)e(of)j(Computer)d(Science)1176 2607 y(P)-6 b(.O.)26 b(Bo)n(x)g(217,)h(7500)g(AE)e(Ensc)n(hede)1454 2698 y(The)h(Netherlands)1246 2819 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b(AND)h(APPR)m(O)m(XIMA)-8 b(TION)748 b FQ(541)241 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FE(77.1)135 b(Simpli\014cation)46 b(and)f(Appro)l (ximation)241 808 y FQ(All)33 b(of)h(the)h(op)s(erators)f(supp)s(orted) f(b)m(y)h(this)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)37 b(ha)m(v)m(e)e(certain)f (algebraic)g(sim-)241 921 y(pli\014cation)d(rules)i(to)h(handle)e(sp)s (ecial)h(cases,)i(p)s(oles,)f(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)33 b(and)g(so)h(on.)51 b(Suc)m(h)241 1034 y(rules)33 b(are)i(applied)e (whenev)m(er)i(they)f(are)i(appropriate.)53 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)38 b(if)33 b(the)i FJ(ROUNDED)241 1147 y FQ(switc)m(h)27 b(is)g(on,)h(n)m(umeric)f(ev)-5 b(aluation)27 b(is)g(also)h(carried)f (out.)40 b(Unless)26 b(otherwise)i(stated)241 1260 y(b)s(elo)m(w,)k (the)h(result)f(of)g(an)h(application)e(of)i(a)g(sp)s(ecial)e(function) g(op)s(erator)i(to)g(real)f(or)241 1372 y(complex)26 b(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)h(in)f(rounded)f(mo)s(de)i(will)d(b)s(e)j (appro)m(ximated)g(n)m(umeri-)241 1485 y(cally)h(whenev)m(er)h(it)f(is) g(p)s(ossible)f(to)i(do)g(so.)40 b(All)27 b(appro)m(ximations)g(are)h (to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)241 1598 y(precision.)241 1753 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 182 x FE(77.2)135 b(Constan)l(ts)241 2187 y FQ(Some)28 b(w)m(ell-kno)m(wn)f(constan)m(ts) i(are)g(de\014ned)e(in)g(the)h(sp)s(ecial)f(function)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)42 b(Im-)241 2300 y(p)s(ortan)m(t)31 b(prop)s(erties)e(of)j (these)f(constan)m(ts)h(whic)m(h)e(can)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(de\014ne)e (them)h(are)241 2413 y(also)40 b(kno)m(wn.)69 b(Numerical)39 b(v)-5 b(alues)40 b(are)g(computed)g(at)h(arbitrary)e(precision)f(if)h (the)241 2526 y(switc)m(h)30 b(R)m(OUNDED)h(is)f(on.)377 2788 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(Euler)p 688 2788 28 4 v 31 w(Gamma)31 b(:)41 b(Euler's)29 b(constan)m(ts,)j(also)e(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)30 b(as)h(-)p FL( )s FQ(\(1\);)377 2976 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(Catalan)30 b(:)41 b(Catalan's)31 b(constan)m(t;)377 3164 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(Khinc)m(hin)27 b(:)41 b(Khinc)m(hin's)28 b(constan)m(t;)377 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552 552 552 551 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(552)950 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(80.)71 b(SUSY2:)41 b(SUPER)30 b(SYMMETR)-8 b(Y)664 555 y FR(80.1.1)113 b(Op)s(erators)38 b(for)f(constructing)f(Ob)6 b(jects)664 777 y FQ(The)28 b(sup)s(erfunctions)d(are)k(represen)m(ted)f(in)e(this)i(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)30 b(b)m(y)e FJ(BOS)p FQ(\(f,n,m\))f(for)h(sup)s(er-)664 890 y(b)s(osons)h(and)g FJ(FER)p FQ(\(f,n,m\))g(for)g(sup)s (erfermions.)38 b(The)29 b(\014rst)g(index)f(denotes)i(the)g(name)664 1002 y(of)j(the)g(giv)m(en)f(sup)s(erob)5 b(ject,)33 b(the)f(second)h(denotes)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g(SuSy)f(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es,)664 1115 y(and)30 b(the)h(last)f(giv)m(es)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(usual)f(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e.)664 1228 y(In)28 b(addition)e(to)j(the)f(de\014nitions)e(of)i(the)g(sup)s (erfunctions,)e(also)i(the)g(in)m(v)m(erse)g(and)g(the)664 1341 y(exp)s(onen)m(tial)33 b(of)h(sup)s(erb)s(osons)e(can)i(b)s(e)g (de\014ned)f(\(where)h(the)g(in)m(v)m(erse)g(is)f(de\014ned)g(as)664 1454 y FJ(BOS)p FQ(\(f,n,m,-1\))k(with)e(the)h(prop)s(ert)m(y)f FD(b)-5 b(os\(f,n,m,-1\)*b)g(os\(f,n,m,1\)=1)p FQ(\).)62 b(The)36 b(exp)s(o-)664 1567 y(nen)m(tial)30 b(of)g(the)h(sup)s(erb)s (oson)d(function)h(is)g FJ(AXP)p FQ(\()p FJ(BOS)p FQ(\(f,0,0\)\).)664 1680 y(The)35 b(op)s(erator)h FJ(FUN)e FQ(and)h FJ(GRAS)f FQ(denote)i(the)g(classical)e(and)h(the)h(Grassmann)e(func-)664 1793 y(tion.)664 1906 y(Three)28 b(di\013eren)m(t)g(realizations)g(of)h (sup)s(ersymmetric)d(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)28 b(are)h(implemen)m(ted.) 664 2019 y(T)-8 b(o)35 b(select)f(traditional)f(realization)g(declare)h FJ(LET)47 b(TRAD)p FQ(.)33 b(In)g(order)h(to)g(select)h(c)m(hiral)664 2132 y(or)d(c)m(hiral1)g(algebra)g(declare)g FJ(LET)47 b(CHIRAL)30 b FQ(or)i FJ(LET)47 b(CHIRAL1)p FQ(.)d(F)-8 b(or)32 b(usual)f(di\013eren-)664 2244 y(tiation)38 b(the)g(op)s (erator)h FJ(D)p FQ(\(1\))g(stands)e(for)h(righ)m(t)g(and)f FJ(D)p FQ(\(2\))i(for)f(left)g(di\013eren)m(tiation.)664 2357 y(SuSy)33 b(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)33 b(are)i(denoted)f(as)g FD(der)h FQ(and)e FD(del)p FQ(.)53 b FJ(DER)33 b FQ(and)g FJ(DEL)h FQ(are)g(one)h(comp)s(o-)664 2470 y(nen)m(t)h(argumen)m(t)f (op)s(erations)g(and)g(represen)m(t)g(the)g(left)g(and)g(righ)m(t)g(op) s(erators.)55 b(The)664 2583 y(action)27 b(of)g(these)f(op)s(erators)h (on)f(the)h(sup)s(erfunctions)c(dep)s(ends)i(on)h(the)h(c)m(hoice)g(of) g(the)664 2696 y(sup)s(ersymmetry)i(algebra.)853 2923 y FH(BOS)p Fk(\(f,n,m\))100 b FH(BOS)p Fk(\(f,n,m,k\))g FH(FER)p Fk(\(f,n,m\))f FH(AXP)p Fk(\(f)6 b(\))100 b FH(FUN)p Fk(\(f,n\))g FH(FUN)p Fk(\(f,n,m\))853 3023 y FH(GRAS)p Fk(\(f,n\))148 b FH(AXX)p Fk(\(f)6 b(\))322 b FH(D)p Fk(\(1\))331 b FH(D)p Fk(\(2\))177 b FH(D)p Fk(\(3\))240 b FH(D)p Fk(\(-1\))853 3122 y FH(D)p Fk(\(-2\))304 b FH(D)p Fk(\(-3\))371 b FH(D)p Fk(\(-4\))303 b FH(DR)p Fk(\(-n\))101 b FH(DER)p Fk(\(1\))152 b FH(DER)p Fk(\(2\))853 3222 y FH(DEL)p Fk(\(1\))244 b FH(DEL)p Fk(\(2\))664 3609 y FN(Example)p FQ(:)664 3815 y FH(1:)43 b(load)f(susy2;)664 4014 y(2:)h(bos\(f,0,2,-2\)*ax)o(p\()o(fer)o(\(k)o(,1,)o(2\))o(\)*d)o (el)o(\(1)o(\);)81 b(\045first)41 b(susy)h(derivative)664 4214 y(2*fer\(f,1,2\)*bos\()o(f,)o(0,)o(2,-)o(3\))o(*ax)o(p\()o(fer)o (\(k)o(,1)o(,2\))o(\))708 4413 y(-)h(bos\(k,0,3\)*bos\(f)o(,0)o(,2,)o (-2)o(\)*a)o(xp)o(\(fe)o(r\()o(k,)o(1,2)o(\)\))708 4612 y(+)g(del\(1\)*bos\(f,0,2)o(,-)o(2\)*)o(ax)o(p\(f)o(er)o(\(k,)o(1,)o (2\))o(\))664 4811 y(3:)g(sub\(del=der,ws\);)p eop %%Page: 553 553 553 552 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(80.1.)72 b(OPERA)-8 b(TORS)2018 b FQ(553)241 555 y FH(bos\(f,0,2,-2\)*ax)o(p\()o(fe)o(r\(k)o(,1)o(,2\))o(\)*)o(der)o(\(1)o (\))241 782 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(80.1.2)112 b(Commands)241 1170 y FQ(There)30 b(are)g(plen)m(t)m(y) h(of)f(op)s(erators)h(on)f(sup)s(erfunction)d(ob)5 b(jects.)42 b(Some)30 b(of)h(them)f(are)241 1282 y(in)m(tro)s(duced)f(here)h (brie\015y)-8 b(.)377 1520 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(By)31 b(using)e(the)h(op)s (erators)h FJ(FPART)p FQ(,)e FJ(BPART)p FQ(,)g FJ(BFPART)g FQ(and)g FJ(BF)p 2591 1520 29 4 v 34 w(PART)h FQ(it)f(is)468 1633 y(p)s(ossible)f(to)j(compute)g(the)f(co)s(ordinates)g(of)h(the)g (arbitrary)e(SuSy)468 1746 y(expressions.)377 1933 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(With)29 b FJ(W)p 756 1933 V 34 w(COMB)p FQ(,)f FJ(FCOMB)f FQ(and)i FJ(PSE)p 1622 1933 V 33 w(ELE)g FQ(there)g(are)g(three)h(op)s(erators)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(able)468 2046 y(to)j(construct)g(di\013eren)m(t)f(p)s(ossible)e(com)m(binations) h(of)i(sup)s(erfunctions)c(and)468 2159 y(sup)s(er-pseudo-di\013eren)m (tial)g(elemen)m(ts)k(with)e(the)h(giv)m(en)h(conformal)468 2272 y(dimensions)d(.)377 2460 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(The)30 b(three)g(op)s(erators)h FJ(S)p 1344 2460 V 34 w(PART)p FQ(,)f FJ(D)p 1673 2460 V 34 w(PART)f FQ(and)h FJ(SD)p 2201 2460 V 33 w(PART)g FQ(are)g(implemen)m(ted)f(to)468 2573 y(obtain)h(the)g(comp)s(onen)m(ts)h(of)f(the)h(\(pseudo\)-SuSy)e (elemen)m(t.)377 2760 y FP(\017)46 b FJ(RZUT)29 b FQ(is)h(used)f(to)i (obtain)f(the)h(pro)5 b(jection)30 b(on)m(to)h(the)g(in)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)29 b(subspace)468 2873 y(\(with)g(resp)s(ect)i(to)g(comm)m (utator\))h(of)f(algebra)f(of)h(pseudo-SuSy-di\013eren)m(tial)468 2986 y(algebra.)377 3174 y FP(\017)46 b FQ(T)-8 b(o)31 b(obtain)f(the)g(list)f(of)i(the)f(same)h(com)m(binations)f(of)g(some)h (sup)s(erfunctions)468 3287 y(and)f(\(SuSy\))f(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es)30 b(from)g(some)h(giv)m(en)f(op)s(erator-v)-5 b(alued)30 b(expression,)468 3399 y(the)h(op)s(erators)f FJ(LYST)p FQ(,)g FJ(LYST1)f FQ(and)g FJ(LYST2)g FQ(are)i(constructed.)p eop %%Page: 554 554 554 553 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(554)950 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(80.)71 b(SUSY2:)41 b(SUPER)30 b(SYMMETR)-8 b(Y)920 543 y FJ(FPART)p FQ(\(expression\))557 b FJ(BPART)p FQ(\(expression\))920 656 y FJ(BF)p 1022 656 29 4 v 34 w(PART)p FQ(\(expression,n\))399 b FJ(B)p 2250 656 V 34 w(PART)p FQ(\(expression,n\))920 769 y FJ(PR)p FQ(\(n,expression\))625 b FJ(PG)p FQ(\(n,expression\))920 882 y FJ(W)p 974 882 V 34 w(COMB)p FQ(\()p FP(ff)p FQ(f,n,x)p FP(g)p FQ(,...)p FP(g)p FQ(,m,z,y\))236 b FJ(FCOMB)p FQ(\()p FP(ff)p FQ(f,n,x)p FP(g)p FQ(,...)p FP(g)p FQ(,m,z,y\))920 995 y FJ(PSE)p 1070 995 V 33 w(ELE)p FQ(\(n,)p FP(ff)p FQ(f,n)p FP(g)p FQ(,...)p FP(g)p FQ(,z\))920 1107 y FJ(S)p 974 1107 V 34 w(PART)p FQ(\(expression,n\))447 b FJ(D)p 2250 1107 V 34 w(PART)p FQ(\(expression,n\))920 1220 y FJ(SD)p 1022 1220 V 34 w(PART)p FQ(\(expression,n,m\))298 b FJ(CP)p FQ(\(expression\))920 1333 y FJ(RZUT)p FQ(\(expression,n\)) 529 b FJ(LYST)p FQ(\(expression\))920 1446 y FJ(LYST1)p FQ(\(expression\))557 b FJ(LYST2)p FQ(\(expression\))920 1559 y FJ(CHAN)p FQ(\(expression\))605 b FJ(ODWA)p FQ(\(expression\)) 920 1672 y FJ(GRA)p FQ(\(expression,f)7 b(\))593 b FJ(DYW)p FQ(\(expression,f)7 b(\))920 1785 y FJ(WAR)p FQ(\(expression,f)g(\))593 b FJ(DOT)p 2346 1785 V 34 w(HAM)p FQ(\(equations,expression\))920 1898 y FJ(N)p 974 1898 V 34 w(GAT)p FQ(\(op)s(erator,list\))496 b FJ(FJACOB)p FQ(\(op)s(erator,list\))920 2011 y FJ(JACOB)p FQ(\(op)s(erator,list,)p FP(f)p FL(\013;)15 b(\014)5 b(;)15 b(\015)5 b FP(g)p FQ(\))121 b FJ(MACIERZ)p FQ (\(expression,x,y\))920 2124 y FJ(S)p 974 2124 V 34 w(INT)p FQ(\(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,expression,list\))664 2596 y FN(Example)p FQ(:)664 2802 y FH(4:)43 b(xxx:=fer\(f,2,3\);)664 3001 y(xxx)g(:=)f(fer\(f,2,3\))664 3201 y(5:)h(fpart\(xxx\);)83 b(\045)43 b(all)f(components)1362 3400 y(-)h(fun\(f0,4\))d(+)j (2*fun\(f1,3\))257 b(gras\(ff2,4\))664 3500 y({gras\(ff2,3\),)38 b(-----------------)o(---)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(-,)o(0,)f(-------------}) 1841 3599 y(2)1046 b(2)664 3699 y(6:)43 b(bpart\(xxx\);)83 b(\045)43 b(bosonic)d(sector)882 3898 y(-)j(fun\(f0,4\))d(+)j (2*fun\(f1,3\))664 3998 y({0,--------------)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(---) o(--)o(,0,)o(0})1362 4097 y(2)664 4297 y(9:)g(b_part\(xxx,1\);)38 b(\045the)k(given)f(component)f(in)j(the)f(bosonic)f(sector)751 4496 y(-)j(fun\(f0,4\))39 b(+)44 b(2*fun\(f1,3\))664 4596 y(-----------------)o(--)o(--)o(---)o(--)o(--)1231 4695 y(2)664 4832 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 555 555 555 554 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(80.2.)72 b(OPTIONS)2173 b FQ(555)241 555 y FE(80.2)135 b(Options)241 808 y FQ(The)30 b(are)g(sev)m(eral)h(options)f(de\014ned) f(in)g(this)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)43 b(Please)31 b(note)g(that)g(they)f (are)241 921 y(activ)-5 b(ated)31 b(b)m(y)f(t)m(yping)g FJ(let)47 b FL(<)p FJ(option)p FL(>)p FQ(.)39 b(See)30 b(also)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)241 1034 y(The)f FJ(TRAD)p FQ(,)f FJ(CHIRAL)g FQ(and)h FJ(CHIRAL1)e FQ(select)j(the)f(di\013eren)m(t)g (realizations)g(of)g(the)241 1147 y(sup)s(ersymmetric)e(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(es.)40 b(By)31 b(default)e(traditional)g(algebra)h(is)g (selected.)241 1260 y(If)g(the)g(command)g FJ(LET)47 b(INVERSE)29 b FQ(is)g(used,)h(then)g(three)h(indices)d FD(b)-5 b(os)31 b FQ(ob)5 b(jects)31 b(are)241 1372 y(transformed)e(on) m(to)j(four)e(indices)e(ob)5 b(jects.)722 1592 y FJ(TRAD)99 b(CHIRAL)f(CHIRAL1)g(INVERSE)f(DRR)i(NODRR)241 2034 y FN(Example)p FQ(:)241 2240 y FH(10:)42 b(let)g(inverse;)241 2439 y(11:)g(bos\(f,0,3\)**3*bo)o(s\(k)o(,3)o(,1\))o(**)o(40*)o(bo)o (s\()o(f,0)o(,3)o(,-2)o(\);)241 2638 y(bos\(k,3,1,40\)*bo)o(s\()o(f,)o (0,3)o(,1)o(\);)241 2837 y(12:)g(clearrules)e(inverse;)241 3037 y(13:)i(xxx:=fer\(f,1,2\)*)o(bos)o(\(k)o(,0,)o(2,)o(-2\))o(;)241 3236 y(xxx)g(:=)h(fer\(f,1,2\)*bos\(k)o(,0)o(,2,)o(-2)o(\))241 3435 y(14:)f(pr\(1,xxx\);)e(\045)j(first)e(susy)h(derivative)241 3634 y(-)h(2*fer\(k,1,2\)*fer)o(\(f)o(,1,)o(2\))o(*bo)o(s\()o(k,0)o(,2) o(,-)o(3\))37 b(+)43 b(bos\(k,0,2,-2\)*bos)o(\(f,)o(0,)o(3\))241 3834 y(15:)f(pr\(2,xxx\);)e(\045second)g(susy)i(derivative)241 4033 y(-)h(2*fer\(k,2,2\)*fer)o(\(f)o(,1,)o(2\))o(*bo)o(s\()o(k,0)o(,2) o(,-)o(3\))37 b(-)43 b(bos\(k,0,2,-2\)*bos)o(\(f,)o(3,)o(2\))241 4232 y(16:)f(clearrules)e(trad;)241 4431 y(17:)i(let)g(chiral;)f(\045)i (changing)e(to)h(chiral)f(algebra)241 4631 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b(If)30 b(the)h(order)f(is)f (0)i FD(and)g FQ(if)f(the)g(\014rst)g(order)g(term)g(in)f(TPS)h(is)f (non-zero,)i(then)891 2287 y(the)g(expansion)e(p)s(oin)m(t)h(of)g(the)h (in)m(v)m(erted)f(series)g(is)f(tak)m(en)j(to)f(b)s(e)e(the)891 2400 y(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)j(of)e(the)h(zeroth)g(order)f(term)g(in)f (TPS.)664 2436 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 2586 a(3.)46 b(If)30 b(the)h(order)f(is)f(-1)i(the)g(expansion)e(p) s(oin)m(t)g(of)i(the)g(in)m(v)m(erted)f(series)f(is)h(the)891 2699 y(p)s(oin)m(t)g(at)h(in\014nit)m(y)-8 b(.)39 b(In)29 b(all)h(other)g(cases)i(a)e(REDUCE)h(error)f(is)f(rep)s(orted)891 2811 y(b)s(ecause)i(the)f(series)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)f(in)m(v)m(erted)g (as)h(a)f(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)h(series.)40 b(Puiseux)891 2924 y(expansion)30 b(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)h(required)e(to)j(handle)e(these)i (cases.)664 2978 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 775 3110 a(4.)46 b(If)30 b(the)h(expansion)e(p)s(oin)m(t)h(of)g(TPS)f (is)h(\014nite)f(it)h(b)s(ecomes)h(the)f(zeroth)h(order)891 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b(CONTR)m(OLLING)30 b(PO)m(WER)h(SERIES)1164 b FQ(573)453 555 y FJ(PSCOMPOSE)p FQ(\(TPS1:)p FD(p)-5 b(ower)32 b(series)p FQ(,)f(TPS2:)p FD(p)-5 b(ower)34 b(series)p FQ(\):)p FD(p)-5 b(ower)35 b(series)241 718 y FJ(PSCOMPOSE)28 b FQ(p)s(erforms)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)j(series)e(comp)s (osition.)40 b(The)30 b(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)g(series)g(TPS1)g(and)241 831 y(TPS2)g(are)g(functionally)e(comp)s(osed.)41 b(That)30 b(is)g(to)h(sa)m(y)g(that)g(TPS2)e(is)h(substituted)241 944 y(for)g(the)g(expansion)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(in)g(TPS1)h(and)f (the)i(result)e(expressed)h(as)h(a)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)241 1057 y(series.)40 b(The)30 b(dep)s(enden)m(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(and)h(expansion)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(of)g(the)h(result)e(coincide)241 1170 y(with)g(those)i(of)f(TPS2.)40 b(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)f (conditions)g(apply)g(to)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(series)241 1282 y(comp)s(osition:)241 1383 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 1510 a(1.)46 b(If)30 b(the)h(expansion)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g (of)i(TPS1)e(is)h(0)h(then)f(the)g(order)g(of)h(the)f(TPS2)g(m)m(ust) 468 1623 y(b)s(e)g(at)h(least)g(1.)241 1654 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 1799 a(2.)46 b(If)30 b(the)h(expansion)e(p) s(oin)m(t)g(of)i(TPS1)e(is)h(\014nite,)f(it)h(should)f(coincide)g(with) g(the)468 1912 y(co)s(e\016cien)m(t)i(of)g(the)f(zeroth)h(order)f(term) h(in)e(TPS2.)40 b(The)30 b(order)g(of)g(TPS2)468 2025 y(should)e(also)j(b)s(e)e(non-negativ)m(e)j(in)d(this)g(case.)241 2074 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 352 2201 a(3.)46 b(If)30 b(the)h(expansion)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(of)i(TPS1)e(is)h(the) g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(at)h(in\014nit)m(y)d(then)i(the)h(order)468 2313 y(of)g(TPS2)e(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)e(less)h(than)g(or)h(equal)e(to)j (-1.)241 2541 y(If)e(these)h(conditions)d(do)j(not)f(hold)f(the)i (series)f(cannot)g(b)s(e)g(comp)s(osed)g(\(with)g(the)241 2654 y(curren)m(t)g(algorithm)f(terms)i(of)f(the)h(in)m(v)m(erted)f (series)g(w)m(ould)f(in)m(v)m(olv)m(e)h(in\014nite)e(sums\))241 2767 y(and)i(a)g(REDUCE)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)241 2929 y(Examples)f(of)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(series)g(comp)s(osition)f(include)f (the)j(follo)m(wing.)415 3154 y FH(a:=ps\(exp)40 b(y,y,0\);)84 b(b:=ps\(sin)40 b(x,x,0\);)415 3254 y(pscompose\(a,b\);)415 3354 y(\045)j(Produces)e(the)h(power)f(series)h(expansion)d(of)k (exp\(sin)e(x\))415 3453 y(\045)i(about)f(x=0.)415 3652 y(a:=ps\(exp)e(z,z,1\);)h(b:=ps\(cos)f(x,x,0\);)415 3752 y(pscompose\(a,b\);)415 3852 y(\045)j(Produces)e(the)h(power)f(series)h (expansion)d(of)k(exp\(cos)e(x\))415 3951 y(\045)i(about)f(x=0.)415 4151 y(a:=ps\(cos\(1/x\),x)o(,in)o(fi)o(nit)o(y\))o(;)81 b(b:=ps\(1/sin)39 b(x,x,0\);)415 4250 y(pscompose\(a,b\);)415 4350 y(\045)k(Produces)e(the)h(power)f(series)h(expansion)d(of)k (cos\(sin)e(x\))415 4449 y(\045)i(about)f(x=0.)241 4578 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 159 x FR(83.2.10)112 b(PSSUM)38 b(Op)s(erator)241 4959 y FQ(Syn)m(tax:)p eop %%Page: 574 574 574 573 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(574)34 b FM(CHAPTER)c(83.)71 b(TPS:)30 b(A)g(TR)m(UNCA)-8 b(TED)31 b(PO)m(WER)g(SERIES)e(P)-8 b(A)m(CKA)m(GE)876 555 y FJ(PSSUM)p FQ(\(J:)p FD(kernel)30 b FQ(=)g(LO)m(WLIM:)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)p FQ(,)31 b(COEFF:)p FD(algebr)-5 b(aic)p FQ(,)32 b(X:)p FD(kernel)p FQ(,)1150 668 y(ABOUT:)p FD(algebr)-5 b(aic)p FQ(,)32 b(PO)m(WER:)p FD(algebr)-5 b(aic)p FQ(\):)p FD(p)g(ower)37 b(series)664 912 y FQ(The)30 b(formal)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)g (series)g(sum)f(for)h(J)g(from)g(LO)m(WLIM)h(to)g FJ(INFINITY)d FQ(of)926 1143 y FH(COEFF*\(X-ABOUT\))o(**P)o(OW)o(ER)664 1387 y FQ(or)j(if)e(ABOUT)h(is)g(giv)m(en)g(as)h FJ(INFINITY)926 1618 y FH(COEFF*\(1/X\)**PO)o(WER)664 1862 y FQ(is)f(constructed)g(and) g(returned.)40 b(This)28 b(enables)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)g(series)g(whose)g (general)g(term)664 1975 y(is)g(kno)m(wn)f(to)j(b)s(e)d(constructed)i (and)f(manipulated)e(using)h(the)h(other)h(pro)s(cedures)e(of)664 2088 y(the)i(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(series)g(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)664 2251 y(J)30 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FQ(is)241 4959 y(running,)d(a)k(hash)e(mark)g(\() p FJ(#)p FQ(\))h(is)f(prin)m(ted)g(for)g(eac)m(h)i(form)e(tak)m(en)i (from)f(the)g(input)e(list,)p eop %%Page: 596 596 596 595 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(596)57 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(88.)72 b(XIDEAL:)31 b(GR)2099 276 y(\177)2083 299 y(OBNER)f(F)m(OR)h(EXTERIOR)e(ALGEBRA)664 555 y FQ(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(sequences)g(of)f(carets)i(\()p FJ(^)p FQ(\))e(and)g(dollar)f(signs)g(\()p FJ($)p FQ(\).)41 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(caret)664 668 y(represen)m(ts)f(a)h(new)f(basis)f (elemen)m(t)i(obtained)f(b)m(y)g(a)h(simple)d(w)m(edge)j(pro)s(duct,)f (and)664 781 y(eac)m(h)i(dollar)d(sign)g(represen)m(ts)h(a)h(new)f (basis)f(elemen)m(t)i(obtained)f(from)g(an)664 894 y(S-p)s(olynomial.) 38 b(A)m(t)31 b(the)g(end,)f(a)h(table)f(is)f(prin)m(ted)g(summarising) f(the)i(calculation.)664 1007 y FJ(XSTATS)f FQ(is)g FJ(OFF)h FQ(b)m(y)g(default.)664 1162 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 181 x FE(88.3)136 b(Examples)664 1596 y FQ(Supp)s(ose)29 b(EX)m(CALC)h(and)g(XIDEAL)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(loaded,)g(the)g (switc)m(hes)g(are)h(at)664 1709 y(their)f(default)f(settings,)i(and)f (the)g(follo)m(wing)f(exterior)h(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s (een)664 1822 y(declared:)882 2052 y FH(pform)42 b(x=0,y=0,z=0,t=0)o (,f\()o(i\))o(=1,)o(h=)o(0,)o(hx=)o(0,)o(ht=)o(0;)664 2283 y FQ(In)30 b(a)h(comm)m(utativ)m(e)g(p)s(olynomial)d(ring,)i(a)g (single)f(p)s(olynomial)f(is)h(its)h(o)m(wn)h(Gr\177)-45 b(obner)664 2383 y(basis.)40 b(This)28 b(is)i(no)g(longer)g(true)g(for) g(exterior)h(algebras)f(b)s(ecause)g(of)h(the)f(presence)664 2483 y(of)h(zero)g(divisors,)d(and)i(can)h(lead)f(to)h(some)f (surprising)d(reductions:)882 2688 y FH(xideal)41 b({d)i(x^d)f(y)h(-)h (d)f(z^d)f(t};)1100 2888 y({d)h(T^d)f(Z)h(+)g(d)h(X^d)e(Y,)1144 3087 y(d)h(X^d)f(Y^d)g(Z,)1144 3286 y(d)h(T^d)f(X^d)g(Y})882 3485 y(f\(3\)^f\(4\)^f\(5\)^f)o(\(6\))969 3585 y(xmodulo)f ({f\(1\)^f\(2\))e(+)44 b(f\(3\)^f\(4\))39 b(+)44 b(f\(5\)^f\(6\)};)1100 3784 y(0)664 3990 y FQ(The)30 b(heat)h(equation,)g FL(h)1502 4004 y FF(xx)1611 3990 y FQ(=)25 b FL(h)1759 4004 y FF(t)1819 3990 y FQ(can)31 b(b)s(e)e(represen)m(ted)i(b)m(y)f(the)h(follo)m(wing) d(exterior)664 4090 y(di\013eren)m(tial)h(system.)882 4296 y FH(S)43 b(:=)g({d)g(h)g(-)g(ht*d)f(t)h(-)g(hx*d)f(x,)1144 4395 y(d)h(ht^d)f(t)h(+)g(d)g(hx^d)f(x,)1144 4495 y(d)h(hx^d)f(t)h(-)g (ht*d)f(x^d)g(t};)664 4701 y FJ(XMODULO)28 b FQ(can)i(b)s(e)g(used)f (to)i(c)m(hec)m(k)g(that)g(the)f(exterior)g(di\013eren)m(tial)e(system) i(is)f(closed)664 4800 y(under)g(exterior)h(di\013eren)m(tiation.)p eop %%Page: 597 597 597 596 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(88.3.)72 b(EXAMPLES)2082 b FQ(597)459 555 y FH(d)43 b(S)g(xmodulo)e(S;)677 754 y({})241 960 y FQ(Non-graded)30 b(left)h(and)e(righ)m(t)h(ideals)f(are)i(no)f(longer)g(the)h(same:)459 1166 y FH(d)43 b(t^\(d)f(z+d)g(x^d)g(y\))h(xmodulo)e({d)i(z+d)f(x^d)g (y};)677 1365 y(0)459 1565 y(\(d)g(z+d)h(x^d)f(y\)^d)g(t)h(xmodulo)e ({d)i(z+d)f(x^d)g(y};)720 1764 y(-)h(2*d)g(t^d)f(z)241 1970 y FQ(Higher)29 b(order)h(forms)g(can)h(no)m(w)f(reduce)g(lo)m(w)m (er)h(order)f(ones:)459 2176 y FH(d)43 b(x)g(xmodulo)e({d)h(y^d)h(z)g (+)g(d)g(x,d)g(x^d)f(y)h(+)g(d)h(z};)677 2375 y(0)241 2581 y FQ(An)m(y)30 b(form)g(con)m(taining)g(a)h(0-form)f(term)h (generates)h(the)e(whole)g(ideal:)459 2787 y FH(xideal)41 b({1)i(+)g(f\(1\))f(+)h(f\(1\)^f\(2\))d(+)j(f\(2\)^f\(3\)^f\(4\)};)677 2986 y({1})p eop %%Page: 598 598 598 597 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(598)57 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(88.)72 b(XIDEAL:)31 b(GR)2099 276 y(\177)2083 299 y(OBNER)f(F)m(OR)h(EXTERIOR)e(ALGEBRA)p eop %%Page: 599 599 599 598 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 165 x @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 764 x FI(Chapter)64 b(89)241 1693 y FT(ZEILBER)-6 b(G:)75 b(A)i(pac)-6 b(k)-13 b(age)77 b(for)241 1942 y(inde\014nite)g(and)h(de\014nite)241 2191 y(summation)1130 2664 y Fx(W)-6 b(olfram)26 b(Ko)r(epf)g(and)f 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b(a)g(recursion)f(for)h(a)h(generalised)f(h)m(yp)s (ergeometric)g(function)f(is)h(to)h(b)s(e)241 4959 y(established,)e (one)h(can)h(use)p eop %%Page: 602 602 602 601 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(602)165 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(89.)72 b(ZEILBER)m(G:)30 b(INDEF)h(&)f(DEFINITE)h(SUMMA)-8 b(TION)801 555 y FP(\017)45 b FJ(hyperrecursion\(upper,lower)o(,x,n)o(\))24 b FQ(determines)30 b(a)g(holonomic)891 668 y(recurrence)h(equation)f(with)f(resp)s(ect)h (to)h FL(n)f FQ(for)1662 947 y FF(p)1702 933 y FL(F)1760 947 y FF(q)1824 789 y FB( )1931 876 y FL(a)1979 890 y FO(1)2018 876 y FL(;)84 b(a)2175 890 y FO(2)2214 876 y FL(;)f FP(\001)15 b(\001)g(\001)i FL(;)83 b(a)2600 890 y FF(p)1935 989 y FL(b)1974 1003 y FO(1)2014 989 y FL(;)92 b(b)2170 1003 y FO(2)2210 989 y FL(;)87 b FP(\001)15 b(\001)g(\001)i FL(;)88 b(b)2596 1003 y FF(q)2681 785 y FB(\014)2681 835 y(\014)2681 885 y(\014)2681 935 y(\014)2681 985 y(\014)2724 933 y FL(x)2776 789 y FB(!)2857 933 y FL(;)891 1202 y 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y FP(\017)45 b FJ(hypersum\(upper,lower,x,n\))24 b FQ(determines)29 b(a)i(closed)f(form)891 4938 y(represen)m(tation)h (for)p eop %%Page: 603 603 603 602 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(89.6.)72 b(SUMTOHYPER)30 b(OPERA)-8 b(TOR)1373 b FQ(603)468 625 y FF(p)508 611 y FL(F)566 625 y FF(q)629 467 y FB( )737 555 y FL(a)785 569 y FO(1)824 555 y FL(;)83 b(a)980 569 y FO(2)1020 555 y FL(;)g FP(\001)15 b(\001)g(\001)h FL(;)84 b(a)1406 569 y FF(p)741 667 y FL(b)780 681 y FO(1)820 667 y FL(;)92 b(b)976 681 y FO(2)1015 667 y FL(;)c FP(\001)15 b(\001)g(\001)h FL(;)89 b(b)1402 681 y FF(q)1487 464 y FB(\014)1487 514 y(\014)1487 564 y(\014)1487 613 y(\014)1487 663 y(\014)1530 611 y FL(x)1582 467 y FB(!)1647 611 y FQ(,)31 b(where)f FJ(upper)p FQ(=)23 b FP(f)p FL(a)2393 625 y FO(1)2433 611 y FL(;)15 b(a)2521 625 y FO(2)2561 611 y FL(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)i(;)e(a)2811 625 y FF(p)2851 611 y FP(g)31 b FQ(is)e(the)468 789 y(list)g(of)i(upp)s(er)d(parameters,)j (and)f FJ(lower)p FQ(=)23 b 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FL(>)1377 1238 y(<)p FD(unsigne)g(d-\015o)g (ating)p FL(>)32 b FQ(::=)e FL(<)p FD(b)-5 b(ase)p FL(>)p FP(j)1377 1350 y FL(<)p FD(b)g(ase)p FL(>)p FQ(E)p FL(<)p FD(unsigne)g(d-inte)g(ger)p FL(>)p FP(j)1377 1463 y FL(<)p FD(b)g(ase)p FL(>)p FQ(E-)p FL(<)p FD(unsigne)g(d-inte)g(ger)p FL(>)p FP(j)1377 1576 y FL(<)p FD(b)g(ase)p FL(>)p FQ(E+)p FL(<)p FD(unsigne)g(d-inte)g(ger)p FL(>)891 1689 y(<)p FD(\015o)g(ating)p FL(>)32 b FQ(::=)e FL(<)p FD(unsigne)-5 b(d-\015o)g(ating)p FL(>)p FP(j)1507 1802 y FQ(+)p FL(<)p FD(unsigne)g(d-\015o)g(ating)p FL(>)p FP(j)p FQ(-)p FL(<)p FD(unsigne)g(d-\015o)g(ating)p FL(>)664 2033 y FN(id)46 b FQ(An)30 b(iden)m(ti\014er)e(is)i(a)g(string)g(of)g(c)m(haracters)i (whic)m(h)d(ma)m(y)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)61 b(follo)m(wing)891 2146 y(items)30 b(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(it.)891 2350 y FN(prin)m(t)35 b(name)45 b FQ(The)30 b(c)m(haracters)h(of)g(the)f (iden)m(ti\014er.)891 2491 y FN(\015ags)46 b FQ(An)30 b(iden)m(ti\014er)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(tagged)i(with)d(a)h(\015ag.)41 b(Access)32 b(is)d(b)m(y)h(the)1091 2603 y(FLA)m(G,)i(REMFLA)m(G,)g (and)e(FLA)m(GP)h(functions)e(de\014ned)g(in)1091 2716 y(section)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.3.4)i(on)d(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(629)q(.)891 2857 y FN(prop)s(erties)46 b FQ(An)30 b(iden)m(ti\014er)f(ma)m(y)i(ha)m(v)m (e)g(an)g(indicator-v)-5 b(alue)28 b(pair)1091 2970 y(asso)s(ciated)j (with)e(it.)41 b(Access)31 b(is)e(b)m(y)i(the)f(PUT,)h(GET,)f(and)1091 3083 y(REMPR)m(OP)h(functions)e(de\014ned)g(in)g(section)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.3.4)j(on)d(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(629)r(.)891 3223 y FN(v)-6 b(alues/functions)47 b FQ(An)30 b(iden)m(ti\014er)f(ma)m(y)i (ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(asso)s(ciated)h(with)1091 3336 y(it.)41 b(Access)31 b(to)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(is)f(b)m(y)i(SET)e (and)h(SETQ)f(de\014ned)g(in)1091 3449 y(section)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.3.6)i(on)d(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(633)q(.)41 b(The)30 b(metho)s(d)g(b)m(y)g(whic) m(h)f(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)1091 3562 y(attac)m(hed)k(to)e(the)f (iden)m(ti\014er)f(is)g(kno)m(wn)h(as)h(the)f(binding)e(t)m(yp)s(e,)i (b)s(eing)1091 3675 y(one)h(of)g(LOCAL,)e(GLOBAL,)i(or)g(FLUID.)g (Access)g(to)g(the)g(binding)1091 3788 y(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)e(b)m(y)i(the) f(GLOBAL,)h(GLOBALP)-8 b(,)31 b(FLUID,)g(FLUIDP)-8 b(,)32 b(and)1091 3901 y(UNFLUID)g(functions.)1091 4028 y(An)e(iden)m (ti\014er)f(ma)m(y)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)e(function)f(or)i(macro)g(asso)s (ciated)g(with)e(it.)1091 4141 y(Access)j(is)d(b)m(y)i(the)f(PUTD,)h (GETD,)g(and)e(REMD)i(functions)e(\(see)1091 4254 y(\\F)-8 b(unction)31 b(De\014nition",)f(section)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.3.5)s(,)g(on)g(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(631)r(\).)81 b(An)1091 4366 y(iden)m(ti\014er) 29 b(ma)m(y)i(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(oth)f(a)h(function)e(and)g(a)i(v) -5 b(alue)30 b(asso)s(ciated)1091 4479 y(with)g(it.)891 4620 y FN(OBLIST)35 b(en)m(try)45 b FQ(An)30 b(iden)m(ti\014er)f(ma)m (y)h(b)s(e)g(en)m(tered)h(and)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)f(a)1091 4733 y(structure)g(called)g(the)g(OBLIST.)g(Its)g(presence)h(on)f(the)h (OBLIST)e(do)s(es)1091 4846 y(not)i(directly)e(a\013ect)j(the)f(other)f (prop)s(erties.)39 b(Access)32 b(to)f(the)f(OBLIST)1091 4959 y(is)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(INTERN,)f(REMOB,)h(and)e(READ)i(functions.)p eop %%Page: 617 617 617 616 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.2.)72 b(PRELIMINARIES)1849 b FQ(617)468 555 y(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)f(length)h(of)g(a)h(Standard)e(LISP)h(iden)m(ti\014er)e (is)i(24)h(c)m(haracters)468 668 y(\(excluding)e(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)h (the)f(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)h(!\))41 b(but)30 b(an)468 781 y(implemen)m(tation)f(ma)m(y)i(allo)m(w)f(more.)41 b(Sp)s(ecial)28 b(c)m(haracters)k(\(digits)d(in)h(the)468 894 y(\014rst)g(p)s(osition)e(and)i(punctuation\))f(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)e (pre\014xed)h(with)f(an)h(escap)s(e)468 1007 y(c)m(haracter,)i(an)f(!) 40 b(in)29 b(Standard)g(LISP)-8 b(.)30 b(In)g(BNF)h(iden)m(ti\014ers)e (are)h(recognized)468 1120 y(b)m(y)g(the)h(grammar:)468 1370 y FL(<)p FD(sp)-5 b(e)g(cial-char)g(acter)p FL(>)33 b FQ(::=)d(!)p FL(<)p FD(any-char)-5 b(acter)p FL(>)468 1483 y(<)p FD(alphab)g(etic)p FL(>)32 b FQ(::=)648 1595 y(A)p FP(j)p FQ(B)p FP(j)p FQ(C)p FP(j)p FQ(D)p FP(j)p FQ(E)p FP(j)p FQ(F)p FP(j)p FQ(G)p FP(j)p FQ(H)p FP(j)p FQ(I)p FP(j)p FQ(J)p FP(j)p FQ(K)p FP(j)p FQ(L)p FP(j)p FQ(M)p FP(j)p FQ(N)p FP(j)p FQ(O)p FP(j)p FQ(P)p FP(j)p FQ(Q)p FP(j)p FQ(R)p FP(j)p FQ(S)p FP(j)p FQ(T)p FP(j)p FQ(U)p FP(j)p FQ(V)p FP(j)p FQ(W)p FP(j)p FQ(X)p FP(j)q FQ(Y)p FP(j)p FQ(Z)p FP(j)648 1708 y FQ(a)p FP(j)p FQ(b)p FP(j)p FQ(c)p FP(j)p FQ(d)p FP(j)p FQ(e)p FP(j)p FQ(f)p FP(j)p FQ(g)p FP(j)p FQ(h)p FP(j)p FQ(i)p FP(j)p FQ(j)p FP(j)p FQ(k)p FP(j)p FQ(l)p FP(j)p FQ(m)p FP(j)p FQ(n)p FP(j)p FQ(o)p FP(j)p FQ(p)p FP(j)p FQ(q)p FP(j)p FQ(r)p FP(j)p FQ(s)p 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y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j(of)f(the)f(implemen)m(tation)f(site.)41 b(The)29 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)g(not)g(de\014ned)1091 3074 y(in)g(Standard)f(LISP)-8 b(.)30 b(F)-8 b(unction)30 b(p)s(oin)m(ters)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(created)h(b)m(y)1091 3187 y(COMPRESS)e(in)g(the)i(format)f(used)g(for)g(prin)m(ting)e(but)i (the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(used)1091 3300 y(is)h(not)g(de\014ned)g(in)f (Standard)g(LISP)-8 b(.)30 b(F)-8 b(unction)30 b(p)s(oin)m(ters)f(ma)m (y)i(b)s(e)1091 3413 y(created)h(b)m(y)e(functions)f(whic)m(h)g(deal)h (with)f(compiled)g(function)g(loading.)1091 3526 y(Again,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(created)g(are)h(not)f(w)m(ell)f(de\014ned)f(in)h(Standard) f(LISP)-8 b(.)891 3672 y FN(W)f(ell)36 b(de\014ned)45 b FQ(The)30 b(function)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(asso)s(ciated)g(with)f(an)i (EXPR)f(or)1091 3785 y(FEXPR)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(retriev)m(ed)g(b)m(y)g (GETD)h(and)f(is)f(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(as)h(long)g(as)1091 3898 y(Standard)g(LISP)f(is)g(in)g(execution.)41 b(F)-8 b(unction)30 b(p)s(oin)m(ters)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(stored)1091 4011 y(using)60 b(PUTD,)30 b(PUT,)h(SETQ)e(and)g(the)i(lik)m(e)f(or)g (b)m(y)g(b)s(eing)f(b)s(ound)g(to)1091 4123 y(v)-5 b(ariables.)40 b(F)-8 b(unction)30 b(p)s(oin)m(ters)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m (ed)i(for)e(equiv)-5 b(alence)30 b(b)m(y)1091 4236 y(EQ.)h(The)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)i(for)e(b)s(eing)f(a)i (function)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(b)m(y)1091 4349 y(the)h(CODEP)f(function.) 664 4477 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 664 4538 1196 4 v 768 4592 a Fy(1)802 4623 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial Fx(V)-6 b(ector)37 b(elemen)n(ts)f(are)i(not)f (separated)g(b)n(y)f(commas)g(as)h(in)g(the)g(published)f(v)n(ersion)h (of)h(this)664 4715 y(do)r(cumen)n(t.)p eop %%Page: 619 619 619 618 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.2.)72 b(PRELIMINARIES)1849 b FQ(619)241 555 y FR(91.2.2)112 b(Classes)38 b(of)g(Primitiv)m(e)33 b(Data)38 b(T)m(yp)s(es)241 777 y FQ(The)30 b(classes)g(of)h(primitiv)m(e)d(t)m(yp)s(es)i(are)h(a)g (notational)f(con)m(v)m(enience)h(for)g(describing)241 890 y(the)f(prop)s(erties)f(of)i(functions.)241 1148 y FN(b)s(o)s(olean)46 b FQ(The)29 b(set)i(of)g(global)f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b FP(f)p FQ(T,NIL)p FP(g)p FQ(,)i(or)f(their)g(resp)s (ectiv)m(e)g(v)-5 b(alues,)468 1261 y FP(f)p FQ(T,)31 b(NIL)p FP(g)p FQ(.)241 1447 y FN(extra-b)s(o)s(olean)45 b FQ(An)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(in)f(the)i(system.)41 b(An)m(ything)29 b(that)i(is)f(not)g(NIL)g(has)468 1560 y(the)h(b)s(o)s(olean)e(in)m(terpretation)h(T.)241 1747 y FN(ft)m(yp)s(e)45 b FQ(The)30 b(class)g(of)h(de\014nable)d(function)h (t)m(yp)s(es.)41 b(The)30 b(set)h(of)g(ids)d FP(f)p FQ(EXPR,)468 1860 y(FEXPR,)j(MA)m(CR)m(O)p FP(g)p FQ(.)241 2046 y FN(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)45 b FQ(The)30 b(set)g(of)h FP(f)p FQ(in)m(teger,)g(\015oating)p FP(g)p FQ(.)241 2232 y FN(constan)m(t)46 b FQ(The)29 b(set)i(of)g FP(f)p FQ(in)m(teger,)g (\015oating,)g(string,)e(v)m(ector,)k(function-p)s(oin)m(ter)p FP(g)p FQ(.)468 2345 y(Constan)m(ts)e(ev)-5 b(aluate)31 b(to)g(themselv)m(es)g(\(see)g(the)f(de\014nition)e(of)j(EV)-10 b(AL)30 b(in)468 2458 y(\\The)g(In)m(terpreter",)h(section)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.3.14)i(on)d(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(653)r(\).)241 2645 y FN(an)m(y)45 b FQ(The)30 b(set)h(of)g FP(f)p FQ(in)m(teger,)g (\015oating,)g(string,)e(id,)h(dotted-pair,)g(v)m(ector,)468 2758 y(function-p)s(oin)m(ter)p FP(g)p FQ(.)39 b(An)30 b(S-expression)f(is)h(another)g(term)h(for)f(an)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(All)468 2870 y(Standard)29 b(LISP)h(en)m(tities)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h (some)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(unless)f(an)h(ERR)m(OR)g(o)s(ccurs)468 2983 y(during)e(ev)-5 b(aluation)30 b(or)g(the)h(function)e(causes)i (transfer)f(of)g(con)m(trol)h(\(suc)m(h)f(as)468 3096 y(GO)g(and)g(RETURN\).)241 3283 y FN(atom)44 b FQ(The)30 b(set)h FP(f)p FQ(an)m(y)p FP(g)p FQ(-)p FP(f)p FQ(dotted-pair)p FP(g)p FQ(.)241 3432 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 143 x FR(91.2.3)112 b(Structures)241 3797 y FQ(Structures)29 b(are)i(en)m(tities)f(created)i(out)e(of)h(the)f(primitiv)m(e)e(t)m(yp) s(es)j(b)m(y)f(the)h(use)f(of)241 3910 y(dotted-pairs.)40 b(Lists)29 b(are)i(structures)f(v)m(ery)h(commonly)f(required)e(as)j (actual)241 4023 y(parameters)f(to)i(functions.)39 b(Where)31 b(a)f(list)f(of)i(homogeneous)g(en)m(tities)f(is)f(required)241 4136 y(b)m(y)h(a)h(function)e(this)g(class)h(will)e(b)s(e)i(denoted)g (b)m(y)g FL(<)p FN(xxx)p FD(-list)p FL(>)h FQ(where)f Fo(xxx)g FQ(is)f(the)241 4248 y(name)h(of)h(a)f(class)h(of)f(primitiv)m (es)e(or)j(structures.)40 b(Th)m(us)29 b(a)i(list)e(of)h(ids)f(is)h(an) g FD(id-list)p FQ(,)h(a)241 4361 y(list)e(of)h(in)m(tegers)h(an)f FD(inte)-5 b(ger-list)31 b FQ(and)f(so)g(on.)241 4620 y FN(list)45 b FQ(A)31 b(list)e(is)g(recursiv)m(ely)g(de\014ned)g(as)i (NIL)f(or)g(the)61 b(dotted-pair)30 b(\(an)m(y)h(.)g(list\).)40 b(A)468 4733 y(sp)s(ecial)29 b(notation)i(called)e FD(list-notation)j FQ(is)e(used)f(to)j(represen)m(t)e(lists.)468 4846 y(List-notation)g (eliminates)e(extra)i(paren)m(theses)g(and)g(dots.)40 b(The)29 b(list)g(\(a)h(.)41 b(\(b)29 b(.)468 4959 y(\(c)i(.)41 b(NIL\)\)\))31 b(in)e(list)g(notation)i(is)e(\(a)i(b)f(c\).)41 b(List-notation)31 b(and)e(dot-notation)p eop %%Page: 620 620 620 619 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(620)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)891 555 y FQ(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(mixed)f(as)i(in)e(\(a)i(b)f(.)41 b(c\))31 b(or)f(\(a)h(\(b)f (.)41 b(c\))31 b(d\))f(whic)m(h)f(are)i(\(a)g(.)41 b(\(b)30 b(.)41 b(c\)\))891 668 y(and)30 b(\(a)h(.)41 b(\(\(b)31 b(.)40 b(c\))31 b(.)41 b(\(d)30 b(.)41 b(NIL\)\)\).)31 b(In)f(BNF)h(lists)e(are)i(recognized)f(b)m(y)h(the)891 781 y(grammar:)891 1022 y FL(<)p FD(left-p)-5 b(art)p FL(>)32 b FQ(::=)e(\()h FP(j)f FL(<)p FD(left-p)-5 b(art)p FL(>)32 b(<)p FD(any)p FL(>)891 1135 y(<)p FD(list)p FL(>)f FQ(::=)f FL(<)p FD(left-p)-5 b(art)p FL(>)p FQ(\))32 b FP(j)e FL(<)p FD(left-p)-5 b(art)p FL(>)31 b FQ(.)41 b FL(<)p FD(any)p FL(>)p FQ(\))891 1377 y(Note:)h(\(\))32 b(is)d(an)h(alternate)h(input)e(represen)m(tation)h(of)h(NIL.)664 1562 y FN(alist)45 b FQ(An)29 b(asso)s(ciation)g(list;)g(eac)m(h)h (elemen)m(t)f(of)h(the)f(list)f(is)g(a)i(dotted-pair,)f(the)g(CAR)891 1675 y(part)i(b)s(eing)e(a)h(k)m(ey)i(asso)s(ciated)e(with)f(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(in)f(the)h(CDR)h(part.)664 1860 y FN(cond-form)46 b FQ(A)30 b(cond-form)g(is)g(a)g(list)g(of)g(2)h(elemen)m(t)g(lists)e (of)h(the)h(form:)891 2009 y(\()p FN(ANTECEDENT)p FQ(:)p FD(any)f FN(CONSEQUENT)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\))891 2158 y(The)g(\014rst)g(elemen)m(t)h(will)d(henceforth)i(b)s(e)f(kno)m(wn)h (as)h(the)g(an)m(teceden)m(t)h(and)891 2271 y(the)f(second)f(as)h(the)g (consequen)m(t.)41 b(The)30 b(an)m(teceden)m(t)j(m)m(ust)d(ha)m(v)m(e)h (a)g(v)-5 b(alue.)891 2384 y(The)30 b(consequen)m(t)h(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m (e)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(or)g(an)g(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f(GO)h(or)891 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b(left)g(part)h(of)g(U)g(is)e(returned.)56 b(The)35 b(t)m(yp)s(e)814 1162 y(mismatc)m(h)30 b(error)g(o)s(ccurs)g (if)g(U)g(is)g(not)g(a)h(dotted-pair.)664 1569 y FJ(CDR)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1622 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1682 y FQ(CDR\(CONS\(a,)32 b(b\)\))g FP(!)g FQ(b.)43 b(The)31 b(righ)m(t)g(part)h(of)g(U)f(is)g (returned.)43 b(The)31 b(t)m(yp)s(e)814 1795 y(mismatc)m(h)f(error)g(o) s(ccurs)g(if)g(U)g(is)g(not)g(a)h(dotted-pair.)664 1983 y(The)f(comp)s(osites)g(of)h(CAR)f(and)g(CDR)g(are)h(supp)s(orted)d(up) h(to)j(4)e(lev)m(els,)h(namely:)1314 2138 y(CAAAAR)105 b(CAAAR)f(CAAR)1314 2251 y(CAAADR)g(CAADR)f(CADR)1314 2364 y(CAAD)m(AR)k(CAD)m(AR)f(CD)m(AR)1314 2477 y(CAADDR)d(CADDR)f (CDDR)1314 2590 y(CAD)m(AAR)107 b(CD)m(AAR)1314 2703 y(CAD)m(ADR)f(CD)m(ADR)1314 2816 y(CADD)m(AR)g(CDD)m(AR)1314 2929 y(CADDDR)c(CDDDR)1314 3041 y(CD)m(AAAR)1314 3154 y(CD)m(AADR)1314 3267 y(CD)m(AD)m(AR)1314 3380 y(CD)m(ADDR)1314 3493 y(CDD)m(AAR)1314 3606 y(CDD)m(ADR)1314 3719 y(CDDD)m(AR)1314 3832 y(CDDDDR)664 4142 y FJ(CONS)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)1273 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 4255 y FQ(Returns)29 b(a)h(dotted-pair)g(whic)m(h)e(is)h(not)h(EQ)f(to)i(an) m(ything)e(and)g(has)h(U)g(as)g(its)844 4368 y(CAR)h(part)f(and)g(V)g (as)h(its)e(CDR)i(part.)p eop %%Page: 627 627 627 626 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(627)241 623 y FJ(LIST)p FQ(\([)p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(]\):)p FD(list)1215 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad,)35 b(or)f(macr)-5 b(o)391 736 y FQ(A)24 b(list)e(of)i(the)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)23 b(of)h(eac)m(h)h(elemen)m(t)g(of)f(U)g(is)f(returned.)37 b(The)23 b(order)h(of)391 849 y(ev)-5 b(aluation)20 b(need)h(not)g(b)s (e)f(\014rst)g(to)h(last)g(as)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)e(de\014nition)g (implies.)p @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial -33 x Fb(a)391 1043 y FJ(FEXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)f(LIST\(U\);)534 1156 y(EVLIS)h(U;)p 391 1252 1080 4 v 495 1305 a Fa(a)529 1337 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial Fx(The)26 b(published)f(rep)r(ort's)h(de\014nition)g(implies)f(a)h(sp)r(eci\014c) h(ordering.)241 1754 y FJ(RPLACA)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)p FQ(,)33 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)894 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 1867 y FQ(The)34 b(CAR)g(p)s(ortion)f(of)h(the)h (dotted-pair)f(U)h(is)e(replaced)h(b)m(y)g(V.)h(If)f(dotted-)391 1980 y(pair)c(U)i(is)f(\(a)h(.)45 b(b\))31 b(then)h(\(V)g(.)g(b\))f(is) g(returned.)44 b(The)31 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(mismatc)m(h)f(error)391 2093 y(o)s(ccurs)f(if)f(U)i(is)e(not)i(a)f(dotted-pair.)241 2499 y FJ(RPLACD)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)p FQ(,)33 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)894 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2612 y FQ(The)34 b(CDR)g(p)s(ortion)f(of)h(the)h(dotted-pair)f(U)g(is)f (replaced)h(b)m(y)g(V.)h(If)f(dotted-)391 2725 y(pair)c(U)h(is)g(\(a)h (.)43 b(b\))31 b(then)g(\(a)i(.)43 b(V\))32 b(is)e(returned.)43 b(The)30 b(t)m(yp)s(e)i(mismatc)m(h)f(error)391 2838 y(o)s(ccurs)f(if)f(U)i(is)e(not)i(a)f(dotted-pair.)241 2991 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(91.3.3)112 b(Iden)m(ti\014ers)241 3379 y FQ(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)e(functions)h (deal)h(with)f(iden)m(ti\014ers)g(and)h(the)g(OBLIST,)g(the)241 3492 y(structure)g(of)g(whic)m(h)f(is)h(not)g(de\014ned.)40 b(The)30 b(function)f(of)h(the)h(OBLIST)e(is)g(to)241 3605 y(pro)m(vide)g(a)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(table)h(for)h(iden)m(ti\014ers)d (created)j(during)e(input.)38 b(Iden)m(ti\014ers)241 3718 y(created)31 b(b)m(y)f(READ)h(whic)m(h)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(the)e(same)h (c)m(haracters)h(will)58 b(therefore)31 b(refer)f(to)241 3830 y(the)g(same)h(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(\(see)h(the)e(EQ)g(function)f(in)g (\\Elemen)m(tary)i(Predicates",)241 3943 y(section)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.3.1)j(on)d(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(622)r(\).)p eop %%Page: 628 628 628 627 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(628)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(COMPRESS)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(\):)p FP(f)p FD(atom)p FQ(-)p FD(ve)j(ctor)p FP(g)1168 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(U)32 b(is)f(a)h(list)f(of)h(single)f(c)m (haracter)i(iden)m(ti\014ers)d(whic)m(h)h(is)g(built)e(in)m(to)j(a)h (Stand-)814 849 y(ard)45 b(LISP)g(en)m(tit)m(y)h(and)f(returned.)85 b(Recognized)46 b(are)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)i(strings,)814 962 y(and)43 b(iden)m(ti\014ers)e(with)g(the)j(escap)s(e)f(c)m (haracter)i(pre\014xing)c(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(harac-)814 1075 y(ters.)47 b(The)32 b(formats)h(of)f(these)h(items)f(app)s(ear)g (in)f(\\Primitiv)m(e)g(Data)j(T)m(yp)s(es")814 1188 y(section)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.2.1)h(on)e(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(615)r(.)52 b(Iden)m(ti\014ers)33 b(are)h(not)h(in)m(terned)e(on)h(the)h(OB-)814 1301 y(LIST.)26 b(F)-8 b(unction)26 b(p)s(oin)m(ters)f(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(compressed)g (but)g(this)f(is)h(an)g(unde\014ned)814 1414 y(use.)39 b(If)25 b(an)h(en)m(tit)m(y)g(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(parsed)g(out)h(of)g(U)g (or)f(c)m(haracters)i(are)f(left)g(o)m(v)m(er)814 1527 y(after)31 b(parsing)e(an)h(error)g(o)s(ccurs:)814 1700 y FJ(*****)47 b(Poorly)f(formed)g(atom)g(in)i(COMPRESS)664 2262 y(EXPLODE)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FP(f)p FD(atom)p FP(g)p FQ(-)p FP(f)p FD(ve)-5 b(ctor)p FP(g)p FQ(\):)p FD(id-list)1126 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2375 y FQ(Returned)20 b(is)g(a)h(list)e(of)i(in)m(terned)f(c)m(haracters)i (represen)m(ting)e(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(to)814 2488 y(prin)m(t)k(of)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g(U.)h(The)e(primitiv)m(e)f (data)j(t)m(yp)s(es)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(these)g(formats:)814 2700 y FN(in)m(teger)46 b FQ(Leading)24 b(zero)s(es)i(are)f(suppressed) e(and)h(a)i(min)m(us)d(sign)h(pre\014xes)g(the)1041 2813 y(digits)29 b(if)h(the)g(in)m(teger)h(is)f(negativ)m(e.)814 3001 y FN(\015oating)46 b FQ(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(app)s(ears)g(in)f(the)i(format)f([-]0.nn...nnE[-]mm)h(if)f(the)1041 3114 y(magnitude)40 b(of)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)g(to)s(o)h(large) g(or)g(small)e(to)i(displa)m(y)e(in)1041 3226 y([-]nnnn.nnnn)24 b(format.)39 b(The)26 b(crosso)m(v)m(er)i(p)s(oin)m(t)d(is)h (determined)f(b)m(y)h(the)1041 3339 y(implemen)m(tation.)814 3527 y FN(id)46 b FQ(The)36 b(c)m(haracters)i(of)e(the)h(prin)m(t)e (name)h(of)h(the)f(iden)m(ti\014er)f(are)i(pro)s(duced)1041 3640 y(with)30 b(sp)s(ecial)e(c)m(haracters)k(pre\014xed)e(with)f(the)h (escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)814 3827 y FN(string)46 b FQ(The)21 b(c)m(haracters)j(of)e(the)g(string)f(are)i(pro)s(duced)d (surrounded)g(b)m(y)h(dou-)1041 3940 y(ble)30 b(quotes)h(".)16 b(.)f(.)g(".)814 4128 y FN(function-p)s(oin)m(ter)46 b FQ(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)i(the)f(function-p)s(oin)m(ter)e(is)h (created)i(as)g(a)1041 4241 y(list)h(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(conforming)e (to)i(the)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)h(of)f(the)g(system)1041 4354 y(site.)814 4566 y(The)43 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(mismatc)m(h)f(error)h(o)s (ccurs)f(if)g(U)g(is)g(not)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)i(iden)m(ti\014er,) 814 4679 y(string,)30 b(or)g(function-p)s(oin)m(ter.)p eop %%Page: 629 629 629 628 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(629)241 623 y FJ(GENSYM)p FQ(\(\):)p FD(identi\014er)1788 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 736 y FQ(Creates)30 b(an)g(iden)m(ti\014er)f(whic)m(h)f(is)h(not)i(in)m (terned)e(on)h(the)g(OBLIST)f(and)g(con-)391 849 y(sequen)m(tly)h(not)g (EQ)g(to)h(an)m(ything)f(else.)241 1256 y FJ(INTERN)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FP(f)p FD(id,string)p FP(g)p FQ(\):)p FD(id)1547 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 1369 y FQ(INTERN)29 b(searc)m(hes)i(the)e(OBLIST)g(for)g(an)h(iden)m(ti\014er)e(with)g(the) i(same)g(prin)m(t)391 1482 y(name)44 b(as)g(U)f(and)h(returns)e(the)i (iden)m(ti\014er)e(on)h(the)h(OBLIST)f(if)g(a)h(matc)m(h)391 1595 y(is)35 b(found.)59 b(An)m(y)37 b(prop)s(erties)e(and)h(global)g (v)-5 b(alues)36 b(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(U)i(ma)m(y)391 1708 y(b)s(e)g(lost.)64 b(If)37 b(U)i(do)s(es)e(not)i(matc)m(h)f(an)m (y)h(en)m(try)-8 b(,)41 b(a)d(new)g(one)g(is)f(created)i(and)391 1821 y(returned.)61 b(If)37 b(U)h(has)f(more)h(than)f(the)h(maxim)m(um) e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)391 1934 y(p)s(ermitted)g(b)m(y) h(the)h(implemen)m(tation)e(\(the)i(minim)m(um)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(is)g (24\))j(an)391 2046 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs:)391 2219 y FJ(*****)46 b(Too)h(many)g(characters)e(to)i(INTERN)241 2781 y(REMOB)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\):)p FD(id)1939 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2894 y FQ(If)28 b(U)i(is)e(presen)m(t)h(on)g(the)g(OBLIST)f(it)g(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)42 b(This)27 b(do)s(es)i(not)g(a\013ect)i(U)391 3007 y(ha)m(ving)f(prop)s (erties,)f(\015ags,)i(functions)d(and)i(the)h(lik)m(e.)40 b(U)30 b(is)g(returned.)241 3160 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 167 x FR(91.3.4)112 b(Prop)s(ert)m(y)37 b(List)g(F)-9 b(unctions)241 3548 y FQ(With)30 b(eac)m(h)h(id)e(in)g(the)i(system)f (is)g(a)h(\\prop)s(ert)m(y)f(list",)f(a)i(set)g(of)g(en)m(tities)f (whic)m(h)f(are)241 3661 y(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(the)h(id)f(for)h (fast)h(access.)42 b(These)30 b(en)m(tities)h(are)f(called)g (\\\015ags")h(if)241 3774 y(their)e(use)h(giv)m(es)h(the)g(id)e(a)h (single)f(v)-5 b(alued)30 b(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(,)30 b(and)g(\\prop)s(erties")g(if)f(the)i(id)e(is)241 3887 y(to)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)g(m)m(ultiv)-5 b(alued)28 b(attribute:)41 b(an)30 b(indicator)f(with)g(a)i(prop)s(ert)m(y)-8 b(.)241 4049 y(Flags)29 b(and)g(indicators)f(ma)m(y)i(clash,)g(consequen)m(tly) f(care)h(should)e(b)s(e)g(tak)m(en)j(to)f(a)m(v)m(oid)241 4162 y(this)f(o)s(ccurrence.)41 b(Flagging)30 b(X)h(with)e(an)h(id)f (whic)m(h)g(already)h(is)g(an)g(indicator)f(for)h(X)241 4275 y(ma)m(y)h(result)e(in)g(that)i(indicator)e(and)h(asso)s(ciated)h (prop)s(ert)m(y)e(b)s(eing)g(lost.)41 b(Lik)m(ewise,)241 4388 y(adding)29 b(an)h(indicator)f(whic)m(h)g(is)h(the)g(same)h(id)e (as)i(a)f(\015ag)h(ma)m(y)g(result)e(in)g(the)i(\015ag)241 4501 y(b)s(eing)e(destro)m(y)m(ed.)p eop %%Page: 630 630 630 629 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(630)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(FLAG)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\):)p FD(NIL)1517 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(U)38 b(is)f(a)h(list)f(of)g(ids)g(whic)m(h)f(are)j(\015agged)f (with)e(V.)j(The)e(e\013ect)i(of)f(FLA)m(G)h(is)814 849 y(that)i(FLA)m(GP)g(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)j(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(T)h(for)g(those)h(ids)e(of)h(U)h(whic)m(h)e(w)m(ere)814 962 y(\015agged.)i(Both)31 b(V)f(and)f(all)g(the)h(elemen)m(ts)h(of)f (U)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(iden)m(ti\014ers)f(or)i(the)814 1075 y(t)m(yp)s(e)h(mismatc)m(h)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)664 1482 y FJ(FLAGP)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)h FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(b)-5 b(o)g(ole)g(an)1365 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1595 y FQ(Returns)23 b(T)h(if)f(U)h(has)g(b)s(een)g(previously)e(\015agged)j(with)d(V,)j (else)f(NIL.)g(Returns)814 1708 y(NIL)30 b(if)g(either)f(U)i(or)f(V)h (is)e(not)i(an)f(id.)664 2097 y FJ(GET)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)i FN(IND)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1477 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2210 y FQ(Returns)32 b(the)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(indicator)g(IND)h(from) g(the)h(prop-)814 2323 y(ert)m(y)40 b(list)e(of)h(U.)h(If)e(U)i(do)s (es)e(not)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g(indicator)e(IND,)i(NIL)f(is)f(returned.)814 2436 y(GET)30 b(cannot)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(access)g(functions)e (\(use)i(GETD)f(instead\).)664 2848 y FJ(PUT)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)h FN(IND)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)g FN(PR)m(OP)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1094 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2961 y FQ(The)21 b(indicator)g(IND)h (with)f(the)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)h(PR)m(OP)f(is)g(placed)g(on)h(the)g(prop) s(ert)m(y)814 3073 y(list)33 b(of)h(the)g(id)f(U.)i(If)e(the)i(action)f (of)g(PUT)g(o)s(ccurs,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g(PR)m(OP)g(is)814 3186 y(returned.)k(If)26 b(either)f(of)h(U)g(and)g(IND)g(are)h(not)f (ids)e(the)j(t)m(yp)s(e)f(mismatc)m(h)f(error)814 3299 y(will)32 b(o)s(ccur)i(and)g(no)h(prop)s(ert)m(y)f(will)e(b)s(e)i (placed.)52 b(PUT)35 b(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)814 3412 y(de\014ne)d(functions)f(\(use)h(PUTD)h(instead\).)664 3824 y FJ(REMFLAG)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any-list)p FQ(,)g FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\):)p FD(NIL)1306 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 3937 y FQ(Remo)m(v)m(es)42 b(the)e(\015ag)g(V)g (from)f(the)h(prop)s(ert)m(y)f(list)g(of)h(eac)m(h)h(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of) h(the)814 4050 y(list)e(U.)i(Both)g(V)f(and)g(all)f(the)h(elemen)m(ts)h (of)f(U)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)f(ids)g(or)h(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)814 4163 y(mismatc)m(h)30 b(error)g(will)e(o)s(ccur.)664 4552 y FJ(REMPROP)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)j FN(IND)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1286 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 4665 y FQ(Remo)m(v)m(es)24 b(the)e(prop)s(ert)m (y)g(with)f(indicator)g(IND)h(from)g(the)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)g(list)e(of)j (U.)814 4778 y(Returns)j(the)i(remo)m(v)m(ed)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)e(or)h (NIL)g(if)f(there)i(w)m(as)f(no)g(suc)m(h)g(indicator.)664 4931 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 631 631 631 630 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(631)241 555 y FR(91.3.5)112 b(F)-9 b(unction)37 b(De\014nition)241 777 y FQ(F)-8 b(unctions)30 b(in)f(Standard)g(LISP)g(are)i(global)f(en)m(tities.)40 b(T)-8 b(o)31 b(a)m(v)m(oid)g(function-v)-5 b(ariable)241 890 y(naming)29 b(clashes)h(no)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(ma)m(y)i(ha)m(v)m (e)h(the)f(same)f(name)h(as)f(a)h(function.)241 1270 y FJ(DE)p FQ(\()p FN(FNAME)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)f FN(P)-9 b(ARAMS)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(,)33 b FN(FN)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(id)446 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 1383 y FQ(The)31 b(function)f(FN)i(with)f(the)g(formal)g (parameter)h(list)f(P)-8 b(ARAMS)32 b(is)e(added)391 1496 y(to)36 b(the)f(set)h(of)g(de\014ned)e(functions)g(with)g(the)h (name)h(FNAME.)g(An)m(y)g(previ-)391 1609 y(ous)h(de\014nitions)f(of)i (the)g(function)e(are)i(lost.)63 b(The)37 b(function)g(created)i(is)e (of)391 1722 y(t)m(yp)s(e)c(EXPR.)h(If)f(the)g(!*COMP)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)h(non-NIL,)g(the)h(EXPR)f(is)f(\014rst)391 1835 y(compiled.)39 b(The)30 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(de\014ned)f(function)h (is)f(returned.)391 2029 y FJ(FEXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)f(DE\(U\);)534 2142 y(PUTD\(CAR)g(U,)j('EXPR,)e(LIST\('LAMBDA,)e(CADR)j(U,)g(CADDR)f (U\)\);)241 2565 y(DF)p FQ(\()p FN(FNAME)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)30 b FN(P)-9 b(ARAM)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(,)33 b FN(FN)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(id)504 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2678 y FQ(The)26 b(function)g(FN)h (with)f(formal)g(parameter)h(P)-8 b(ARAM)28 b(is)e(added)g(to)i(the)f (set)391 2791 y(of)22 b(de\014ned)e(functions)h(with)f(the)i(name)g (FNAME.)h(An)m(y)f(previous)e(de\014nitions)391 2904 y(of)30 b(the)h(function)e(are)h(lost.)41 b(The)30 b(function)f (created)i(is)e(of)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(FEXPR.)61 b(If)391 3017 y(the)33 b(!*COMP)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)h(T)g(the)h(FEXPR)g(is) e(\014rst)h(compiled.)46 b(The)33 b(name)391 3130 y(of)d(the)h (de\014ned)e(function)g(is)g(returned.)391 3324 y FJ(FEXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)f(DF\(U\);)534 3437 y(PUTD\(CAR)g(U,)j('FEXPR,)d (LIST\('LAMBDA,)g(CADR)h(U,)h(CADDR)g(U\)\);)241 3973 y(DM)p FQ(\()p FN(MNAME)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)31 b FN(P)-9 b(ARAM)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(,)32 b FN(FN)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(id)471 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 4086 y FQ(The)32 b(macro)i(FN)g(with)e(the)h(formal)f (parameter)i(P)-8 b(ARAM)34 b(is)e(added)h(to)h(the)391 4199 y(set)e(of)h(de\014ned)e(functions)f(with)h(the)i(name)f(MNAME.)h (An)m(y)f(previous)f(def-)391 4312 y(initions)i(of)j(the)g(function)e (are)i(o)m(v)m(erwritten.)57 b(The)36 b(function)e(created)j(is)e(of) 391 4425 y(t)m(yp)s(e)30 b(MA)m(CR)m(O.)i(The)d(name)i(of)f(the)h (macro)g(is)e(returned.)391 4619 y FJ(FEXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)f(DM\(U\);) 534 4732 y(PUTD\(CAR)g(U,)j('MACRO,)d(LIST\('LAMBDA,)g(CADR)h(U,)h (CADDR)g(U\)\);)p eop %%Page: 632 632 632 631 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(632)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(GETD)p FQ(\()p FN(FNAME)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FP(f)p FQ(NIL,)31 b FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)p FP(g)955 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(If)27 b(FNAME)i(is)e(not)h(the)f(name)h(of)g(a)g (de\014ned)f(function,)g(NIL)g(is)g(returned.)39 b(If)814 849 y(FNAME)31 b(is)f(a)h(de\014ned)e(function)g(then)h(the)g (dotted-pair)814 1052 y(\()p FN(TYPE)p FQ(:)p FD(ftyp)-5 b(e)32 b FQ(.)41 b FN(DEF)p FQ(:)p FP(f)p FD(function-p)-5 b(ointer,)34 b(lamb)-5 b(da)p FP(g)p FQ(\))814 1255 y(is)30 b(returned.)664 1644 y FJ(PUTD)p FQ(\()p FN(FNAME)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)g FN(TYPE)p FQ(:)p FD(ftyp)-5 b(e)p FQ(,)32 b FN(BOD)m(Y)p FQ(:)p FD(function)p FQ(\):)p FD(id)400 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1757 y FQ(Creates)27 b(a)g(function)e(with)g(name)h(FNAME)h(and)f(de\014nition)e(BOD)m(Y)j (of)g(t)m(yp)s(e)814 1870 y(TYPE.)40 b(If)g(PUTD)h(succeeds)f(the)h (name)f(of)h(the)f(de\014ned)f(function)g(is)h(re-)814 1983 y(turned.)73 b(The)41 b(e\013ect)i(of)f(PUTD)g(is)e(that)i(GETD)g (will)d(return)h(a)i(dotted-)814 2096 y(pair)25 b(with)g(the)h (functions)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(and)g(de\014nition.)37 b(Lik)m(ewise)25 b(the)h(GLOBALP)814 2209 y(predicate)k(will)58 b(return)30 b(T)g(when)f(queried)g(with)g(the)i(function)e(name.)814 2322 y(If)f(the)h(function)f(FNAME)h(has)g(already)f(b)s(een)g (declared)g(as)h(a)g(GLOBAL)g(or)814 2435 y(FLUID)i(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(the)i(error:)814 2608 y FJ(*****)47 b(FNAME)f(is)h(a)h (non-local)d(variable)814 2893 y FQ(o)s(ccurs)d(and)f(the)h(function)e (will)f(not)j(b)s(e)f(de\014ned.)74 b(If)41 b(function)f(FNAME)814 3006 y(already)30 b(exists)g(a)h(w)m(arning)e(message)j(will)27 b(app)s(ear:)814 3179 y FJ(***)47 b(FNAME)f(redefined)814 3465 y FQ(The)31 b(function)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)i(PUTD)f(will)e(b)s(e)i (compiled)g(b)s(efore)g(de\014nition)e(if)814 3578 y(the)i(!*COMP)f (global)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)h(non-NIL.)664 3985 y FJ(REMD)p FQ(\()p FN(FNAME)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\):)p FP(f)p FQ(NIL,)h FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)p FP(g)1022 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 4098 y FQ(Remo)m(v)m(es)34 b(the)e(function)f(named)g(FNAME)i(from)e(the)h(set)h(of)f(de\014ned)f (func-)814 4211 y(tions.)73 b(Returns)41 b(the)g(\(ft)m(yp)s(e)h(.)74 b(function\))40 b(dotted-pair)h(or)h(NIL)f(as)g(do)s(es)814 4323 y(GETD.)i(The)e(global/function)f(attribute)i(of)g(FNAME)h(is)e (remo)m(v)m(ed)i(and)814 4436 y(the)31 b(name)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f (subsequen)m(tly)g(as)i(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)664 4590 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 633 633 633 632 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(633)241 555 y FR(91.3.6)112 b(V)-9 b(ariables)37 b(and)h(Bindings)241 777 y FQ(A)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)h(a)h(place)f(holder)f(for)h(a)h(Standard)e (LISP)g(en)m(tit)m(y)i(whic)m(h)f(is)f(said)g(to)i(b)s(e)241 890 y(b)s(ound)d(to)j(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 b(The)30 b(scop)s(e)h(of)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)g(the)i(range)g(o)m(v)m (er)g(whic)m(h)f(the)241 1002 y(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(has)h(a)h (de\014ned)e(v)-5 b(alue.)40 b(There)30 b(are)h(three)f(di\013eren)m(t) g(binding)d(mec)m(hanisms)241 1115 y(in)i(Standard)g(LISP)-8 b(.)241 1378 y FN(Lo)s(cal)35 b(Binding)46 b FQ(This)29 b(t)m(yp)s(e)i(of)f(binding)d(o)s(ccurs)j(only)g(in)f(compiled)g (functions.)468 1491 y(Lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(o)s(ccur)h(as)h(formal)f(parameters)g(in)f(lam)m(b)s(da)h (expressions)468 1604 y(and)g(as)g(PR)m(OG)h(form)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)39 b(The)30 b(binding)d(o)s(ccurs)k(when)e(a)i(lam)m(b)s (da)468 1716 y(expression)c(is)h(ev)-5 b(aluated)29 b(or)g(when)e(a)i (PR)m(OG)g(form)f(is)g(executed.)41 b(The)28 b(scop)s(e)468 1829 y(of)j(a)f(lo)s(cal)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)h(the)g(b)s(o)s(dy)f (of)h(the)h(function)e(in)g(whic)m(h)g(it)h(is)g(de\014ned.)241 2017 y FN(Global)35 b(Binding)46 b FQ(Only)29 b(one)i(binding)c(of)k(a) f(global)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(exists)h(at)h(an)m(y)g(time)468 2130 y(allo)m(wing)e(direct)h(access)i(to)f(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(b)s(ound)e(to)k(the)e(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(The)30 b(scop)s(e)468 2243 y(of)h(a)f(global)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)h(univ)m(ersal.)39 b(V)-8 b(ariables)29 b(declared)h(GLOBAL)h(ma)m(y)468 2356 y(not)g(app)s(ear)e(as)i (parameters)g(in)e(lam)m(b)s(da)g(expressions)g(or)h(as)h(PR)m(OG)g (form)468 2469 y(v)-5 b(ariables.)39 b(A)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(declared)g(GLOBAL)g(prior)f(to)i(its)f(use)g(as)h (a)468 2582 y(global)f(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(since)h(the)g(default)g(t)m (yp)s(e)g(for)g(undeclared)f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(is)468 2694 y(FLUID.)241 2882 y FN(Fluid)35 b(Binding)46 b FQ(Fluid)28 b(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(are)i(global)f(in)f(scop)s(e)h(but)g(ma)m(y)h(o) s(ccur)f(as)468 2995 y(formal)g(parameters)g(or)h(PR)m(OG)f(form)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)40 b(In)29 b(in)m(terpreted)h(functions)468 3108 y(all)f(formal)h(parameters)h(and)e(PR)m(OG)i(form)f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(are)i(considered)e(to)468 3221 y(ha)m(v)m(e)j(\015uid)c (binding)f(un)m(til)i(c)m(hanged)i(to)g(lo)s(cal)e(binding)f(b)m(y)i (compilation.)468 3334 y(When)g(\015uid)e(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(are)i(used)f(as)g(parameters)h(they)f(are)h(reb)s(ound)e(in)468 3447 y(suc)m(h)h(a)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)g(the)g(previous)e(binding)e(ma)m (y)k(b)s(e)f(restored.)40 b(All)29 b(references)468 3560 y(to)i(\015uid)d(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(are)i(to)g(the)g(curren)m(tly)e (activ)m(e)j(binding.)241 4040 y FJ(FLUID)p FQ(\()p FN(IDLIST)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(\):)p FN(NIL)1403 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 4153 y FQ(The)38 b(ids)g(in)g(IDLIST)g(are)i (declared)f(as)g(FLUID)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(\(ids)g(not)391 4266 y(previously)32 b(declared)i(are)g(initialized)d (to)k(NIL\).)g(V)-8 b(ariables)34 b(in)e(IDLIST)i(al-)391 4379 y(ready)28 b(declared)h(FLUID)g(are)g(ignored.)40 b(Changing)27 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable's)28 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(from)391 4492 y(GLOBAL)h(to)h(FLUID)g(is)f(not)g(p)s(ermissible)d(and)j(results) f(in)g(the)h(error:)391 4665 y FJ(*****)46 b(ID)h(cannot)f(be)i (changed)d(to)j(FLUID)p eop %%Page: 634 634 634 633 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(634)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(FLUIDP)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(b)j(o)g(ole)g(an)1618 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(If)34 b(U)g(has)g(b)s(een)f (declared)g(FLUID)i(\(b)m(y)f(declaration)g(only\))f(T)h(is)f (returned,)814 849 y(otherwise)d(NIL)g(is)g(returned.)664 1238 y FJ(GLOBAL)p FQ(\()p FN(IDLIST)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(\):)p FN(NIL)1356 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1351 y FQ(The)23 b(ids)g(of)g(IDLIST)g(are)h(declared)f(global)g(t)m (yp)s(e)h(v)-5 b(ariables.)37 b(If)24 b(an)f(id)f(has)i(not)814 1464 y(b)s(een)f(declared)f(previously)f(it)i(is)f(initialized)e(to)k (NIL.)g(V)-8 b(ariables)22 b(already)h(de-)814 1577 y(clared)f(GLOBAL)h (are)g(ignored.)37 b(Changing)22 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariables)21 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(from)h(FLUID)814 1690 y(to)31 b(GLOBAL)g(is)e(not)i(p)s (ermissible)26 b(and)k(results)f(in)g(the)i(error:)814 1863 y FJ(*****)47 b(ID)g(cannot)f(be)h(changed)f(to)h(GLOBAL)664 2425 y(GLOBALP)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(b)-5 b(o)g(ole)g(an)1570 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2538 y FQ(If)23 b(U)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(declared)g(GLOBAL)h(or)f(is)g (the)h(name)f(of)h(a)g(de\014ned)e(function,)814 2651 y(T)30 b(is)g(returned,)f(else)h(NIL)g(is)g(returned.)664 3058 y FJ(SET)p FQ(\()p FN(EXP)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)h FN(V)-12 b(ALUE)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1250 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 3171 y FQ(EXP)40 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g (an)h(iden)m(ti\014er)e(or)i(a)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(mismatc)m(h)h(error)f(o)s (ccurs.)69 b(The)814 3284 y(e\013ect)37 b(of)e(SET)f(is)g(replacemen)m (t)i(of)f(the)g(item)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(the)f(iden)m(ti\014er)e(b)m(y) 814 3397 y(V)-10 b(ALUE.)34 b(If)g(the)g(iden)m(ti\014er)e(is)h(not)h (a)h(lo)s(cal)e(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(or)h(has)g(not)g(b)s(een)f(de-)814 3509 y(clared)26 b(GLOBAL)h(it)f(is)g(automatically)g(declared)g(FLUID) h(with)e(the)i(result-)814 3622 y(ing)j(w)m(arning)f(message:)814 3795 y FJ(***)47 b(EXP)g(declared)f(FLUID)814 4081 y FQ(EXP)30 b(m)m(ust)h(not)f(ev)-5 b(aluate)31 b(to)g(T)f(or)h(NIL)f(or) g(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs:)814 4254 y FJ(*****)47 b(Cannot)f(change)g(T) h(or)g(NIL)p eop %%Page: 635 635 635 634 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(635)241 623 y FJ(SETQ)p FQ(\()p FN(V)-12 b(ARIABLE)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)-12 b(ALUE)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)681 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 736 y FQ(If)44 b(V)-10 b(ARIABLE)46 b(is)e(not)h(lo)s(cal)f(or)h(GLOBAL)g(it)g(is)f(b) m(y)h(default)f(declared)391 849 y(FLUID)31 b(and)e(the)i(w)m(arning)e (message:)391 1022 y FJ(***)47 b(VARIABLE)e(declared)h(FLUID)391 1308 y FQ(app)s(ears.)39 b(The)26 b(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)h(the)f(curren) m(t)g(binding)d(of)k(V)-10 b(ARIABLE)27 b(is)f(replaced)391 1421 y(b)m(y)37 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(V)-10 b(ALUE.)38 b(V)-10 b(ARIABLE)37 b(m)m(ust)g(not)h(b)s(e)f(T)f(or)i(NIL)f(or)g(an) 391 1534 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs:)391 1707 y FJ(*****)46 b(Cannot)g(change)g(T)i(or)f(NIL)391 2074 y(MACRO)f(PROCEDURE)f (SETQ\(X\);)534 2187 y(LIST\('SET,)g(LIST\('QUOTE,)f(CADR)j(X\),)g (CADDR)f(X\);)241 2610 y(UNFLUID)p FQ(\()p FN(IDLIST)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(\):)p FD(NIL)1332 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2723 y FQ(The)40 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(in)h(IDLIST)g (that)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)e(declared)g(as)h(FLUID)g(v)-5 b(ari-)391 2836 y(ables)27 b(are)h(no)g(longer)f(considered)g(as)h (\015uid)d(v)-5 b(ariables.)39 b(Others)27 b(are)h(ignored.)391 2949 y(This)k(a\013ects)j(only)e(compiled)f(functions)g(as)i(free)g(v) -5 b(ariables)32 b(in)g(in)m(terpreted)391 3061 y(functions)d(are)h (automatically)h(considered)e(\015uid)f([)p @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(10)q(].)241 3220 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(91.3.7)112 b(Program)37 b(F)-9 b(eature)38 b(F)-9 b(unctions)241 3607 y FQ(These)30 b(functions)f(pro)m(vide)g(for)h(explicit)f(con)m(trol)i(sequencing,)f (and)g(the)g(de\014nition)241 3720 y(of)g(blo)s(c)m(ks)g(altering)g (the)g(scop)s(e)h(of)f(lo)s(cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)p eop %%Page: 636 636 636 635 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(636)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(GO)p FQ(\()p FN(LABEL)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\))1724 b FD(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(GO)31 b(alters)g(the)h (normal)e(\015o)m(w)h(of)g(con)m(trol)h(within)d(a)i(PR)m(OG)h (function.)42 b(The)814 849 y(next)33 b(statemen)m(t)h(of)e(a)h(PR)m (OG)f(function)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(is)g(immediately)814 962 y(preceded)e(b)m(y)f(LABEL.)h(A)g(GO)g(ma)m(y)h(only)d(app)s(ear)i (in)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)e(situa-)814 1075 y(tions:)814 1137 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 925 1288 a(1.)46 b(A)m(t)33 b(the)e(top)h(lev)m(el)f(of)g(a)h(PR)m(OG)g (referencing)e(a)i(lab)s(el)e(whic)m(h)g(also)h(ap-)1041 1400 y(p)s(ears)f(at)h(the)g(top)f(lev)m(el)g(of)h(the)g(same)f(PR)m (OG.)814 1456 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 925 1588 a(2.)46 b(As)33 b(the)g(consequen)m(t)g(of)g(a)g(COND)f(item)h (of)g(a)g(COND)f(app)s(earing)f(on)1041 1701 y(the)g(top)g(lev)m(el)f (of)g(a)h(PR)m(OG.)814 1756 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 925 1889 a(3.)46 b(As)30 b(the)g(consequen)m(t)h(of)f(a)g (COND)g(item)g(whic)m(h)e(app)s(ears)h(as)h(the)h(con-)1041 2002 y(sequen)m(t)g(of)g(a)g(COND)f(item)g(to)h(an)m(y)g(lev)m(el.)814 2057 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 925 2189 a(4.)46 b(As)35 b(the)g(last)f(statemen)m(t)i(of)f(a)g(PR)m(OGN)g(whic) m(h)e(app)s(ears)h(at)h(the)g(top)1041 2302 y(lev)m(el)c(of)h(a)f(PR)m (OG)g(or)h(in)d(a)j(PR)m(OGN)f(app)s(earing)f(in)g(the)h(consequen)m(t) 1041 2415 y(of)g(a)g(COND)f(to)h(an)m(y)g(lev)m(el)f(sub)5 b(ject)30 b(to)h(the)g(restrictions)e(of)i(2)f(and)g(3.)814 2470 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 925 2603 a(5.)46 b(As)28 b(the)g(last)f(statemen)m(t)j(of)d(a)h(PR)m(OGN)g (within)d(a)j(PR)m(OGN)g(or)g(as)g(the)1041 2716 y(consequen)m(t)40 b(of)e(a)h(COND)f(in)f(a)i(PR)m(OGN)g(to)g(an)m(y)g(lev)m(el)f(sub)5 b(ject)38 b(to)1041 2828 y(the)31 b(restrictions)e(of)i(2,)g(3)g(and)e (4.)814 3041 y(If)36 b(LABEL)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(app)s(ear)g(at)g(the)h (top)f(lev)m(el)f(of)h(the)h(PR)m(OG)f(in)e(whic)m(h)814 3154 y(the)d(GO)f(app)s(ears,)g(an)g(error)g(o)s(ccurs:)814 3327 y FJ(*****)47 b(LABEL)f(is)h(not)g(a)g(known)g(label)814 3613 y FQ(If)40 b(the)g(GO)g(has)g(b)s(een)g(placed)f(in)g(a)h(p)s (osition)f(not)h(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(rules)f(1-5,)814 3726 y(another)31 b(error)f(is)f(detected:)814 3898 y FJ(*****)47 b(Illegal)e(use)i(of)g(GO)h(to)f(LABEL)p eop %%Page: 637 637 637 636 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(637)241 623 y FJ(PROG)p FQ(\()p FN(V)-12 b(ARS)p FQ(:)p FD(id-list)p FQ(,)31 b([)p FN(PR)m(OGRAM)p FQ(:)p FP(f)p FD(id,)k(any)p FP(g)p FQ(]\):)p FD(any)315 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 736 y FQ(V)-10 b(ARS)33 b(is)g(a)h(list)e(of)i(ids)f(whic)m(h)f(are)i (considered)f(\015uid)e(when)i(the)h(PR)m(OG)g(is)391 849 y(in)m(terpreted)c(and)g(lo)s(cal)g(when)f(compiled)g(\(see)j(\\V) -8 b(ariables)30 b(and)g(Bindings",)391 962 y(section)44 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(91.3.6)j(on)d(page)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(633)q(\).)82 b(The)44 b(PR)m(OGs)g(v)-5 b(ariables)43 b(are)i(allo)s(cated)391 1075 y(space)d(when)f(the)h(PR)m(OG)g(form)f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i (and)e(are)h(deallo)s(cated)g(when)391 1188 y(the)e(PR)m(OG)h(is)e (exited.)71 b(PR)m(OG)41 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(are)h(initialized)e(to) j(NIL.)f(The)391 1301 y(PR)m(OGRAM)33 b(is)e(a)h(set)h(of)f (expressions)f(to)h(b)s(e)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(in)f(order)g(of)i (their)391 1414 y(app)s(earance)g(in)f(the)h(PR)m(OG)g(function.)47 b(Iden)m(ti\014ers)32 b(app)s(earing)g(in)f(the)i(top)391 1527 y(lev)m(el)g(of)g(the)h(PR)m(OGRAM)g(are)f(lab)s(els)f(whic)m(h)g (can)h(b)s(e)g(referenced)g(b)m(y)g(GO.)391 1640 y(The)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(returned)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(PR)m(OG)f(function)f(is)h (determined)f(b)m(y)h(a)h(RE-)391 1752 y(TURN)30 b(function)f(or)h(NIL) h(if)e(the)h(PR)m(OG)h(\\falls)e(through".)241 2159 y FJ(PROGN)p FQ(\([)p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(]\):)p FD(any)1565 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2272 y FQ(U)31 b(is)f(a)i(set)f(of)h(expressions)d(whic)m(h)h(are)i (executed)g(sequen)m(tially)-8 b(.)42 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)391 2385 y(returned)29 b(is)g(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)h(last)f(expression.)241 2792 y FJ(PROG2)p FQ(\(A:an)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(B:an)m(y\))p FD(any)1564 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2905 y FQ(Returns)29 b(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(B.)391 3099 y FJ(EXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)g(PROG2\(A,)f (B\);)534 3212 y(B;)241 3635 y(RETURN)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\))1923 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 3748 y FQ(Within)36 b(a)j(PR)m(OG,)f(RETURN)g(terminates)g(the)h(ev)-5 b(aluation)38 b(of)g(a)g(PR)m(OG)391 3861 y(and)h(returns)g(U)g(as)h (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)g(the)g(PR)m(OG.)g(The)f(restrictions)g(on)h (the)391 3974 y(placemen)m(t)23 b(of)g(RETURN)f(are)i(exactly)f(those)g (of)g(GO.)g(Improp)s(er)e(placemen)m(t)391 4087 y(of)30 b(RETURN)g(results)f(in)h(the)g(error:)391 4260 y FJ(*****)46 b(Illegal)g(use)h(of)g(RETURN)241 4568 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 638 638 638 637 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(638)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 555 y FR(91.3.8)113 b(Error)36 b(Handling)664 995 y FJ(ERROR)p FQ(\()p FN(NUMBER)p FQ(:)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)p FQ(,)31 b FN(MESSA)m(GE)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\))710 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1108 y FQ(NUMBER)42 b(and)f(MESSA)m(GE)h(are)g(passed)f(bac)m(k)h(to)g (a)g(surrounding)c(ER-)814 1221 y(R)m(ORSET)h(\(the)i(Standard)e(LISP)g (reader)h(has)g(an)h(ERR)m(ORSET\).)e(MES-)814 1334 y(SA)m(GE)26 b(is)f(placed)g(in)g(the)h(global)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(EMSG!*)j(and)e(the)h(error)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)814 1446 y(b)s(ecomes)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(of)i(the)g(surrounding)c(ERR)m (ORSET.)i(FLUID)i(v)-5 b(ariables)814 1559 y(and)30 b(lo)s(cal)g (bindings)e(are)j(un)m(b)s(ound)d(to)k(return)d(to)j(the)f(en)m (vironmen)m(t)f(of)h(the)814 1672 y(ERR)m(ORSET.)f(Global)f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(are)i(not)g(a\013ected)g(b)m(y)g(the)f(pro)s(cess.)664 2079 y FJ(ERRORSET)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)g FN(MSGP)p FQ(:)p FD(b)-5 b(o)g(ole)g(an)p FQ(,)35 b FN(TR)p FQ(:)p FD(b)-5 b(o)g(ole)g(an)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)474 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2192 y FQ(If)27 b(an)g(error)g(o)s(ccurs)g (during)e(the)i(ev)-5 b(aluation)27 b(of)g(U,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g(NUMBER)814 2305 y(from)38 b(the)g(ERR)m(OR)g(call)g (is)f(returned)g(as)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)i(ERR)m(ORSET.)e(In)814 2418 y(addition,)28 b(if)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(MSGP)g(is)f (non-NIL,)h(the)g(MESSA)m(GE)g(from)g(the)814 2531 y(ERR)m(OR)g(call)f (is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(up)s(on)f(b)s(oth)h(the)h(standard)f(output)g (device)h(and)814 2644 y(the)k(curren)m(tly)e(selected)i(output)f (device)g(unless)f(the)h(standard)g(output)g(de-)814 2757 y(vice)25 b(is)f(not)h(op)s(en.)38 b(The)24 b(message)i(app)s (ears)e(pre\014xed)g(with)f(5)i(asterisks.)39 b(The)814 2870 y(MESSA)m(GE)23 b(list)f(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(without)h(top)g (lev)m(el)g(paren)m(theses.)38 b(The)23 b(MES-)814 2982 y(SA)m(GE)32 b(from)f(the)g(ERR)m(OR)g(call)g(will)e(b)s(e)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(in)f(the)i(global)e(v)-5 b(ariable)814 3095 y(EMSG!*.)40 b(The)25 b(exact)i(format)e(of)h(error)f(messages)h (generated)g(b)m(y)f(Standard)814 3208 y(LISP)30 b(functions)f(describ) s(ed)g(in)g(this)h(do)s(cumen)m(t)g(are)h(not)g(\014xed)f(and)g(should) 814 3321 y(not)44 b(b)s(e)e(relied)g(up)s(on)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(in)g(an)m (y)i(particular)e(form.)79 b(Lik)m(ewise,)45 b(error)814 3434 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)30 b(generated)h(b)m(y)g(Standard)f(LISP)g (functions)f(are)i(implemen)m(tation)814 3547 y(dep)s(enden)m(t.)814 3660 y(If)41 b(no)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(during)e(the)j(ev)-5 b(aluation)41 b(of)h(U,)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)h(\(LIST)814 3773 y(\(EV)-10 b(AL)31 b(U\)\))g(is)e(returned.)814 3886 y(If)d(an)g(error)f(has)h(b)s(een)g(signaled)e(and)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(TR)f(is)h(non-NIL)f(a)i(trace-)814 3999 y(bac)m(k)37 b(sequence)f(will)d(b)s(e)i(initiated)f(on)i(the)g (selected)g(output)g(device.)57 b(The)814 4112 y(tracebac)m(k)26 b(will)21 b(displa)m(y)g(information)h(suc)m(h)h(as)h(un)m(bindings)c (of)k(FLUID)g(v)-5 b(ari-)814 4224 y(ables,)28 b(argumen)m(t)h(lists)e (and)g(so)h(on)g(in)f(an)h(implemen)m(tation)f(dep)s(enden)m(t)g(for-) 814 4337 y(mat.)664 4473 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 639 639 639 638 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(639)241 555 y FR(91.3.9)112 b(V)-9 b(ectors)241 777 y FQ(V)h(ectors)32 b(are)f(structured)e(en)m (tities)h(in)f(whic)m(h)g(random)h(elemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e (accessed)241 890 y(with)g(an)h(in)m(teger)h(index.)39 b(A)31 b(v)m(ector)h(has)e(a)h(single)e(dimension.)38 b(Its)30 b(maxim)m(um)f(size)241 1002 y(is)g(determined)g(b)m(y)h(the)h (implemen)m(tation)e(and)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)30 b(space.)41 b(A)30 b(suggested)241 1115 y(input)e(\\v)m(ector)33 b(notation")e(is)e(de\014ned)g(in)g(\\Classes)h(of)h(Primitiv)m(e)d (Data)k(T)m(yp)s(es",)241 1228 y(section)e @beginspecial @setspecial 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b(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (corresp)s(onding)g(to)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)h(the)f(argu-)391 2340 y(men)m(t)29 b(U)g(is)e(returned.)39 b(Some)29 b(of)g(the)f(least) h(signi\014can)m(t)f(digits)f(of)i(an)f(in)m(teger)391 2453 y(ma)m(y)44 b(b)s(e)f(lost)h(do)f(to)i(the)e(implemen)m(tation)g (of)h(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)391 2566 y(FLO)m(A)-8 b(T)34 b(of)h(a)f(\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(t)e(n)m(um)m (b)s(er)g(returns)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(unc)m(hanged.)391 2679 y(If)d(U)g(is)g(to)s(o)h(large)f(to)h(represen)m(t)g(in)e (\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(an)i(error)f(o)s(ccurs:)391 2852 y FJ(*****)46 b(Argument)g(to)h(FLOAT)f(is)h(too)g(large)241 3414 y(GREATERP)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)30 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(b)g(o)g(ole)g(an) 921 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 3527 y FQ(Returns)29 b(T)h(if)g(U)g(is)f(strictly)h(greater)h(than)f(V,)h(otherwise)f (returns)f(NIL.)241 3934 y FJ(LESSP)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(b)g(o)g(ole)g(an)1064 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 4047 y FQ(Returns)29 b(T)h(if)g(U)g(is)f(strictly)h(less)f (than)i(V,)f(otherwise)g(returns)f(NIL.)p eop %%Page: 644 644 644 643 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(644)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(MAX)p FQ(\([)p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)j(er)p FQ(]\):)p FD(numb)g(er)941 b(no)-5 b(eval,)33 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad,)36 b(or)d(macr)-5 b(o)814 736 y FQ(Returns)29 b(the)h(largest)g(of)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(in)f(U.)j(If)e(t)m(w)m(o)i(or)f(more)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(are)g(the)814 849 y(same)h(the)g(\014rst)e(is)h(returned.) 814 1043 y FJ(MACRO)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(MAX\(U\);)957 1156 y(EXPAND\(CDR)g(U,)j('MAX2\);)664 1579 y(MAX2)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)1103 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1692 y FQ(Returns)32 b(the)h(larger)g(of)g(U)g (and)g(V.)g(If)g(U)g(and)f(V)h(are)h(the)f(same)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(U)g(is)814 1805 y(returned)c(\(U)i(and)f(V)g(migh)m(t)h(b)s (e)e(of)i(di\013eren)m(t)f(t)m(yp)s(es\).)814 2000 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(MAX2\(U,)h(V\);)957 2112 y(IF)i(LESSP\(U,)d (V\))i(THEN)g(V)g(ELSE)g(U;)664 2536 y(MIN)p FQ(\([)p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(]\):)p FD(numb)g(er)941 b(no)-5 b(eval,)33 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad,)36 b(or)d(macr)-5 b(o)814 2648 y FQ(Returns)25 b(the)h(smallest)f(of)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(in)f(U.)j(If)e(t)m(w)m(o)i(or)f(more)g(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(are)g(the)814 2761 y(same)31 b(the)g(\014rst)e(of)i(these) g(is)e(returned.)814 2956 y FJ(MACRO)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(MIN\(U\);)957 3069 y(EXPAND\(CDR)g(U,)j('MIN2\);)664 3492 y(MIN2)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)1103 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 3605 y FQ(Returns)25 b(the)h(smaller)f(of)h(its)f (argumen)m(ts.)40 b(If)25 b(U)h(and)g(V)g(are)g(the)g(same)g(v)-5 b(alue,)814 3717 y(U)31 b(is)e(returned)g(\(U)i(and)f(V)g(migh)m(t)g(b) s(e)g(of)h(di\013eren)m(t)f(t)m(yp)s(es\).)814 3912 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(MIN2\(U,)h(V\);)957 4025 y(IF)i(GREATERP\(U,)c (V\))j(THEN)g(V)h(ELSE)e(U;)664 4448 y(MINUS)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)1506 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 4561 y FQ(Returns)30 b(-U.)814 4755 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(MINUS\(U\);)957 4868 y(DIFFERENCE\(0,)g(U\);)p eop %%Page: 645 645 645 644 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(645)241 623 y FJ(PLUS)p FQ(\([)p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(]\):)p FD(numb)g(er)892 b(no)-5 b(eval,)34 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad,)35 b(or)f(macr)-5 b(o)391 736 y FQ(F)d(orms)31 b(the)f(sum)g(of)g(all)f(its)h(argumen)m (ts.)391 931 y FJ(MACRO)46 b(PROCEDURE)f(PLUS\(U\);)534 1043 y(EXPAND\(CDR)g(U,)i('PLUS2\);)241 1467 y(PLUS2)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)1054 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 1579 y FQ(Returns)29 b(the)i(sum)e(of)i(U)f(and)g (V.)241 1969 y FJ(QUOTIENT)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)30 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)911 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2082 y FQ(The)27 b(quotien)m(t)i(of)f(U)g(divided)e(b)m(y)i(V)g(is)f (returned.)39 b(Division)26 b(of)i(t)m(w)m(o)i(p)s(ositiv)m(e)391 2194 y(or)37 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(negativ)m(e)g(in)m(tegers)f(is)f(con)m(v)m (en)m(tional.)63 b(When)38 b(b)s(oth)f(U)g(and)h(V)f(are)391 2307 y(in)m(tegers)i(and)g(exactly)h(one)g(of)g(them)f(is)f(negativ)m (e)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(returned)h(is)391 2420 y(the)h(negativ)m(e) i(truncation)e(of)g(the)h(absolute)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)h(U)f(divided) e(b)m(y)j(the)391 2533 y(absolute)27 b(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)i(V.)f(An)g(error)g(o)s(ccurs)g(if)f(division)e(b)m(y)j(zero)h(is) e(attempted:)391 2819 y FJ(*****)46 b(Attempt)g(to)h(divide)f(by)h(0)h (in)f(QUOTIENT)241 3381 y(REMAINDER)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)29 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)864 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 3494 y FQ(If)35 b(b)s(oth)g(U)h(and)f(V)h(are)g(in)m (tegers)h(the)f(result)e(is)h(the)h(in)m(teger)g(remainder)f(of)391 3607 y(U)j(divided)d(b)m(y)j(V.)h(If)e(either)h(parameter)g(is)f (\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(the)g(result)e(is)391 3720 y(the)27 b(di\013erence)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(U)g(and)f(V*\(U/V\))j(all) c(in)h(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)39 b(If)26 b(either)391 3833 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is)h(negativ)m(e)i(the)f(remainder)e(is)h (negativ)m(e.)41 b(If)27 b(b)s(oth)g(are)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(or)391 3946 y(b)s(oth)32 b(are)g(negativ)m(e)i(the)f(remainder)e(is)g(p)s (ositiv)m(e.)46 b(An)32 b(error)g(o)s(ccurs)h(if)e(V)i(is)391 4059 y(zero:)391 4232 y FJ(*****)46 b(Attempt)g(to)h(divide)f(by)h(0)h (in)f(REMAINDER)391 4599 y(EXPR)f(PROCEDURE)g(REMAINDER\(U,)e(V\);)534 4712 y(DIFFERENCE\(U,)g(TIMES2\(QUOTIENT\(U,)f(V\),)k(V\)\);)p eop %%Page: 646 646 646 645 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(646)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(SUB1)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)j(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)1554 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(Returns)36 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)h(U)f(less)g(1.)59 b(If)36 b(U)g(is)g(a)h(FLO)m(A)-8 b(T)37 b(t)m(yp)s(e)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)h(the) 814 849 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(returned)f(is)h(U)g(less)g(1.0.)814 1043 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(SUB1\(U\);)957 1156 y(DIFFERENCE\(U,)g (1\);)664 1579 y(TIMES)p FQ(\([)p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(]\):)p FD(numb)g(er)845 b(no)-5 b(eval,)33 b(nospr)-5 b(e)g(ad,)36 b(or)d(macr)-5 b(o)814 1692 y FQ(Returns)30 b(the)g(pro)s(duct)f(of)i(all)e(its)h(argumen)m(ts.)814 1887 y FJ(MACRO)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(TIMES\(U\);)957 2000 y(EXPAND\(CDR)g(U,)j('TIMES2\);)664 2423 y(TIMES2)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(numb)-5 b(er)p FQ(\):)p FD(numb)g(er)1007 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2536 y FQ(Returns)30 b(the)g(pro)s(duct)f(of)i(U) f(and)g(V.)664 2689 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 166 x FR(91.3.12)113 b(MAP)37 b(Comp)s(osite)f(F)-9 b(unctions)664 3294 y FJ(MAP)p FQ(\()p FN(X)p FQ(:)p FD(list)p FQ(,)31 b(F)p FN(N)p FQ(:)p FD(function)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1379 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 3407 y FQ(Applies)28 b(FN)j(to)g(successiv)m(e)g(CDR)f(segmen)m(ts)i(of)e(X.)h(NIL)f(is)g (returned.)814 3602 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(MAP\(X,)h(FN\);)957 3714 y(WHILE)h(X)g(DO)g FL(<<)g FJ(FN)h(X;)f(X)g(:=)g(CDR)g(X)h FL(>>)p FJ(;)664 4138 y(MAPC)p FQ(\(X:list,)29 b(FN:function\):)p FD(any)1351 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 4250 y FQ(FN)28 b(is)e(applied)e(to)k(successiv)m(e)f(CAR)g(segmen)m(ts)h(of)f(list)f (X.)h(NIL)g(is)f(returned.)814 4445 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e (MAPC\(X,)h(FN\);)957 4558 y(WHILE)h(X)g(DO)g FL(<<)g FJ(FN)h(CAR)f(X;)g(X)g(:=)g(CDR)g(X)h FL(>>)p FJ(;)p eop %%Page: 647 647 647 646 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(647)241 623 y FJ(MAPCAN)p FQ(\(X:list,)28 b(FN:function\):)p FD(any)1255 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 736 y FQ(A)31 b(concatenated)j(list)c(of)i(FN)g (applied)d(to)k(successiv)m(e)f(CAR)f(elemen)m(ts)h(of)g(X)391 849 y(is)d(returned.)391 1043 y FJ(EXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)g(MAPCAN\(X,)f (FN\);)534 1156 y(IFNULL)h(X)h(THEN)g(NIL)629 1269 y(ELSE)g(NCONC\(FN)f (CAR)g(X,)i(MAPCAN\(CDR)d(X,)i(FN\)\);)241 1692 y(MAPCAR)p FQ(\(X:list,)28 b(FN:function\):)p FD(any)1255 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 1805 y FQ(Returned)29 b(is)h(a)g(constructed)h (list)e(of)i(FN)f(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(CAR)f(of)h(list)e(X.)391 2000 y FJ(EXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)g(MAPCAR\(X,)f(FN\);)534 2112 y(IFNULL)h(X)h(THEN)g(NIL)629 2225 y(ELSE)g(FN)g(CAR)g(X)h(.)f (MAPCAR\(CDR)e(X,)i(FN\);)241 2648 y(MAPCON)p FQ(\(X:list,)28 b(FN:function\):)p FD(any)1255 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2761 y FQ(Returned)41 b(is)g(a)h(concatenated)j(list)40 b(of)i(FN)h(applied)d(to)i(successiv)m(e)h(CDR)391 2874 y(segmen)m(ts)31 b(of)g(X.)391 3069 y FJ(EXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)g (MAPCON\(X,)f(FN\);)534 3181 y(IFNULL)h(X)h(THEN)g(NIL)629 3294 y(ELSE)g(NCONC\(FN)f(X,)h(MAPCON\(CDR)e(X,)i(FN\)\);)241 3717 y(MAPLIST)p FQ(\(X:list,)28 b(FN:function\):)p FD(any)1207 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 3830 y FQ(Returns)23 b(a)h(constructed)g(list)f(of)h(FN)g(applied)e(to)j(successiv)m(e)f (CDR)g(segmen)m(ts)391 3943 y(of)30 b(X.)391 4138 y FJ(EXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)g(MAPLIST\(X,)f(FN\);)534 4250 y(IFNULL)h(X)h(THEN)g(NIL) 629 4363 y(ELSE)g(FN)g(X)h(.)f(MAPLIST\(CDR)e(X,)i(FN\);)241 4533 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial eop %%Page: 648 648 648 647 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(648)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 555 y FR(91.3.13)113 b(Comp)s(osite)36 b(F)-9 b(unctions)664 995 y FJ(APPEND)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(list)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(list)p FQ(\):)p FD(list)1526 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1108 y FQ(Returns)29 b(a)h(constructed)g(list)e(in)g(whic)m(h)h(the)h (last)f(elemen)m(t)h(of)g(U)g(is)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)814 1221 y(b)m(y)i(the)h(\014rst)f(elemen)m(t)g(of)h(V.)g(The)f(list)f(U)h (is)g(copied,)g(V)g(is)g(not.)814 1415 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e (APPEND\(U,)g(V\);)957 1528 y(IFNULL)h(U)i(THEN)f(V)1053 1641 y(ELSE)f(CAR)h(U)h(.)f(APPEND\(CDR)e(U,)i(V\);)664 2064 y(ASSOC)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)31 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(alist)p FQ(\):)p FP(f)p FD(dotte)-5 b(d-p)g(air)p FQ(,)36 b(NIL)p FP(g)893 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2177 y FQ(If)40 b(U)g(o)s(ccurs)g(as)g(the)g(CAR) g(p)s(ortion)f(of)h(an)g(elemen)m(t)h(of)f(the)g(alist)f(V,)i(the)814 2290 y(dotted-pair)e(in)e(whic)m(h)h(U)h(o)s(ccurred)f(is)g(returned,)i (else)f(NIL)f(is)g(returned.)814 2403 y(ASSOC)d(migh)m(t)i(not)g (detect)h(a)f(p)s(o)s(orly)e(formed)i(alist)f(so)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)72 b(con-)814 2515 y(struction)30 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(detected)j (b)m(y)e(CAR)g(or)h(CDR.)814 2710 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(ASSOC\(U,) h(V\);)957 2823 y(IF)i(NULL)e(V)i(THEN)e(NIL)1101 2936 y(ELSE)g(IF)h(ATOM)g(CAR)g(V)g(THEN)1339 3048 y(ERROR\(000,)e(LIST\(V,) h("is)h(a)g(poorly)f(formed)h(alist"\)\))1101 3161 y(ELSE)f(IF)h(U)h(=) f(CAAR)g(V)g(THEN)g(CAR)g(V)1101 3274 y(ELSE)f(ASSOC\(U,)g(CDR)h(V\);) 664 3697 y(DEFLIST)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(d)5 b(list)p FQ(,)30 b FN(IND)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\):)p FD(list)1349 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 3810 y FQ(A)29 b("dlist")f(is)g(a)i (list)d(in)h(whic)m(h)g(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)g(is)e(a)h(t)m(w)m(o)h (elemen)m(t)g(list:)39 b(\(ID:id)814 3923 y(PR)m(OP:an)m(y\).)81 b(Eac)m(h)44 b(ID)g(in)f(U)g(has)g(the)h(indicator)f(IND)g(with)g(prop) s(ert)m(y)814 4036 y(PR)m(OP)35 b(placed)f(on)h(its)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)f (list)f(b)m(y)i(the)g(PUT)g(function.)53 b(The)35 b(v)-5 b(alue)814 4149 y(of)36 b(DEFLIST)f(is)g(a)h(list)e(of)i(the)g(\014rst) f(elemen)m(ts)g(of)h(eac)m(h)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(elemen)m(t)f(list.)814 4262 y(Lik)m(e)30 b(PUT,)h(DEFLIST)e(ma)m(y)i(not)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i (de\014ne)f(functions.)814 4456 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(DEFLIST\(U,) g(IND\);)957 4569 y(IF)j(NULL)e(U)i(THEN)e(NIL)1053 4682 y(ELSE)g FL(<<)i FJ(PUT\(CAAR)d(U,)i(IND,)g(CADAR)f(U\);)1481 4795 y(CAAR)g(U)i FL(>>)f FJ(.)95 b(DEFLIST\(CDR)45 b(U,)i(IND\);)p eop %%Page: 649 649 649 648 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(649)241 623 y FJ(DELETE)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)30 b FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(list)p FQ(\):)p FD(list)1503 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 736 y FQ(Returns)28 b(V)g(with)g(the)h(\014rst)e(top)i(lev)m(el)g(o)s (ccurrence)g(of)f(U)h(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(from)e(it.)391 931 y FJ(EXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)g(DELETE\(U,)f(V\);)534 1043 y(IF)i(NULL)g(V)g(THEN)g(NIL)629 1156 y(ELSE)g(IF)g(CAR)g(V)h(=)f (U)g(THEN)g(CDR)g(V)629 1269 y(ELSE)g(CAR)g(V)g(.)h(DELETE\(U,)d(CDR)i (V\);)241 1692 y(DIGIT)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(b)-5 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FN(V)p FQ(:)p FD(alist)p FQ(,)i FN(FN)p FQ(:)p FD(function)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)879 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 3665 y FQ(Searc)m(hes)35 b(the)g(alist)e(V)i(for)f(an)h(o)s(ccurrence)g (of)f(U.)h(If)f(U)h(is)f(not)h(in)e(the)i(alist)391 3778 y(the)30 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)30 b(of)h(function)e(FN)i(is)e(returned.) 391 3972 y FJ(EXPR)46 b(PROCEDURE)g(SASSOC\(U,)f(V,)i(FN\);)534 4085 y(IF)g(NULL)g(V)g(THEN)g(FN\(\))629 4198 y(ELSE)g(IF)g(U)h(=)f (CAAR)g(V)g(THEN)g(CAR)g(V)629 4311 y(ELSE)g(SASSOC\(U,)e(CDR)i(V,)g (FN\);)p eop %%Page: 652 652 652 651 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(652)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(SUBLIS)p FQ(\()p FN(X)p FQ(:)p FD(alist)p FQ(,)31 b FN(Y)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1435 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(The)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(returned)f(is)g(the)i(result)e(of)i (substituting)d(the)i(CDR)g(of)h(eac)m(h)814 849 y(elemen)m(t)32 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y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)i(of)g(the)f(implemen)m(tation)f (site.)41 b(Other)30 b(input)e(and)i(output)g(devices)g(or)241 4272 y(\014les)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(selected)h(for)f(reading)f(and)h (writing)e(using)h(the)i(functions)e(describ)s(ed)241 4385 y(herein.)p eop %%Page: 656 656 656 655 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(656)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(CLOSE)p FQ(\()p FN(FILEHANDLE)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1193 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(Closes)40 b(the)g(\014le)f (with)g(the)h(in)m(ternal)f(name)h(FILEHANDLE)h(writing)d(an)m(y)814 849 y(necessary)e(end)e(of)i(\014le)e(marks)h(and)g(suc)m(h.)55 b(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)h(FILEHANDLE)814 962 y(is)30 b(that)i(returned)d(b)m(y)i(the)g(corresp)s(onding)e(OPEN.)i(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(returned)g(is)814 1075 y(the)35 b(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)h(FILEHANDLE.)g(An)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs)h(if)e(the)i(\014le)f(can)g (not)h(b)s(e)814 1188 y(closed.)862 1361 y FJ(*****)46 b(FILEHANDLE)f(could)i(not)g(be)g(closed)664 1923 y(EJECT)p FQ(\(\):NIL)2035 b FD(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2036 y FQ(Skip)38 b(to)h(the)h(top)f(of)h(the)f(next)g(output)g(page.) 68 b(Automatic)40 b(EJECTs)e(are)814 2149 y(executed)d(b)m(y)g(the)f (prin)m(t)f(functions)g(when)h(the)g(length)g(set)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(P)-8 b(A)m(GE-)814 2262 y(LENGTH)31 b(function)e(is)g(exceeded.)664 2651 y FJ(LINELENGTH)p FQ(\()p FN(LEN)p FQ(:)p FP(f)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)p FQ(,)29 b(NIL)p FP(g)p FQ(\):)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)876 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2764 y FQ(If)34 b(LEN)h(is)e(an)i(in)m(teger)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(line)e(length)i(to)i (b)s(e)d(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(efore)814 2877 y(the)28 b(prin)m(t)e (functions)f(initiate)h(an)i(automatic)g(TERPRI)e(is)g(set)i(to)g(the)g (v)-5 b(alue)814 2990 y(LEN.)27 b(No)g(initial)d(Standard)h(LISP)h (line)f(length)h(is)g(assumed.)38 b(The)27 b(previous)814 3103 y(line)36 b(length)h(is)g(returned)f(except)j(when)d(LEN)i(is)e (NIL.)i(This)e(sp)s(ecial)g(case)814 3215 y(returns)28 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)f(length)h(and)g(do)s(es)h(not)g(cause)g(it)f (to)i(b)s(e)e(reset.)40 b(An)814 3328 y(error)28 b(o)s(ccurs)f(if)g (the)i(requested)f(line)e(length)h(is)g(to)s(o)i(large)f(for)g(the)g (curren)m(tly)814 3441 y(selected)j(output)f(\014le)g(or)g(LEN)g(is)f (negativ)m(e)j(or)e(zero.)862 3614 y FJ(*****)46 b(LEN)h(is)g(an)h (invalid)d(line)i(length)664 4176 y(LPOSN)p FQ(\(\):)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)1925 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 4289 y FQ(Returns)27 b(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)j(lines)d(prin)m(ted) h(on)h(the)g(curren)m(t)g(page.)41 b(A)m(t)29 b(the)f(top)814 4402 y(of)j(a)f(page,)i(0)f(is)e(returned.)p eop %%Page: 657 657 657 656 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(657)241 623 y FJ(OPEN)p FQ(\()p FN(FILE)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(,)30 b FN(HO)m(W)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1275 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 736 y FQ(Op)s(en)35 b(the)j(\014le)e(with)g(the)h(system)g (dep)s(enden)m(t)f(name)h(FILE)g(for)g(output)g(if)391 849 y(HO)m(W)30 b(is)e(EQ)h(to)h(OUTPUT,)f(or)h(input)d(if)i(HO)m(W)h (is)e(EQ)h(to)h(INPUT.)g(If)f(the)391 962 y(\014le)39 b(is)120 b(op)s(ened)40 b(successfully)-8 b(,)42 b(a)e(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(whic)m(h)f(is)h(in)m(ternally)e(asso)s(ciated)391 1075 y(with)32 b(the)i(\014le)e(is)h(returned.)49 b(This)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(for)e(use)g(b)m(y)h (RDS)391 1188 y(and)28 b(WRS.)i(An)f(error)f(o)s(ccurs)h(if)g(HO)m(W)h (is)e(something)h(other)g(than)g(INPUT)391 1301 y(or)h(OUTPUT)g(or)g (the)h(\014le)e(can't)i(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened.)391 1474 y FJ(*****)46 b(HOW)h(is)g(not)g(option)f(for)h(OPEN)421 1587 y(*****)f(FILE)h(could)f(not)h(be)h(opened)241 2269 y(PAGELENGTH)p FQ(\()p FN(LEN)p FQ(:)p FP(f)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)p FQ(,)28 b(NIL)p FP(g)p FQ(\):)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)876 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 2382 y FQ(Sets)26 b(the)g(v)m(ertical) h(length)e(\(in)g(lines\))g(of)h(an)g(output)g(page.)40 b(Automatic)27 b(page)391 2495 y(EJECTs)44 b(are)i(executed)g(b)m(y)f (the)h(prin)m(t)e(functions)g(when)g(this)h(length)g(is)391 2608 y(reac)m(hed.)50 b(The)32 b(initial)f(v)m(ertical)i(length)g(is)f (implemen)m(tation)g(sp)s(eci\014c.)48 b(The)391 2720 y(previous)37 b(page)j(length)e(is)g(returned.)66 b(If)38 b(LEN)h(is)f(0,)k(no)d(automatic)h(page)391 2833 y(ejects)31 b(will)d(o)s(ccur.)241 3240 y FJ(POSN)p FQ(\(\):)p FD(inte)-5 b(ger)1972 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 3353 y FQ(Returns)36 b(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)h(output)g (bu\013er.)60 b(When)38 b(the)391 3466 y(bu\013er)29 b(is)h(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(0)g(is)e(returned.)241 3873 y FJ(PRINC)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(id)p FQ(\):)p FD(id)1939 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)391 3986 y FQ(U)32 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(a)h (single)f(c)m(haracter)i(id)e(suc)m(h)h(as)g(pro)s(duced)e(b)m(y)i (EXPLODE)g(or)391 4099 y(read)21 b(b)m(y)g(READCH)h(or)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)g(!$EOL!$.)39 b(The)21 b(e\013ect)h(is)f(the)g(c)m (haracter)391 4212 y(U)29 b(displa)m(y)m(ed)e(up)s(on)h(the)h(curren)m (tly)f(selected)h(output)g(device.)40 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)391 4325 y(!$EOL!$)23 b(causes)g(termination)f(of)h(the) g(curren)m(t)f(line)f(lik)m(e)h(a)h(call)f(to)h(TERPRI.)p eop %%Page: 658 658 658 657 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(658)787 b FM(CHAPTER)30 b(91.)72 b(THE)30 b(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD)31 b(LISP)f(REPOR)-8 b(T)664 623 y FJ(PRINT)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1806 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 736 y FQ(Displa)m(ys)30 b(U)g(in)f(READ)i (readable)f(format)h(and)f(terminates)g(the)g(prin)m(t)g(line.)814 849 y(The)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(U)h(is)e(returned.)814 1043 y FJ(EXPR)47 b(PROCEDURE)e(PRINT\(U\);)1053 1156 y FL(<<)i FJ(PRIN1)f(U;)h(TERPRI\(\);)f(U)h FL(>>)p FJ(;)664 1579 y(PRIN1)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1806 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 1692 y FQ(U)35 b(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(in)g(a)h(READ)g(readable)g(form.)54 b(The)34 b(format)i(of)f(displa)m(y)e(is)814 1805 y(the)38 b(result)f(of)g(EXPLODE)h(expansion;)i(sp)s(ecial)c(c)m(haracters)j (are)f(pre\014xed)814 1918 y(with)31 b(the)h(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracter)h (!,)g(and)e(strings)f(are)i(enclosed)g(in)e(".)16 b(.)f(.)h(".)45 b(Lists)814 2031 y(are)31 b(displa)m(y)m(ed)e(in)g(list-notation)h(and) f(v)m(ectors)j(in)d(v)m(ector-notation.)664 2438 y FJ(PRIN2)p FQ(\()p FN(U)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1806 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 2551 y FQ(U)28 b(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(up)s(on)f (the)i(curren)m(tly)f(selected)h(prin)m(t)f(device)g(but)h(output)f(is) 814 2664 y(not)f(READ)g(readable.)39 b(The)25 b(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)h(U)f(is)g(returned.)38 b(Items)26 b(are)g(displa)m(y)m (ed)814 2777 y(as)43 b(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(the)h(EXPLODE)g(function)f (with)f(the)i(exceptions)h(that)814 2890 y(the)38 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m (haracter)h(do)s(es)d(not)i(pre\014x)e(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracters)k (and)d(strings)814 3003 y(are)j(not)f(enclosed)g(in)f(".)16 b(.)g(.)f(".)68 b(Lists)38 b(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)e(in)g (list-notation)h(and)814 3115 y(v)m(ectors)32 b(in)d(v)m (ector-notation.)43 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(U)h(is)e (returned.)664 3505 y FJ(RDS)p FQ(\()p FN(FILEHANDLE)p FQ(:)p FD(any)p FQ(\):)p FD(any)1289 b(eval,)33 b(spr)-5 b(e)g(ad)814 3618 y FQ(Input)40 b(from)h(the)h(curren)m(tly)e(selected) i(input)e(\014le)h(is)f(susp)s(ended)f(and)i(fur-)814 3730 y(ther)c(input)e(comes)j(from)e(the)h(\014le)f(named.)60 b(FILEHANDLE)38 b(is)e(a)h(system)814 3843 y(dep)s(enden)m(t)44 b(in)m(ternal)g(name)h(whic)m(h)e(is)h(a)i(v)-5 b(alue)44 b(returned)g(b)m(y)h(OPEN.)g(If)814 3956 y(FILEHANDLE)34 b(is)e(NIL)h(the)h(standard)e(input)g(device)h(is)f(selected.)50 b(When)814 4069 y(end)34 b(of)h(\014le)f(is)g(reac)m(hed)h(on)g(a)g (non-standard)e(input)g(device,)j(the)f(standard)814 4182 y(input)d(device)h(is)g(reselected.)50 b(When)34 b(end)e(of)i(\014le)f(o)s(ccurs)g(on)g(the)h(standard)814 4295 y(input)26 b(device)i(the)f(Standard)g(LISP)g(reader)g (terminates.)40 b(RDS)27 b(returns)g(the)814 4408 y(in)m(ternal)i(name) i(of)f(the)h(previously)d(selected)j(input)d(\014le.)814 4581 y FJ(*****)47 b(FILEHANDLE)e(could)h(not)h(be)g(selected)f(for)g (input)p eop %%Page: 659 659 659 658 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(91.3.)72 b(FUNCTIONS)2045 b FQ(659)241 623 y FJ(READ)p FQ(\(\):)p FD(any)391 736 y FQ(The)30 b(next)g(expression)f(from)h(the) h(\014le)e(curren)m(tly)h(selected)h(for)f(input.)39 b(V)-8 b(alid)391 849 y(input)36 b(forms)i(are:)57 b(v)m (ector-notation,)43 b(dot-notation,)e(list-notation,)f(n)m(um-)391 962 y(b)s(ers,)e(function-p)s(oin)m(ters,)g(strings,)h(and)e(iden)m (ti\014ers)f(with)g(escap)s(e)i(c)m(harac-)391 1075 y(ters.)59 b(Iden)m(ti\014ers)35 b(are)i(in)m(terned)f(onW)g(the)h(OBLIST)e(\(see) 74 b(the)37 b(INTERN)391 1188 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bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 970 x FT(Bibliograph)-6 b(y)241 1641 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 286 1752 a FQ([1])47 b(George)32 b(A.)e(Bak)m(er\(Jr.\))i(and)e(P)m(eter)h(Gra)m(v)m(es-Morris.)42 b FD(Pad)n(\023)-44 b(e)33 b(Appr)-5 b(oximants,)428 1864 y(Part)33 b(I:)f(Basic)h(The)-5 b(ory)p FQ(.)42 b(Addison-W)-8 b(esley)30 b(Publishing)c(Compan)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(Reading,)428 1977 y(Massac)m(h)m(usetts,)h(1981.)241 2032 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 286 2165 a([2])47 b(Computation)29 b(Cen)m(ter.)41 b FD(LISP)33 b(R)-5 b(efer)g(enc)g(e)33 b(Manual,)g(CDC-6000)p FQ(.)41 b(The)428 2278 y(Univ)m(ersit)m(y)29 b(of)i(T)-8 b(exas)31 b(at)g(Austin.)241 2333 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 286 2466 a([3])47 b(S.-C.)30 b(Chou.)40 b(Pro)m(ving)29 b(elemen)m(tary)i(geometry)h(theorems)f(using)e(W)-8 b(u's)428 2578 y(algorithm.)39 b(In)30 b FD(Contemp.)k(Math.)p FQ(,)d(v)m(olume)f(19,)h(pages)g(243)h({)f(286.)h(AMS,)428 2691 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b(Dolzmann)i(and)e(Thomas)h(Sturm.)40 b(Simpli\014cation)26 b(of)428 4006 y(quan)m(ti\014er-free)j(form)m(ulae)h(o)m(v)m(er)i (ordered)e(\014elds.)39 b FD(Journal)34 b(of)f(Symb)-5 b(olic)428 4119 y(Computation)p FQ(,)33 b(24\(2\):209{231,)j(August)30 b(1997.)241 4179 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 286 4307 a([8])47 b(Andreas)29 b(Dolzmann)i(and)e(Thomas)h(Sturm.)40 b FD(R)-5 b(e)g(d)5 b(lo)-5 b(g)34 b(User)e(Manual)p FQ(.)41 b(FMI,)428 4420 y(Univ)m(ersit\177)-45 b(at)30 b(P)m(assau,)h(D-94030)i(P)m(assau,)e(German)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(April)e(1999.)42 b(Edition)428 4533 y(2.0)31 b(for)f(V)-8 b(ersion)30 b(2.0.)241 4570 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 286 4720 a([9])47 b(Stanford)29 b(Cen)m(ter)i(for)f (Information)f(Pro)s(cessing.)40 b FD(LISP/360)34 b(R)-5 b(efer)g(enc)g(e)428 4833 y(Manual)p FQ(.)41 b(Stanford)29 b(Univ)m(ersit)m(y)-8 b(.)1667 5187 y(671)p eop %%Page: 672 672 672 671 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(672)2127 b FM(BIBLIOGRAPHY)664 464 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 91 x FQ([10])47 b(M.)31 b(L.)f(Griss)g(and)f (A.)i(C.)f(Hearn.)41 b(A)30 b(p)s(ortable)g(LISP)f(compiler.)851 668 y FD(Softwar)-5 b(e|Pr)g(actic)g(e)35 b(and)f(Exp)-5 b(erienc)g(e)p FQ(,)31 b(11:541{605,)k(June)29 b(1981.)664 723 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 133 x([11])47 b(A.)31 b(C.)f(Hearn.)41 b(REDUCE)30 b(user's)g(man)m(ual:)40 b(V)-8 b(ersion)30 b(3.3.)42 b(Publication)28 b(CP78)851 969 y(\(Rev)j(1/88\),)i(RAND,)e(1988.)664 1029 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 127 x([12])47 b(A.)31 b(C.)f(Hearn,)h(P)-8 b(.)31 b(K.)f(Kuo,)g(and)g(D.)h(R.)f(Y)-8 b(ennie.)41 b(Radiativ)m(e)30 b(corrections)g(to)851 1269 y(an)g(electron-p)s (ositron)g(scattering)h(exp)s(erimen)m(t.)39 b FD(Phys.)33 b(R)-5 b(ev.)p FQ(,)851 1382 y(187:2088{2096,)36 b(1969.)664 1437 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 133 x([13])47 b(W)-8 b(olfram)31 b(Ko)s(epf.)39 b(REDUCE)31 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)32 b(for)e(the)h(inde\014nite)d(and)i(de\014nite)851 1683 y(summation.)40 b FD(SIGSAM)32 b(Bul)5 b(letin)p FQ(,)30 b(29\(1\):14{30,)35 b(Jan)m(uary)30 b(1995.)664 1743 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 127 x([14])47 b(T.)30 b(H.)h(Ko)s(orn)m(winder.)38 b(On)30 b(Zeilb)s(erger's)e (algorithm)i(and)f(its)h FL(q)s FQ(-analogue:)41 b(a)851 1983 y(rigorous)30 b(description.)38 b FD(J.)32 b(of)h(Comput.)h(and)f (Appl.)h(Math.)p FQ(,)d(48:91{111,)j(1993.)664 2038 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 133 x([15])47 b FD(MA)n(CLISP)31 b(R)-5 b(efer)g(enc)g(e)34 b(Manual)p FQ(,)d(Marc)m(h)g(1976.)664 2231 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 127 x([16])47 b(John)30 b(McCarth)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(P)m(aul)f(W.)h(Abrahams,)f(Daniel)g(J.)g(Edw)m(ards,)f(Timoth) m(y)h(P)-8 b(.)851 2471 y(Hart,)31 b(and)f(Mic)m(hael)g(I.)h(Levin.)39 b FD(LISP)33 b(1.5)g(Pr)-5 b(o)g(gr)g(ammers)36 b(Manual)p FQ(.)41 b(The)851 2584 y(M.I.T.)31 b(Press,)f(Cam)m(bridge,)g(Massac)m (h)m(usettes,)j(1965.)664 2639 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 133 x([17])47 b(Mats)31 b(Nordstrom,)g(Erik)e(Sandew)m (all,)g(and)g(Diz)i(Breslo)m(w.)41 b FD(LISP)32 b(F1:)42 b(A)851 2885 y(F)n(OR)-7 b(TRAN)32 b(Implementation)j(of)e(LISP)f(1.5)p FQ(.)42 b(Uppsala)29 b(Univ)m(ersit)m(y)-8 b(,)851 2998 y(Departmen)m(t)32 b(of)e(Computer)g(Sciences.)664 3053 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 132 x([18])47 b(Lynn)29 b(H.)i(Quam)f(and)f(Whit\014eld)g(Di\016e.)40 b FD(Stanfor)-5 b(d)35 b(LISP)e(1.6)g(Manual)p FQ(.)851 3298 y(Stanford)26 b(Arti\014cial)f(In)m(telligence)h(Lab)s(oratory)-8 b(,)29 b(op)s(erating)d(note)i(28.7)g(edition.)664 3353 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 133 x([19])47 b(W)-8 b(arren)31 b(T)-8 b(eitelman.)40 b FD(INTERLISP)32 b(R)-5 b(efer)g(enc)g(e)33 b(Manual)p FQ(.)41 b(XER)m(O)m(X,)32 b(P)m(alo)851 3599 y(Alto)f(Researc)m(h)g(Cen)m(ters,)g(3333)h(Co)m(y)m (ote)g(Road,)f(P)m(alo)g(Alto,)g(California)851 3712 y(94304,)i(1978.)664 3767 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial 132 x([20])47 b(V)-8 b(olk)m(er)31 b(W)-8 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@setspecial @endspecial(212)241 4620 y(direct)g(pro)s(duct,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(410)241 4733 y FJ(DISJOIN)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(330)241 4846 y FJ(DISPJACOBIAN)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(296)241 4959 y FJ(DISPLAY)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(174)1880 555 y(Displa)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(111)1880 668 y FJ(DISPLAYFLAG)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(253)1880 781 y(DISPLA)-8 b(YFRAME)32 b(command,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(342)1880 894 y(Displa)m(ying)f(structure,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(126)1880 1007 y FJ(DISTRIBUTE)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(257)1880 1120 y FJ(DIV)p FQ(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(117)r(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(147)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(498)1880 1233 y(DIV)2046 1346 y(op)s(erator,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(271)1880 1458 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@setspecial @endspecial(96)p eop %%Page: 688 688 688 687 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(688)2553 b FM(INDEX)664 555 y FJ(MULTIROOT)p FQ(,)28 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(517)664 751 y FJ(N)p 718 751 29 4 v 34 w(GAT)p FQ(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(554)664 864 y FJ(NASSOC)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(498)664 977 y FJ(NAT)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(125)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(327)664 1090 y(NA)-8 b(T)31 b(\015ag,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(340)664 1203 y FJ(nc)p 766 1203 V 34 w(cleanup)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(427)664 1316 y FJ(nc)p 766 1316 V 34 w(compact)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(430)664 1429 y FJ(nc)p 766 1429 V 34 w(divide)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(429)664 1542 y FJ(nc)p 766 1542 V 34 w(factorize)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(429)664 1654 y FJ(nc)p 766 1654 V 34 w(factorize)p 1232 1654 V 32 w(all)p FQ(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(430)664 1767 y FJ(nc)p 766 1767 V 34 w(groebner)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(428)664 1880 y FJ(nc)p 766 1880 V 34 w(preduce)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(429)664 1993 y FJ(nc)p 766 1993 V 34 w(setup)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(426)664 2106 y(NCONC,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(650)664 2219 y FJ(NCPOLY)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(195)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(425)664 2332 y FJ(NEARESTROOT)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(515)664 2445 y FJ(NEARESTROOTS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(515)664 2558 y FJ(NEGATIVE)p FQ(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(514)664 2671 y FJ(NEQ)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(498)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(499)664 2784 y FJ(NERO)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(122)664 2896 y(Newton's)h(metho)s (d,)f @beginspecial 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FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(497)2304 1346 y FJ(NOT)p 2454 1346 V 33 w(NEGATIVE)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(409)2304 1458 y(NO)m(XPND)2470 1571 y(@,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(337)2470 1684 y(D,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(337)2304 1797 y(NULL,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(624)2304 1910 y FJ(NULLSPACE)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(182)2304 2023 y FJ(NUM)p FQ(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(146)2304 2136 y FJ(NUM)p 2454 2136 V 33 w(FIT)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(444)2304 2249 y FJ(NUM)p 2454 2249 V 33 w(INT)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(437)r(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(440)2304 2362 y FJ(NUM)p 2454 2362 V 33 w(MIN)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(437)r(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(438)2304 2475 y FJ(NUM)p 2454 2475 V 33 w(ODESOLVE)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(437)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial 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@setspecial @endspecial(76)q(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(77)p eop %%Page: 689 689 689 688 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(INDEX)2552 b FQ(689)241 555 y FJ(ONE)p 391 555 29 4 v 33 w(FORMS)p FQ(,)29 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(327)241 668 y FJ(ONE)p 391 668 V 33 w(OF)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(96)241 781 y(ONEP)-8 b(,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(625)241 894 y FJ(ONLY)p 439 894 V 33 w(INTEGER)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(409)241 1007 y FJ(OPAPPLY)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(467)241 1120 y(OPEN,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(656)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(657)241 1233 y FJ(OPERATOR)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(208)241 1346 y(Op)s(erator,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(48)q({)p @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(51)241 1458 y(Op)s(erator)g (precedence,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(49)q(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(51)241 1571 y FJ(OPORDER)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(464)241 1684 y FJ(OPTIMIZE)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(521)241 1797 y(OR,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(641)241 1910 y FJ(OR)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(497)241 2023 y FJ(ORDER)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(115)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(128)241 2136 y(ordering)407 2249 y(exterior)f(form,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(343)241 2362 y(ordinary)e(di\013eren)m(tial)h(equations,)573 2475 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(449)241 2588 y FJ(ORDP)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(56)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(106)241 2700 y FJ(ORTHOGONAL)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(366)241 2813 y(Orthogonal)i(p)s(olynomials,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(539)241 2926 y FJ(ORTHOVEC)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(195)q(,)j @beginspecial @setspecial 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@beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(99)664 1571 y(SOL)-10 b(VE)29 b(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)830 1684 y(with)29 b(R)m(OOTS)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(age,)32 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(513)664 1797 y FJ(SOLVESINGULAR)p FQ(,)27 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(99)664 1910 y FJ(SORTLIST)p FQ(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(251)664 2023 y FJ(SORTNUMLIST)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(251)664 2136 y FJ(SORTOUTODE)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(450)664 2249 y(SP)-8 b(A)m(CEDIM)31 b(command,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(335)664 2362 y FJ(SPADD)p 910 2362 V 33 w(COLUMNS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)664 2475 y FJ(SPADD)p 910 2475 V 33 w(ROWS)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)664 2588 y FJ(SPADD)p 910 2588 V 33 w(TO)p 1039 2588 V 34 w(COLUMNS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)664 2700 y FJ(SPADD)p 910 2700 V 33 w(TO)p 1039 2700 V 34 w(ROWS)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial 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FJ(SPREMOVE)p 2694 3152 V 32 w(ROWS)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)2304 3265 y FJ(SPROW)p 2550 3265 V 33 w(DIM)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)2304 3378 y FJ(SPROWS)p 2598 3378 V 33 w(PIVOT)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)2304 3491 y FJ(SPSTACK)p 2646 3491 V 32 w(ROWS)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)2304 3604 y FJ(SPSUB)p 2550 3604 V 33 w(MATRIX)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)2304 3717 y FJ(SPSWAP)p 2598 3717 V 33 w(COLUMNS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)2304 3830 y FJ(SPSWAP)p 2598 3830 V 33 w(ENTRIES)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)2304 3942 y FJ(SPSWAP)p 2598 3942 V 33 w(ROWS)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532) 2304 4055 y FJ(SpTT)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(589)2304 4168 y FJ(SPUR)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(216)2304 4281 y FJ(SQFRF)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(517)2304 4394 y FJ(SQRDIST)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(367)2304 4507 y FJ(SQRT)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(83)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(86)2304 4620 y FJ(SQUAREP)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(404)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(533)2304 4733 y FJ(STACK)p 2550 4733 V 33 w(ROWS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(403)r(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(407)2304 4846 y(standard)f(devices,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(655)2304 4959 y(Standard)e(form,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(205)p eop %%Page: 695 695 695 694 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(INDEX)2552 b FQ(695)241 555 y(standard)29 b(input,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(658)241 668 y FJ(Standard)45 b(Lisp)i(Report)p FQ(,)29 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(613)241 781 y(standard)g(output,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(659)241 894 y(Standard)e(quotien)m(t,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(205)241 1007 y(ST)-8 b(AND)m(ARD-LISP)g(,)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(660)241 1120 y FJ(STATE)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(463)241 1233 y(Statemen)m(t,)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(63)241 1346 y(Stirling)27 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(542)241 1458 y FJ(Stirling1)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(542)241 1571 y FJ(Stirling2)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(542)241 1684 y(String,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(47)241 1797 y(string,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(617)241 1910 y(string)407 2023 y(output,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(628)241 2136 y(STRINGP)-8 b(,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(625)241 2249 y FJ(STRUCTR)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(126)r(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(127)241 2362 y FJ(STRUCTURE)p 679 2362 29 4 v 32 w(EQUATIONS)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial 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FJ(SUMVECT)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(259)1880 668 y FJ(SUPPRESS)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(255)1880 781 y FJ(surface)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(372) 1880 894 y FJ(SUSY2)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(551)1880 1007 y FJ(SVD)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(404)r(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(412)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(532)1880 1120 y FJ(SVEC)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(454)1880 1233 y FJ(SWAP)p 2078 1233 V 34 w(COLUMNS)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(403)r(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(406)1880 1346 y FJ(SWAP)p 2078 1346 V 34 w(ENTRIES)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(403)r(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(406)1880 1458 y FJ(SWAP)p 2078 1458 V 34 w(ROWS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(403)r(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(406)1880 1571 y(Switc)m(h,)g @beginspecial 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@beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(47)1880 4138 y(T)2046 4251 y(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(634)r(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(635)r(,)2213 4364 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(661)1880 4477 y(T)g(\(global\),)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(619)q(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(622)q(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(661)1880 4590 y FJ(TABLEAU)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(329)1880 4703 y FJ(TAN)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(83)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(86)q(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(90)1880 4816 y(tangen)m(t)i(v)m(ector,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(336)1880 4929 y FJ(TANH)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(83)q(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(86)p eop %%Page: 696 696 696 695 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(696)2553 b FM(INDEX)664 555 y FJ(TAYLOR)p FQ(,)29 b @beginspecial 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2136 y FJ(TAYLORKEEPORIGINAL)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(563)664 2249 y(T)-8 b(A)g(YLORKEEPORIGINAL)996 2362 y(switc)m(h,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(562)r(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(565)664 2475 y(T)-8 b(A)g(YLORPRINTORDER)30 b(switc)m(h,)996 2588 y @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(565)664 2700 y(T)-8 b(A)g(YLORPRINTTERMS)996 2813 y(v)j(ariable,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(562)664 2926 y FJ(TAYLORSERIESP)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(563)664 3039 y FJ(TAYLORTEMPLATE)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(563)664 3152 y FJ(TAYLORTOSTANDARD)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(563)664 3265 y FJ(TCLEAR)p FQ(,)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(266)664 3378 y(templates,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(358)664 3491 y FJ(TENSOP)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(463)664 3604 y FJ(TENSOR)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(266)664 3717 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FJ(TIME)p FQ(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(76)2304 781 y(TIMES,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(646)2304 894 y(TIMES2,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(646)2304 1007 y FJ(title)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(372)2304 1120 y FJ(TOEPLITZ)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(404)r(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(410)2304 1233 y FJ(togamma)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(603)2304 1346 y FJ(TORDER)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(376)2304 1458 y FJ(TORSION)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(329)2304 1571 y FJ(TP)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(181)2304 1684 y FJ(TPMAT)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(262)2304 1797 y FJ(TPS)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(196)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(567)2304 1910 y FJ(TRA)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(233)2304 2023 y FJ(TRACE)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial 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@beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(412)2304 3717 y FJ(TRIGEXPAND)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(258)2304 3830 y FJ(trigfactorize)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(585)2304 3942 y FJ(TRIGFORM)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(97)2304 4055 y FJ(triggcd)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(586)2304 4168 y FJ(trigonometric)p 2934 4168 V 31 w(base)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(446)2304 4281 y FJ(TRIGREDUCE)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(258)2304 4394 y FJ(TRIGSIMP)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(85)q(,)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(196)q(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(583)2304 4507 y FJ(trigsimp)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)2304 4620 y(trigsimp)2470 4733 y(com)m(bine,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)2470 4846 y(compact,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)2470 4959 y(cos,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)p eop %%Page: 697 697 697 696 bop 241 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FM(INDEX)2552 b FQ(697)407 555 y(cosh,)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)407 668 y(expand,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)407 781 y(exp)s(on,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)407 894 y(h)m(yp,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)407 1007 y(k)m(eepalltrig,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)407 1120 y(sin,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)407 1233 y(sinh,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)407 1346 y(trig,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(584)241 1458 y FJ(TRUE)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(497)241 1571 y(truncated)h(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)h(series,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(567)241 1684 y FJ(TSYM)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(266)241 1797 y(TVECTOR)g (command,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(334)241 1993 y(UNFLUID,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(616)r(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(635)241 2106 y FJ(UNION)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(249)241 2219 y FJ(union)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(526)241 2332 y FJ(UNITMAT)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(260)241 2445 y FJ(UNTIL)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(67)241 2558 y(UPBV,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(640)241 2671 y FJ(UPPER)p 487 2671 29 4 v 33 w(MATRIX)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(409)241 2784 y(User)h(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages,)33 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(193)241 2979 y(v)-5 b(alues,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(616)241 3092 y FJ(VANDERMONDE)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(404)r(,)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(410)241 3205 y FJ(VARDF)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(339)241 3318 y(V)-8 b(ariable,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(46)241 3431 y(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(scop)s(e,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(633)241 3544 y(v)-5 b(ariational)29 b(deriv)-5 b(ativ)m(e,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(339)241 3657 y FJ(VARNAME)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(125)r(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(126)241 3770 y FJ(varopt)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(102)241 3883 y FJ(VARPOINT)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(367)241 3996 y FJ(VCONCMAT)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(262)241 4109 y FJ(VDF)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(457)241 4221 y(VEC)h(command,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(269)241 4334 y FJ(VECDIM)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(218)241 4447 y FJ(VECOP)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(463)241 4560 y FJ(VECTOR)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(214)241 4673 y(v)m(ector,)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(617)q(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(639)241 4786 y(v)m(ector)407 4899 y(addition,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)2046 555 y(cross)i(pro)s(duct,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)2046 668 y(di\013eren)m(tiation,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(271)2046 781 y(division,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)2046 894 y(dot)j(pro)s(duct,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(456)2046 1007 y(exp)s(onen)m (tiation,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(456)2046 1120 y(inner)f(pro)s(duct,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(456)2046 1233 y(in)m(tegration,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(271)2046 1346 y(mo)s(dulus,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(456)2046 1458 y(m)m (ultiplication,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)2046 1571 y(subtraction,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 1684 y(v)m(ector-notation,)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(618)1880 1797 y FJ(VECTORADD)p FQ(,)c @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 1910 y FJ(VECTORCROSS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 2023 y FJ(VECTORDIFFERENCE)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 2136 y FJ(VECTOREXPT)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(456)1880 2249 y FJ(VECTORMINUS)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 2362 y(VECTORP)-8 b(,)30 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(625)1880 2475 y FJ(VECTORPLUS)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 2588 y FJ(VECTORQUOTIENT)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 2700 y FJ(VECTORRECIP)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 2813 y FJ(VECTORTIMES)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(455)1880 2926 y FJ(VERBATIM)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(509)1880 3039 y FJ(view)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(372)1880 3152 y FJ(VINT)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(458)1880 3265 y FJ(VMOD)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(456)1880 3378 y(VMOD)h(op)s(erator,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(270)1880 3491 y FJ(VOLINT)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(458)1880 3604 y(V)m(OLINTEGRAL)i(function,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(274)1880 3717 y(V)m(OLINTORDER)h (v)m(ector,)j @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(274)1880 3830 y FJ(VORDER)p FQ(,)c @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(458) 1880 3942 y FJ(VOUT)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(454)1880 4055 y FJ(VSTART)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(453)1880 4168 y FJ(VTAYLOR)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(457)1880 4364 y FJ(W)p 1934 4364 V 35 w(COMB)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(554)1880 4477 y FJ(WAR)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(554)1880 4590 y(w)m(arning)g (messages,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(622)1880 4703 y FJ(WEB)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(416)1880 4816 y FJ(WEIGHT)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(167) 1880 4929 y FJ(WHEN)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(161)p eop %%Page: 698 698 698 697 bop 664 299 a @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial FQ(698)2553 b FM(INDEX)664 555 y FJ(WHERE)p FQ(,)29 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(161)664 668 y FJ(WHILE)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(69)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(71)q(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(72)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(74)664 781 y(Whittak)m(er)g(functions,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(543)664 894 y FJ(WhittakerM)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(543)664 1007 y FJ(WhittakerW)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(543)664 1120 y(W)-8 b(orkspace,)32 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(113)664 1233 y FJ(WRITE)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(120)664 1346 y(WRS,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(659)664 1458 y FJ(WS)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(39)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(174)664 1571 y FJ(WTLEVEL)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(167)664 1684 y FJ(WU)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(196)r(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(587)664 1880 y FJ(XCOLOR)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(196)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(589)664 1993 y FJ(XFULLREDUCE)p FQ(,)d @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(595)664 2106 y FJ(XIDEAL)p FQ(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(196)q (,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(593)q(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(594)664 2219 y FJ(xlabel)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(372)664 2332 y FJ(XMODULO)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(594)664 2445 y FJ(XMODULOP)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(595)664 2558 y(XPND)830 2671 y(@,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(337)830 2784 y(D,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(337)664 2896 y FJ(XSTATS)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(595)664 3092 y(Y-transform,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(307)664 3205 y FJ(ylabel)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(372)664 3401 y FJ(ZEILBERG)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(196)q(,)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(599)664 3514 y FJ(ZERO)p 862 3514 29 4 v 33 w(FORMS)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(327)664 3627 y(ZER)m(OP)-8 b(,)31 b @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(625)664 3740 y FJ(Zeta)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(542)664 3853 y(Zeta)h(function)e(\(Riemann's\),)h @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(542)664 3966 y FJ(Zeta)p 862 3966 V 33 w(function)p FQ(,)f @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(544)664 4079 y FJ(zlabel)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(372)664 4192 y FJ(ZTRANS)p FQ(,)g @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(196)q(,)i @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(607)664 4304 y FJ(ztrans)p FQ(,)e @beginspecial @setspecial @endspecial(607)p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF