Artifact 1b4369e0eca2c034575fe0b49e8970e48833d6571a688eae6d6313ee69aa508f:
- File
psl-1983/3-1/doc/nmode/nm-files.ibm
— part of check-in
[eb17ceb7f6]
at
2020-04-21 19:40:01
on branch master
— Add Reduce 3.0 to the historical section of the archive, and some more
files relating to version sof PSL from the early 1980s. Thanks are due to
Paul McJones and Nelson Beebe for these, as well as to all the original
authors.git-svn-id: https://svn.code.sf.net/p/reduce-algebra/code/historical@5328 2bfe0521-f11c-4a00-b80e-6202646ff360 (user: arthurcnorman@users.sourceforge.net, size: 14466) [annotate] [blame] [check-ins using] [more...]
,MOD - R 44X (11 April 1983) <PSL.NMODE-DOC>NM-FILES.ibm PLA 97_LAS 80 0_FIR 2_INT 1 6.0_TYP 160 163 162 193_INP 12 101_MAR 2 ,END ,PRO 201 OUT 160_202 OUT 163_203 OUT 162_204 OUT 193 205 INP 12 101_206 INP 12 102 ,END ,DEFINE UNIT SPACE FUNCTION ,END 201/NMODE Manual (File Handling) Page 15-1 202/15. File Handling 201/The basic unit of stored data is the file. Each program, each paper, lives usually in its own file. To edit a program or paper, the editor must be told the name of the file that contains it. This is called 202/visiting 201/the file. To make your changes to the file permanent on disk, you must 202/save 201/the file. NMODE also has facilities for deleting files conveniently, and for listing your file directory. 202/15.1 Visiting Files 201/C-X C-V Visit a file. C-X C-S Save the visited file. Meta-~ Tell NMODE to forget that the buffer has been changed. 202/Visiting 201/a file means copying its contents into NMODE where you can edit them. NMODE remembers the name of the file you visited. Unless you use the multiple buffer or window features of NMODE, you can only be visiting one file at a time. The name of the file you are visiting in the currently selected buffer is visible in the mode line. The changes you make with NMODE are made in a copy inside NMODE. The file itself is not changed. The changed text is not permanent until you 202/save 201/it in a file. The first time you change the text, a star appears at the end of the mode line; this indicates that the text contains fresh changes which will be lost unless you save them. To visit a file, use the command C-X C-V (203/visit-file-command201/). Follow the command with the name of the file you wish to visit, terminated by a Return. After C-X C-V is entered, 203/visit-file-command 201/will display a prompt. This prompt may contain a default filename, if so then any component of the filename which you don't specify is taken from it. You can abort the command by typing C-G, or edit the filename with normal NMODE editing commands. If you do type a Return to finish the command, the new file's text appears on the screen, and its name appears in the mode line. When you wish to save the file and make your changes permanent, type C-X C-S (203/save-file-command201/). After the save is finished, C-X C-S prints "Written: <filename>" in the echo area at the bottom of the screen. If there are no changes to save (no star at the end of the mode line), the file is not saved; it would be redundant to save a duplicate of the previous version. What if you want to create a file? Just visit it. NMODE prints "(New File)" but aside from that behaves as if you had visited an existing empty file. If you make any changes and save them, the file is created. If you visit a nonexistent file unintentionally (because you typed the wrong file name), go ahead and visit the file you meant. If you don't save the unwanted file, it is not created. If you alter one file and then visit another in the same buffer, NMODE offers to save the old one. If you answer YES, the old file is saved; if you answer NO, all the changes you have made to it since the last save are lost. 201/Page 15-2 NMODE Manual (Visiting Files) Sometimes you will change a buffer by accident. Even if you undo the change by hand, NMODE still knows that "the buffer has been changed". You can tell NMODE to believe that there have been no changes with the Meta-~ (203/buffer-not-modified-command201/) command. This command simply clears the "modified" flag which says that the buffer contains changes which need to be saved. Even if the buffer really 203/is 201/changed NMODE will still act as if it were not. If we take "~" to mean "not", then Meta-~ is "not", metafied. 202/15.2 How to Undo Drastic Changes to a File 201/If you have made extensive changes to a file and then change your mind about them, you can get rid of them by reading in the previous version of the file. To do this, use M-X Revert File (203/revert-file-command201/). M-X Revert File does not change point, so that if the file was only edited slightly, you will be at approximately the same piece of text after the Revert as before. If you have made drastic changes, the same value of point in the old file may address a totally different piece of text. 202/15.3 Listing a File Directory 201/To look at a file directory, use the C-X D command (203/dired-command201/). With no argument, it shows you the directory of the file you are visiting. C-U C-X D reads a directory specification from the keyboard and shows you the files related to that directory specification. M-X DIRED (203/edit-directory-command201/) differs in that it prompts for a directory specification even without an argument. 202/15.4 DIRED, the Directory Editor Subsystem 201/DIRED makes it easy to delete many of the files in a single directory at once. It presents a copy of a listing of the directory, which you can move around in, marking files for deletion. When you are satisfied, you can tell DIRED to go ahead and delete the marked files. Invoke DIRED with C-X D or M-X DIRED<CR><CR> to edit the current default directory, or M-X DIRED<CR><dir><CR> to edit directory <dir>. You are then given a listing of the directory which you can move around in with all the normal NMODE motion commands. Some NMODE commands are made undefined and others do special things, but it's still a recursive editing level which you can exit normally with Q. 202/15.4.1 Basic DIRED Commands 201/You can mark a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the file and typing D. The deletion mark is visible as a D at the beginning of the line. Point is moved to the beginning of the next line, so that several D's delete several files. Alternatively, if you give D an argument it marks that many consecutive files. Given a negative argument, it marks the preceding file (or several files) and puts point at the first (in the buffer) line marked. Most of the DIRED commands (D, U, E, Space) repeat this way with numeric arguments. 201/NMODE Manual (Basic DIRED Commands) Page 15-3 If you wish to remove a deletion mark, use the U (for Undelete) command, which is invoked like D: it removes the deletion mark from the current line (or next few lines, if given an argument). The Rubout command removes the deletion mark from the previous line, moving up to that line. Thus, a Rubout after a D precisely cancels the D. For extra convenience, Space is made a command similar to C-N. Moving down a line is done so often in DIRED that it deserves to be easy to type. Rubout is often useful simply for moving up. If you are not sure whether you want to delete a file, you can examine it by typing E. This enters a recursive editing mode on the file, which you can exit with C-M-L. This also allows you to modify files. When you exit the recursive editing level, you return to DIRED. When you have marked the files you wish to mark, you can exit DIRED with Q. If any files were marked for deletion, DIRED lists them in a concise format, several per line. You can type "YES" (Just "Y" won't do) to go ahead and delete them, "N" to return to editing the directory so you can change the marks, or "X" to give up and delete nothing. No Return character is needed. No other inputs are accepted at this point. 202/15.4.2 Other DIRED Commands 201/S sorts the files into a different order. It reads another character to say which order: F for filename (the default), S for size, R for read date, or W for write date. R does the same sorting as S, but uses the reverse order (small files, older files or end of alphabet first). ? displays documentation on DIRED. 202/15.4.3 Invoking DIRED 201/There are some other ways to invoke DIRED. The command C-X D (203/dired-command201/) puts you in DIRED on the directory containing the file you are currently editing. With a numeric argument of 1 (C-U 1 C-X D), only the current file is displayed instead of the whole directory. This is present for historical reasons. On file systems which contain multiple versions of files, such as twenex, this allows one to see how much space old versions of a file are consuming. With a numeric argument of 4 (C-U C-X D), it asks you for the directory name. Type a directory name and/or a file name. If you explicitly specify a file name only versions of that file are displayed, otherwise the whole directory is displayed. 202/15.5 Miscellaneous File Operations 201/NMODE has extended commands for performing many other operations on files. M-X Write File<CR><file><CR> (203/write-file-command201/) writes the contents of the buffer into the file <file>, and then visits that file. It can be thought of 201/Page 15-4 NMODE Manual (Miscellaneous File Operations) as a way of "changing the name" of the file you are visiting. Unlike C-X C-S, Write File saves even if the buffer has not been changed. C-X C-W is another way of getting at this command. M-X Insert File<CR><file><CR> (203/insert-file-command201/) inserts the contents of <file> into the buffer at point, leaving point unchanged before the contents and mark after them. M-X Write Region<CR><file><CR> (203/write-region-command201/) writes the region (the text between point and mark) to the specified file. It does not set the visited filename. The buffer is not changed. M-X Append to File<CR><file><CR> (203/append-to-file-command201/) appends the region to <file>. The text is added to the end of <file>. M-X Prepend to File<CR><file><CR> (203/prepend-to-file-command201/) adds the text to the beginning of <file> instead of the end. M-X Set Visited Filename<CR><file><CR> (203/set-visited-filename-command201/) changes the name of the file being visited without reading or writing the data in the buffer. M-X Write File is approximately equivalent to this command followed by a C-X C-S. M-X Delete File<CR><file><CR> (203/delete-file-command201/) deletes the file. In twenex this has the effect of putting the file in the directory of deleted files, from which it can be retrieved until the next expunge. On the hp9836, this has the effect of irretrievably removing the file. M-X Delete and Expunge File<CR><file><CR> (203/delete-and-expunge-file-command201/) will, if possible, irretrievably delete a file. If the operation fails, a bell will sound. M-X Undelete File<CR><file><CR> (203/undelete-file-command201/) will attempt to retrieve a deleted file. This only works on Twenex.