Fossil Quick Start
This is a guide to help you get started using Fossil quickly and painlessly.
Installing
Fossil is a single self-contained C program. You need to either download a precompiled binary or compile it yourself from sources. Install Fossil by putting the fossil binary someplace on your $PATH.
General Work Flow
Fossil works with repository files (a database with the project's complete history) and with checked-out local trees (the working directory you use to do your work). (See definitions for more background.) The workflow looks like this:
- Create or clone a repository file. (fossil init or fossil clone)
- Check out a local tree. (fossil open)
- Perform operations on the repository (including repository configuration).
The following sections will give you a brief overview of these operations.
Starting A New Project
To start a new project with fossil, create a new empty repository this way: (more info)
fossil init repository-filename
Cloning An Existing Repository
Most fossil operations interact with a repository that is on the local disk drive, not on a remote system. Hence, before accessing a remote repository it is necessary to make a local copy of that repository. Making a local copy of a remote repository is called "cloning".
Clone a remote repository as follows: (more info)
fossil clone URL repository-filename
The URL specifies the fossil repository you want to clone. The repository-filename is the new local filename into which the cloned repository will be written. For example:
fossil clone http://www.fossil-scm.org/ myclone.fossil
If the remote repository requires a login, include a userid in the URL like this:
fossil clone http://userid@www.fossil-scm.org/ myclone.fossil
You will be prompted separately for the password. Use "%HH" escapes for special characters in the userid. Examples: "%40" in place of "@" and "%2F" in place of "/".
If you are behind a restrictive firewall, you might need to specify an HTTP proxy.
A Fossil repository is a single disk file. Instead of cloning, you can just make a copy of the repository file (for example, using "scp"). Note, however, that the repository file contains auxiliary information above and beyond the versioned files, including some sensitive information such as password hashes and email addresses. If you want to share Fossil repositories directly, consider running the fossil scrub command to remove sensitive information before transmitting the file.
Importing From Another Version Control System
Rather than start a new project, or clone an existing Fossil project, you might prefer to import an existing Git project into Fossil using the fossil import command.
Checking Out A Local Tree
To work on a project in fossil, you need to check out a local copy of the source tree. Create the directory you want to be the root of your tree and cd into that directory. Then do this: (more info)
fossil open repository-filename
This leaves you with the newest version of the tree checked out. From anywhere underneath the root of your local tree, you can type commands like the following to find out the status of your local tree:
fossil info
fossil status
fossil changes
fossil diff
fossil timeline
fossil ls
fossil branch
Note that Fossil allows you to make multiple check-outs in separate directories from the same repository. This enables you, for example, to do builds from multiple branches or versions at the same time without having to generate extra clones.
To switch a checkout between different versions and branches, use:
fossil update
fossil checkout
update honors the "autosync" option and does a "soft" switch, merging any local changes into the target version, whereas checkout does not automatically sync and does a "hard" switch, overwriting local changes if told to do so.
Configuring Your Local Repository
When you create a new repository, either by cloning an existing project or create a new project of your own, you usually want to do some local configuration. This is easily accomplished using the web-server that is built into fossil. Start the fossil web server like this: (more info)
fossil ui repository-filename
You can omit the repository-filename from the command above if you are inside a checked-out local tree.
This starts a web server then automatically launches your web browser and makes it point to this web server. If your system has an unusual configuration, fossil might not be able to figure out how to start your web browser. In that case, first tell fossil where to find your web browser using a command like this:
fossil setting web-browser path-to-web-browser
By default, fossil does not require a login for HTTP connections coming in from the IP loopback address 127.0.0.1. You can, and perhaps should, change this after you create a few users.
When you are finished configuring, just press Control-C or use the kill command to shut down the mini-server.
Making Changes
To add new files to your project, or remove old files, use these commands:
fossil add file...
fossil rm file...
fossil addremove file...
You can also edit files freely. Once you are ready to commit your changes, type:
fossil commit
You will be prompted for check-in comments using whatever editor is specified by your VISUAL or EDITOR environment variable.
In the default configuration, the commit command will also automatically push your changes, but that feature can be disabled. (More information about autosync and how to disable it.) Remember that your coworkers can not see your changes until you commit and push them.
Sharing Changes
When autosync is turned off, the changes you commit are only on your local repository. To share those changes with other repositories, do:
fossil push URL
Where URL is the http: URL of the server repository you want to share your changes with. If you omit the URL argument, fossil will use whatever server you most recently synced with.
The push command only sends your changes to others. To Receive changes from others, use pull. Or go both ways at once using sync:
fossil pull URL
fossil sync URL
When you pull in changes from others, they go into your repository, not into your checked-out local tree. To get the changes into your local tree, use update:
fossil update VERSION
The VERSION can be the name of a branch or tag or any abbreviation to the 40-character artifact identifier for a particular check-in, or it can be a date/time stamp. (more info) If you omit the VERSION, then fossil moves you to the latest version of the branch your are currently on.
The default behavior is for autosync to be turned on. That means that a pull automatically occurs when you run update and a push happens automatically after you commit. So in normal practice, the push, pull, and sync commands are rarely used. But it is important to know about them, all the same.
fossil checkout VERSION
Is similar to update except that it does not honor the autosync setting, nor does it merge in local changes - it prefers to overwrite them and fails if local changes exist unless the --force flag is used.
Branching And Merging
Use the --branch option to the commit command to start a new branch. Note that in Fossil, branches are normally created when you commit, not before you start editing. You can use the branch new command to create a new branch before you start editing, if you want, but most people just wait until they are ready to commit.
To merge two branches back together, first update to the branch you want to merge into. Then do a merge of the other branch that you want to incorporate the changes from. For example, to merge "featureX" changes into "trunk" do this:
fossil update trunk
fossil merge featureX
# make sure the merge didn't break anything...
fossil commit
The argument to the merge command can be any of the version identifier forms that work for update. (more info.) The merge command has options to cherry-pick individual changes, or to back out individual changes, if you don't want to do a full merge.
The merge command puts all changes in your working check-out. No changes are made to the repository. You must run commit separately to add the merge changes into your repository to make them persistent and so that your coworkers can see them. But before you do that, you will normally want to run a few tests to verify that the merge didn't cause logic breaks in your code.
The same branch can be merged multiple times without trouble. Fossil automatically keeps up with things and avoids conflicts when doing multiple merges. So even if you have merged the featureX branch into trunk previously, you can do so again and Fossil will automatically know to pull in only those changes that have occurred since the previous merge.
If a merge or update doesn't work out (perhaps something breaks or there are many merge conflicts) then you back up using:
fossil undo
This will back out the changes that the merge or update made to the working checkout. There is also a redo command if you undo by mistake. Undo and redo only work for changes that have not yet been checked in using commit and there is only a single level of undo/redo.
Setting Up A Server
Fossil can act as a stand-alone web server using one of these commands:
fossil server repository-filename
fossil ui repository-filename
The repository-filename can be omitted when these commands are run from within an open check-out, which a particularly useful shortcut for the fossil ui command.
The ui command is intended for accessing the web interface from a local desktop. The ui command binds to the loopback IP address only (and thus makes the web interface visible only on the local machine) and it automatically start your web browser pointing at the server. For cross-machine collaboration, use the server command, which binds on all IP addresses and does not try to start a web browser.
Servers are also easily configured as:
The self-hosting fossil repositories use CGI.
HTTP Proxies
If you are behind a restrictive firewall that requires you to use an HTTP proxy to reach the internet, then you can configure the proxy in three different ways. You can tell fossil about your proxy using a command-line option on commands that use the network, sync, clone, push, and pull.
fossil clone URL --proxy Proxy-URL
It is annoying to have to type in the proxy URL every time you sync your project, though, so you can make the proxy configuration persistent using the setting command:
fossil setting proxy Proxy-URL
Or, you can set the "http_proxy" environment variable:
export http_proxy=Proxy-URL
To stop using the proxy, do:
fossil setting proxy off
Or unset the environment variable. The fossil setting for the HTTP proxy takes precedence over the environment variable and the command-line option overrides both. If you have an persistent proxy setting that you want to override for a one-time sync, that is easily done on the command-line. For example, to sync with a co-workers repository on your LAN, you might type:
fossil sync http://192.168.1.36:8080/ --proxy off