z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  utf8_printf(iotrace, "%s", z);
  sqlite3_free(z);
}
#endif

/*
** Output string zUtf to stream pOut as w characters.  If w is negative,
** then right-justify the text.  W is the width in UTF-8 characters, not
** in bytes.  This is different from the %*.*s specification in printf
** since with %*.*s the width is measured in bytes, not characters.
*/
static void utf8_width_print(FILE *pOut, int w, const char *zUtf){
  int i;
  int n;
  int aw = w<0 ? -w : w;
  char zBuf[1000];
  if( aw>sizeof(zBuf)/3 ) aw = sizeof(zBuf)/3;
  for(i=n=0; zUtf[i]; i++){
    if( (zUtf[i]&0xc0)!=0x80 ){
      n++;
      if( n==aw ){
        do{ i++; }while( (zUtf[i]&0xc0)==0x80 );
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  if( n>=aw ){
    utf8_printf(pOut, "%.*s", i, zUtf);
  }else if( w<0 ){
    utf8_printf(pOut, "%*s%s", aw-n, "", zUtf);
  }else{
    utf8_printf(pOut, "%s%*s", zUtf, aw-n, "");
  }
}


/*
** Determines if a string is a number of not.
*/
static int isNumber(const char *z, int *realnum){
  if( *z=='-' || *z=='+' ) z++;
  if( !IsDigit(*z) ){

static void output_hex_blob(FILE *out, const void *pBlob, int nBlob){
  int i;
  char *zBlob = (char *)pBlob;
  raw_printf(out,"X'");
  for(i=0; i<nBlob; i++){ raw_printf(out,"%02x",zBlob[i]&0xff); }
  raw_printf(out,"'");
}

/*
** Find a string that is not found anywhere in z[].  Return a pointer
** to that string.
**
** Try to use zA and zB first.  If both of those are already found in z[]
** then make up some string and store it in the buffer zBuf.
*/
static const char *unused_string(
  const char *z,                    /* Result must not appear anywhere in z */
  const char *zA, const char *zB,   /* Try these first */
  char *zBuf                        /* Space to store a generated string */
){
  unsigned i = 0;
  if( strstr(z, zA)==0 ) return zA;
  if( strstr(z, zB)==0 ) return zB;
  do{
    sqlite3_snprintf(20,zBuf,"(%s%u)", zA, i++);
  }while( strstr(z,zBuf)!=0 );
  return zBuf;
}

/*
** Output the given string as a quoted string using SQL quoting conventions.
**
** See also: output_quoted_escaped_string()
*/
static void output_quoted_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
  int i;
  char c;
  setBinaryMode(out, 1);
  for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\''; i++){}
  if( c==0 ){
    utf8_printf(out,"'%s'",z);
  }else{
    raw_printf(out, "'");
    while( *z ){
      for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\''; i++){}
      if( c=='\'' ) i++;
      if( i ){
        utf8_printf(out, "%.*s", i, z);
        z += i;
      }
      if( c=='\'' ){
        raw_printf(out, "'");
        continue;
      }
      if( c==0 ){
        break;
      }
      z++;
    }
    raw_printf(out, "'");
  }
  setTextMode(out, 1);
}

/*
** Output the given string as a quoted string using SQL quoting conventions.
** The "\n" and "\r" characters are converted to char(10) and char(13)
** to prevent them from being transformed by end-of-line translators.
** Additionallly , escape the "\n" and "\r" characters so that they do not
** get corrupted by end-of-line translation facilities in some operating
** systems.
**
** This is like output_quoted_string() but with the addition of the \r\n
** escape mechanism.
*/
static void output_quoted_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
static void output_quoted_escaped_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
  int i;
  char c;
  setBinaryMode(out, 1);
  for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\'' && c!='\n' && c!='\r'; i++){}
  if( c==0 ){
    utf8_printf(out,"'%s'",z);
  }else{
    const char *zNL = 0;
    const char *zCR = 0;
    int inQuote = 0;
    int bStarted = 0;
    int nNL = 0;
    int nCR = 0;
    char zBuf1[20], zBuf2[20];
    for(i=0; z[i]; i++){
      if( z[i]=='\n' ) nNL++;
      if( z[i]=='\r' ) nCR++;
    }
    if( nNL ){
      raw_printf(out, "replace(");
      zNL = unused_string(z, "\\n", "\\012", zBuf1);
    }
    if( nCR ){
      raw_printf(out, "replace(");
      zCR = unused_string(z, "\\r", "\\015", zBuf2);
    }
    raw_printf(out, "'");
    while( *z ){
      for(i=0; (c = z[i])!=0 && c!='\n' && c!='\r' && c!='\''; i++){}
      if( c=='\'' ) i++;
      if( i ){
        if( !inQuote ){
          if( bStarted ) raw_printf(out, "||");
          raw_printf(out, "'");
          inQuote = 1;
        }
        utf8_printf(out, "%.*s", i, z);
        z += i;
        bStarted = 1;
      }
      if( c=='\'' ){
        raw_printf(out, "'");
        continue;
      }
      if( inQuote ){
        raw_printf(out, "'");
        inQuote = 0;
      }
      if( c==0 ){
        break;
      }
      z++;
      for(i=0; (c = z[i])=='\r' || c=='\n'; i++){
        if( bStarted ) raw_printf(out, "||");
        raw_printf(out, "char(%d)", c);
      if( c=='\n' ){
        raw_printf(out, "%s", zNL);
        continue;
      }
      raw_printf(out, "%s", zCR);
        bStarted = 1;
      }
      z += i;
    }
    raw_printf(out, "'");
    if( nCR ){
      raw_printf(out, ",'%s',char(13))", zCR);
    }
    if( nNL ){
    if( inQuote ) raw_printf(out, "'");
      raw_printf(out, ",'%s',char(10))", zNL);
    }
  }
  setTextMode(out, 1);
}

/*
** Output the given string as a quoted according to C or TCL quoting rules.
*/

            n = strlen30(azArg && azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue);
            if( w<n ) w = n;
          }
          if( i<ArraySize(p->actualWidth) ){
            p->actualWidth[i] = w;
          }
          if( showHdr ){
            if( w<0 ){
              utf8_printf(p->out,"%*.*s%s",-w,-w,azCol[i],
                      i==nArg-1 ? rowSep : "  ");
            utf8_width_print(p->out, w, azCol[i]);
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", i==nArg-1 ? rowSep : "  ");
            }else{
              utf8_printf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,azCol[i],
                      i==nArg-1 ? rowSep : "  ");
            }
          }
        }
        if( showHdr ){
          for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
            int w;
            if( i<ArraySize(p->actualWidth) ){
               w = p->actualWidth[i];

        }
        if( i==1 && p->aiIndent && p->pStmt ){
          if( p->iIndent<p->nIndent ){
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%*.s", p->aiIndent[p->iIndent], "");
          }
          p->iIndent++;
        }
        if( w<0 ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%*.*s%s",-w,-w,
              azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue,
              i==nArg-1 ? rowSep : "  ");
        utf8_width_print(p->out, w, azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue);
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", i==nArg-1 ? rowSep : "  ");
        }else{
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,
              azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullValue,
              i==nArg-1 ? rowSep : "  ");
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Semi: {   /* .schema and .fullschema output */
      printSchemaLine(p->out, azArg[0], ";\n");
      break;
    }

          output_csv(p, azArg[i], i<nArg-1);
        }
        utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->rowSeparator);
      }
      setTextMode(p->out, 1);
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Quote:
    case MODE_Insert: {
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      if( p->cMode==MODE_Insert ){
        utf8_printf(p->out,"INSERT INTO %s",p->zDestTable);
        if( p->showHeader ){
          raw_printf(p->out,"(");
          for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
            char *zSep = i>0 ? ",": "";
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%s%s", zSep, azCol[i]);
      utf8_printf(p->out,"INSERT INTO %s",p->zDestTable);
      if( p->showHeader ){
        raw_printf(p->out,"(");
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          if( i>0 ) raw_printf(p->out, ",");
          if( quoteChar(azCol[i]) ){
            char *z = sqlite3_mprintf("\"%w\"", azCol[i]);
            utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
            sqlite3_free(z);
          }else{
            raw_printf(p->out, "%s", azCol[i]);
          }
        }
          raw_printf(p->out,")");
        }
        raw_printf(p->out," VALUES(");
      }else if( p->cnt==0 && p->showHeader ){
        raw_printf(p->out,")");
      }
      p->cnt++;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        raw_printf(p->out, i>0 ? "," : " VALUES(");
        if( (azArg[i]==0) || (aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_NULL) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"NULL");
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_TEXT ){
          output_quoted_escaped_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
          char z[50];
          double r = sqlite3_column_double(p->pStmt, i);
          sqlite3_snprintf(50,z,"%!.20g", r);
          raw_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_BLOB && p->pStmt ){
          const void *pBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(p->pStmt, i);
          int nBlob = sqlite3_column_bytes(p->pStmt, i);
          output_hex_blob(p->out, pBlob, nBlob);
        }else if( isNumber(azArg[i], 0) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else{
          output_quoted_escaped_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }
      }
      raw_printf(p->out,");\n");
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Quote: {
      if( azArg==0 ) break;
      if( p->cnt==0 && p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          if( i>0 ) raw_printf(p->out, ",");
          output_quoted_string(p->out, azCol[i]);
        }
        raw_printf(p->out,"\n");
      }
      p->cnt++;
      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
        char *zSep = i>0 ? ",": "";
        if( i>0 ) raw_printf(p->out, ",");
        if( (azArg[i]==0) || (aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_NULL) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%sNULL",zSep);
          utf8_printf(p->out,"NULL");
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_TEXT ){
          if( zSep[0] ) utf8_printf(p->out,"%s",zSep);
          output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s%s",zSep, azArg[i]);
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
          char z[50];
          double r = sqlite3_column_double(p->pStmt, i);
          sqlite3_snprintf(50,z,"%!.20g", r);
          raw_printf(p->out, "%s%s", zSep, z);
          raw_printf(p->out, "%s", z);
        }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_BLOB && p->pStmt ){
          const void *pBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(p->pStmt, i);
          int nBlob = sqlite3_column_bytes(p->pStmt, i);
          if( zSep[0] ) utf8_printf(p->out,"%s",zSep);
          output_hex_blob(p->out, pBlob, nBlob);
        }else if( isNumber(azArg[i], 0) ){
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s%s",zSep, azArg[i]);
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s", azArg[i]);
        }else{
          if( zSep[0] ) utf8_printf(p->out,"%s",zSep);
          output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
        }
      }
      raw_printf(p->out,p->cMode==MODE_Quote?"\n":");\n");
      raw_printf(p->out,"\n");
      break;
    }
    case MODE_Ascii: {
      if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
          if( i>0 ) utf8_printf(p->out, "%s", p->colSeparator);
          utf8_printf(p->out,"%s",azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");

  **
  ** These six values are used by the C logic below to generate the report.
  */
  const char *zSql =
  "SELECT "
    "     'EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT rowid FROM ' || quote(s.name) || ' WHERE '"
    "  || group_concat(quote(s.name) || '.' || quote(f.[from]) || '=?' "
    "  || fkey_collate_clause(f.[table], f.[to], s.name, f.[from]),' AND ')"
    "  || fkey_collate_clause("
    "       f.[table], COALESCE(f.[to], p.[name]), s.name, f.[from]),' AND ')"
    ", "
    "     'SEARCH TABLE ' || s.name || ' USING COVERING INDEX*('"
    "  || group_concat('*=?', ' AND ') || ')'"
    ", "
    "     s.name  || '(' || group_concat(f.[from],  ', ') || ')'"
    ", "
    "     f.[table] || '(' || group_concat(COALESCE(f.[to], "
    "     f.[table] || '(' || group_concat(COALESCE(f.[to], p.[name])) || ')'"
    "       (SELECT name FROM pragma_table_info(f.[table]) WHERE pk=seq+1)"
    "     )) || ')'"
    ", "
    "     'CREATE INDEX ' || quote(s.name ||'_'|| group_concat(f.[from], '_'))"
    "  || ' ON ' || quote(s.name) || '('"
    "  || group_concat(quote(f.[from]) ||"
    "        fkey_collate_clause(f.[table], f.[to], s.name, f.[from]), ', ')"
    "        fkey_collate_clause("
    "          f.[table], COALESCE(f.[to], p.[name]), s.name, f.[from]), ', ')"
    "  || ');'"
    ", "
    "     f.[table] "

    "FROM sqlite_master AS s, pragma_foreign_key_list(s.name) AS f "
    "LEFT JOIN pragma_table_info AS p ON (pk-1=seq AND p.arg=f.[table]) "
    "GROUP BY s.name, f.id "
    "ORDER BY (CASE WHEN ? THEN f.[table] ELSE s.name END)"
  ;
  const char *zGlobIPK = "SEARCH TABLE * USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (rowid=?)";

  for(i=2; i<nArg; i++){
    int n = (int)strlen(azArg[i]);
    if( n>1 && sqlite3_strnicmp("-verbose", azArg[i], n)==0 ){
      bVerbose = 1;
    }
    else if( n>1 && sqlite3_strnicmp("-groupbyparent", azArg[i], n)==0 ){

      const char *zCI = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 4);
      const char *zParent = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 5);

      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zEQP, -1, &pExplain, 0);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
      if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pExplain) ){
        const char *zPlan = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pExplain, 3);
        res = (
        res = (0==sqlite3_strglob(zGlob, zPlan));
              0==sqlite3_strglob(zGlob, zPlan)
           || 0==sqlite3_strglob(zGlobIPK, zPlan)
        );
      }
      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pExplain);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;

      if( res<0 ){
        raw_printf(stderr, "Error: internal error");
        break;

  if( c=='d' && strncmp(azArg[0], "dbinfo", n)==0 ){
    rc = shell_dbinfo_command(p, nArg, azArg);
  }else

  if( c=='d' && strncmp(azArg[0], "dump", n)==0 ){
    const char *zLike = 0;
    int i;
    int savedShowHeader = p->showHeader;
    ShellClearFlag(p, SHFLG_PreserveRowid);
    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
      if( azArg[i][0]=='-' ){
        const char *z = azArg[i]+1;
        if( z[0]=='-' ) z++;
        if( strcmp(z,"preserve-rowids")==0 ){
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE

    open_db(p, 0);
    /* When playing back a "dump", the content might appear in an order
    ** which causes immediate foreign key constraints to be violated.
    ** So disable foreign-key constraint enforcement to prevent problems. */
    raw_printf(p->out, "PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;\n");
    raw_printf(p->out, "BEGIN TRANSACTION;\n");
    p->writableSchema = 0;
    p->showHeader = 0;
    /* Set writable_schema=ON since doing so forces SQLite to initialize
    ** as much of the schema as it can even if the sqlite_master table is
    ** corrupt. */
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "SAVEPOINT dump; PRAGMA writable_schema=ON", 0, 0, 0);
    p->nErr = 0;
    if( zLike==0 ){
      run_schema_dump_query(p,

    if( p->writableSchema ){
      raw_printf(p->out, "PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF;\n");
      p->writableSchema = 0;
    }
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF;", 0, 0, 0);
    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE dump;", 0, 0, 0);
    raw_printf(p->out, p->nErr ? "ROLLBACK; -- due to errors\n" : "COMMIT;\n");
    p->showHeader = savedShowHeader;
  }else

  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "echo", n)==0 ){
    if( nArg==2 ){
      setOrClearFlag(p, SHFLG_Echo, azArg[1]);
    }else{
      raw_printf(stderr, "Usage: .echo on|off\n");